Early 19th Century Dichotomies (to 1848) Ehrstein

Transcription

1 Early 19th Century Dichotomies (to 1848) Ehrstein

2 I. Division #1: Agriculture vs Industry (Rural vs Urban) A. Agriculture (Rural) 1. Agricultural producers did well in Napoleonic Wars (food for troops, blockades, price supports) 2. Enriched/perpetuated traditional groups aristocratic landowners, yeomanry, peasants 3. End of Wars prices decline then collapse or worse, are propped up (ex. English Corn Laws )

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5 I. Division #1: Agriculture vs Industry (Rural vs Urban) B. Industry (Urban) 1. Growing use of mechanized power to produce existing goods (cloth, iron, coal, etc.) 2. Centered on areas of water and raw materials: towns grow dramatically; new transport routes canals then railroads 3. Lifts new groups/tears down traditional ones 4. Focused on free trade (laissez-faire)

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12 II. Division #2: Politics: Conservatism vs Liberalism A. Conservatism 1. Traditional society hierarchical, Christian and guided by traditional elites 2. Distrusted reason; anti-enlightenment 3. Most powerful ; Metternich s system

13 II. Division #2: Politics: Conservatism vs Liberalism B. Liberalism (freedom of choice) 1. Faith in reason 2. Individual rights/responsibilities 3. Anti-clerical 4. Limited constitutional gov t enforces rights and contracts 5. Not overly democratic bourgeois should rule 6. Often nationalistic 7. Economics Individual basis; no gov t interference

14 II. Division #2: Politics: Conservatism vs Liberalism C. Who are Middle class/bourgeoisie? 1. Commercial/industri al owners 2. Professionals 3. Intellectuals

15 III. Division #3: Realism vs. Romanticism A. Romanticism tends to Romanticize 1. Turner Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway 2. Constable The Hay-Wain 3. Whether industrial or rural both are dramatic and theatrical (literature too) B. Reformers wanted an art that was unvarnished and had a message

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17 III. Division #3: Realism vs. Romanticism C. Realism was meant to show familiar scenes and events as they actually looked. Typically it involved some sort of sociopolitical or moral message, in the depiction of ugly or commonplace subjects. D. Eventually can be seen in reformist photography by late 19 th and early 20 th c.

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22 IV. Results? A. Increasing tension between groups (not so much for art) B. New wealth starting to overcome old C. Reform increasingly seen as necessary by increasing numbers (in areas of increasing industry and liberalism)

23 V. Some Reformers A. Utilitarian Moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility in maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all persons thus moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome the ends justify the means. Ex. Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill

24 V. Some Reformers A. Utilitarian (cont) 1. Ideas about reform of prisoners is an example (Penitentiary = place to be penitent; Reformatory) 2. Bentham s ideal prison, the Panopticon, is still a model

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26 V. Some Reformers B. Utopians - Robert Owen 1. Created model towns of enlightened textile workers (New Lanark) or intellectual frontiersmen (New Harmony) 2. Owen not very successful but laid some groundwork for later socialist settlements 3. Other Utopian groups more successful had tighter ideas to bind selves together (ex. Oneida colony)

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29 VI. What sort of reforms were made (and where)? A. England best at reforming 1. Redistributing parliamentary seats and eliminating rotten boroughs 2. Increasing suffrage

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31 Rotten Boroughs, c Borough Patron MPs Houses in Borough Bramber Duke of Rutland Callington Lord Clinton Voters in 1831 Dunwich Lord Huntingfield East Looe John Buller Gatton Sir Mark Wood Old Sarum Earl of Caledon Newtown Plympton Earle Sir Fitzwilliam Barrington Earl of Mount Edgcumbe

32 VII. What if reform doesn t happen? A. Utopian Socialism 1. Cooperation and Community 2. Economic planning B. Marxian Socialism 1. History driven by economics (production and who owns what drives everything) 2. Class struggle 3. International