25-1 The Industrial Revolution is tightly connected to the Agricultural Revolution In the early 1700s, the Agricultural Revolution brought several

Transcription

1 25-1 The Industrial Revolution is tightly connected to the Agricultural Revolution In the early 1700s, the Agricultural Revolution brought several changes to farming in Britain including enclosures, crop rotation, new agricultural machines and changes in breeding animals The enclosure movement brought smaller farmers into larger fields which allowed for larger crop yields Some smaller farmers stopped farming and moved to cities Crop rotation allowed for a better use of land so that no fields were left fallow The Industrial Revolution began in England because England had the factors of productionland, labor and money- they also had good sources of water, overseas trade, iron, coal and good harbors The first changes came to the textile Industry- new machines were made such as the spinning jenny, waterframe and spinning mule The machines were too big to keep in houses, so large buildings called factories were built- they needed to be built near water for power Transportation improved with the use of the steam engine, which was now used on ships and for railroads Railroads caused environmental changes as tunnels were built through mountains and the coal caused a lot of pollution The railroads also allowed for the cheaper transport of materials and goods, created jobs for miners and railroad workers and allowed people to work in the city, but live in the country

2 Introduction to the Industrial Revolution

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4 Farming in the Middle Ages: Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming) One of three fields left fallow (empty to regain fertility) Animals grazed in common pastures Disadvantages: Land use was inefficient Farmers didn t experiment with new farming methods. Forces for change: Population growing- more food is needed French blockade- no corn- more food is needed.

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6 Enclosure Movement: Wealthy landlords fenced in common pastures-experimented with new farming technology Crop Rotation: Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop replenished by planting different crops Fields not left fallow. Other Discoveries: Seed drill planted seeds efficiently New crops: Corn and potato Results of the Agricultural Revolution: More food available Population increased

7 Draw a simple illustration that you feel shows the change from Traditional Farming to Farming after the Agricultural Revolution.

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9 Merchant s Role in Cottage Industry: Supplied materials- wool and cotton- to cottages to be carded and spun Sells finished cloth for more than material and labor costs= profit +larger investment= higher profit. Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit Effects of the Cottage Industry: Big profits for new class of merchants Alternative source of income for peasants

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12 Textile Industry Invented: Cottage industry couldn t keep up with demand for textiles Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning Power loom sped up weaving Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton Rise of the Factory: New machines, too big for homes, put in factories Factories located new power source: coal, iron, water Effects of Textile Factories in Britain: Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than hand produced items Britain s textile industry increased villagers forced to leave to find work in urban factories.

13 Draw a simple illustration showing the change from the Cottage Industry to the Factory System

14 25-2: People could make more money working in factories than on farms, so many people moved to cities looking for work Factories needed to be near water and coal, so they tended to be built in clusters The Living conditions of the growing cities was very poor- unpaved streets, no drains, no sanitation, epidemics fires, etc. Working conditions were also very poor- 14 hours a day, 6 days a week, dim lighting, lots of injuring in dangerous machines, cold, hot, etc. The middle class grows- mostly government employees, doctors, lawyers, factory managers; and a lower middle class of factory overseers, toolmakers, printers, etc. The working class was large and got violent at times when machines began replacing their jobs The positive effects of the Industrial Revolution include new jobs, growing wealth for industrialized nations, new and better availability of goods, healthier diets, better housing, cheaper clothing, and reforms such as higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions

15 25-3 After Britain, the next country to industrialize was the United States- Britain had tried to keep the technologies secret, but people such as Samuel Slater came to the US from Britain and brought the knowledge of how to build textile machines Many women began to leave home to work in the factories in Massachusetts As companies grew, people began to sell shares of stock to raise money- with this, corporations were formed such as the Carnegie Steel Company After the US, Belgium, Germany and other parts of Europe also industrialize It is important to note that Germany s industry will allow it to raise money to become an important military power in Europe Overall, the rise of Industrialization caused a huge gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries, led to competition for resources and caused many social changes

16 Topic The Dawn of the First Industrial Revolution Notes 5-6 lines Machines and Factories Factory Work The Steam Engine 3 lines Coal and Iron 3 lines The Development of New Cities Improved Transportation Into the Twentieth Century

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18 The Need for Energy: Early factories relied on horses, oxen, and water mills Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power How the Steam Engine Worked: Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power Effect of Steam Engine: Steam Power, used wherever coal existed, increased textile production Improved mining which increased metal which in turn fueled other industries

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20 The Need for Iron: Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon The Need for Coal: Carbon necessary for smelting iron Steam engines powered by coal Effect of Iron and Coal: Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined Coal powered Britain s enormous navy.

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22 The Need for Better Transportation: Increased production increased need to transport goods quickly and cheaply Pre-Industrial society used horses, mules, and dirt roads Inventions: Stone and eventually asphalt roads Canals Railroad era ushered in with the Rocket in 1829 Effects of Railroads: Expanded rapidly throughout Britain Cheaper transportation increased production and profits Railways fueled other industries: Coal, steam engines, iron, steel, and many manufactured products

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24 Geography: Climate good for textile production Plenty of natural resources such as iron and coal Separation from the European continent kept them out of wars Government: Internal trade encouraged Population allowed to relocate Helped build canals and roads Social Factors: British society less rigid than other European countries Colonial Empire: Supplied raw material for manufactured goods Provided market for goods Advantages of Industrializing First: No other countries competing for manufactured goods Monopoly on technology

25 25-4: Different economic philosophies came out of the Industrial Revolution Adam Smith was an advocate (supporter) of laissez-faire capitalism- in this theory the factors of production are privately owned and the intention is to make an individual profit- Adam Smith thought that the government should not get involved in economics and should just let things naturally occur Socialists believed that the government needs to take action to improve people's lives- there are many different types of socialist theory including utilitarianism, utopians and socialism Socialists thought that the factors of production should be owned by everyone and operate for the welfare of all An extreme type of socialist theory was developed by Karl Marx, a German man who wrote the Communist Manifesto along with Friedrich Engels In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels felt that the factory working class (proletariat) would one day rise up and overthrow the factory owners (bourgeoisie) and take control of the factors of production for themselves and develop a classless society where everyone would coo9perate and share the fruits of their labor Marx idea would influence people in the future such as Mao Zedong, Lenin and Castro Due to the problems created by the Industrial Revolution many reforms were needed- labor unions were formed, people began to strike, new law were passed to protect children and women, slavery was abolished in many countries

26 Reform Movements

27 Economics of the Industrial Revolution: Capitalism v. Communism

28 Adam Smith Wrote:; The Wealth of Nations, in 1776 Supported Laissez-fairegovernment should not intervene in the economy

29 Capitalism Progress results when individuals follow their own self-interest (produce what they want to produce) Businesses compete with one another for the consumer s money Producer s goal: provide goods & services that are better quality and less expensive than their competitors Consumer s goal: compete with one another to purchase the best products at the lowest prices Government should not interfere in the economy- LAISSEZ-FAIRE

30 Karl Marx Wrote Communist Manifesto, in 1848 w/freidrick Engles Credited with being the father of communism/socialism Believed the Industrial Revolution intensified struggles between societal classes bourgeoisie (factory owners) v. proletariat (factory workers)

31 Communism All great movements in history are a result of class struggles (bourgeoisie haves vs. proletariat- have nots) Rich take advantage of the poor Believe the workers are exploited by employers All workers (proletariat) will one day unite against the upper-classes (bourgeoisie) Capitalism will eventually destroy itself resulting in a classless society

32 Solutions that are passed: Factory Act of 1833: illegal to hire children under 9 years old and set maximum work hours. Mines Act of 1842: prevented women and children from working underground. Ten Hours Act of 1847: limits women and children to working 10 hours a day in a factory.

33 Video: ISMS- Capitalism- Write down 15 main ideas from the video.

34 Use the textbook Chapter 26-1 to create a timeline of ALL dates from the section and important facts

35 In his writings, Karl Marx maintained that history is primarily 1. a compromise between rulers and the ruled 2. an ongoing class conflict between the rich and the poor 3. a long struggle by groups to achieve representative democracy 4. a religious conflict between Eastern and Western groups

36 Speaker A: Speaker B: Speaker C: Speaker D: "All power derives from God to his earthly representative, the king. "Governments are instituted by people to protect life, liberty, and property. People have the right to replace a government that fails to protect their rights. "History is a struggle between the "haves and the have-nots." Workers of the world will overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a classless society. "Self-interest drives people to action. Government should allow each individual to pursue his or her own goals." Which speaker is expressing views derived from the laissez-faire theory? 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D

37 Which statement best reflects the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels? 1. Workers can expect that working conditions will improve as a result of government legislation. 2. Owners of business will eventually realize that conditions for workers must be improved. 3. Workers will experience an improved standard of living as capitalism matures. 4. Workers will change working conditions by revolutionary means.

38 The main features of a capitalistic economic system are 1. powerful labor unions and fixed prices 2. export quotas and state ownership of basic industries 3. private ownership and the profit motive 4. central planning by government and full employment

39 The most basic difference between socialism and capitalism concerns the issue of 1. the introduction of modern technology 2. private versus public ownership of industry 3. dealing with inflation 4. support for public education

40 Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite! Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labor, and lives the more, the more labor it sucks. The oppressed are allowed once every few years to decide which particular representatives of the oppressing class are to represent and repress them. The rich will do anything for the poor but get off their backs.

41 26-1 Urbanization and Industrialization brought a need for changes as more people wanted a say in government and the poor felt they were being excluded Britain began to make reforms that led them closer to becoming a true democracy The wealthy middle class began to demand the right to vote (suffrage)- they began to slowly allow more men to vote through a series of reform laws The Chartist Movement bring more demands to Parliament such as suffrage for all men and annual Parliamentary elections - only some of their demands were met in the 1800s, but by the early 1900s all their suffrage demands had become law Queen Victoria expanded the British Empire and was very popular, however she had less power as a monarch than previous monarchs- Parliament had gained significant power Women demanded suffrage and began to organize, protest and form organizations such as the Women s Social an Political Union France also leaned more toward democracy- following the revolution and Franco-Prussian War, a new government was formed called the Third Republic During the Third Republic period a Jewish French officer, Alfred Dreyfus was accused of selling military secrets to Germany- he was found guilty and sent to prison until years later when evidence proved he was innocent The Dreyfus affair led to a rise in anti-semitism throughout France and Europe- this in turn led Jews in Europe to form a movement called Zionism- this was a desire for Jews to create a homeland in Palestine

42 England s Evolving Democracy

43 What is democracy? A government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives.

44 SLOW Progression of Democracy in England 1215: Magna Carta- guarantees basic rights such as no taxation without representation, a jury trial, protection of the law 1295: Model Parliament meets- summoned by King Edward I 1628: Petition of Right- Charles I- cannot imprison people without due cause, cannot levy taxes without consent of Parliament, cannot house soldiers in private home, Cannot impose martial law in peacetime 1679: habeas corpus- Charles II- prisoners have the right to be brought before a judge 1688: Glorious Revolution- bloodless overthrow of King James II 1689: Bill of Rights- William and Mary - no suspending laws, no levying taxes, free speech in Parliament, right to petition the king= Constitutional Monarchy

45 What is suffrage? Suffrage is the right to vote.

46 What are Chartists? People who were workers and other groups who pushed for the right to vote.

47 Suffrage and Democracy in Britain Early 1800s- only 5% of population had the right to elect members of the House of Commons, voting is limited to men who own land, women cannot vote at all. 1832: Reform Bill of eases property requirements so that well-to-do men in the middle class can vote and revised voting districts. 1838: The People s Charter- called for suffrage for all men and annual Parliamentary elections, secret ballot 1867: working class men gain the right to vote 1884: Male rural workers gain right to vote 1903: Emmeline Pankhurst forms Women s Social and Political Union to organize women s rights

48 The Dreyfus Affair Anti-Semitism Definition: prejudice against Jews The Dreyfus Affair- Jewish Officer Dreyfus, France, accused of selling military secrets to Germany- found guilty, but evidence shows he was framed. Leads to widespread anti- Semitism in Europe Rise of Zionism- movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine An anti-dreyfus poster: Jews are being driven out of France. The caption reads: "Long live France! Long live the Army! Down with the Jews! Death to the traitors!" The poster also calls for a boycott of Jewish shops. Jews experience pogroms in Russiamany Eastern European and Russian Jews move to US.

49 Steps to Democracy in England Democracy in England took a long time to develop. In the 1800s new laws were passed and people took action to move in the direction of a more democratic form of government. Parliament was an early step toward democracy. _ The Glorious Revolution. The Bill of Rights.. The Reform Bill of 1832 was passed. The Chartists. Women began to fight for suffrage..

50 Before Changes: The Industrial Revolution After Most people make their living as farmers People use simple hand tools People live in farming villages People work long hours on farms that vary by season Power is provided by people, animals, water mills and windmills People make their own clothes and grow their own food Many people make their living in factories Machine made goods replace hand made goods People live in industrial cities in tenements People work long hours in factories governed by the factory whistle Power is provided by coal and stream People buy factory made products at lower prices

51 1. Next to each answer, put a B for documents you believe relate to information from BEFORE the Industrial Revolution and an A next to documents that relate to information from AFTER the Industrial Revolution. 2. On a half sheet of paper, write a two paragraph answer to this question using AT LEAST 6 documents: What are the economic and social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution?

52 1. Next to each answer, put a B for documents you believe relate to information from BEFORE the Industrial Revolution and an A next to documents that relate to information from AFTER the Industrial Revolution. 2. On a half sheet of paper, write a two paragraph answer to this question using AT LEAST 6 documents: What are the economic and social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution?