The Industrial Revolution. A new era in human history

Transcription

1 The Industrial Revolution A new era in human history

2 definition The Industrial Revolution is the replacement of human and animal power by other sources

3 Agricultural Revolution Improved farming techniques and tools led to higher crop yields Enclosure movement threw many peasants off land Declining death rate led to population explosion

4 The Steam Engine First developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 to pump water out of mines Was improved by James Watt Steam engine animation

5 Britain leads the way Britain was first because she had Large supplies of coal and iron Workers available because of Enclosures and increased population Technological capability Capital and demand Stable political conditions

6 Textiles First industry to industrialize was textiles British had been fascinated by Indian cloth New machines like the spinning jenny and waterframe replaced the cottage industry system of production Factories were built to house new machines and boost production Mill animation

7 Bradford, Yorkshire 1873

8 Transportation & communications Inventions like the locomotive and telegraph revolutionized the way people traveled and communicated The Rocket

9 Industrial hardships Industrialization resulted in rapid urbanization New factory workers lived in slums near factories; diseases spread easily Factories had rigid discipline Working hours were long Factories were dangerous places

10 Women & children at work Factory owners preferred women to men because they were easier to manage and could be paid less Child labor was common they could reach into machines more easily, were paid very little, and could be beaten when they got out of line

11 The Working Class As people moved into cities, they had to establish new community ties Some protested the new machines and industrial age ex: Luddites Attempts to organize workers were met with harsh repression New religious movements, like Methodism, steered people away from protest by stressing personal salvation and promise of reward in the next life (social control mechanism)

12 The Middle Class Industrial Revolution gives rise to a new middle class Some were entrepreneurs, other were skilled artisans and inventors Middle class life stressed getting ahead and a new self confidence There was little sympathy for the poor they were responsible for their failure to rise Middle class families adopted new lifestyles women became ladies who didn t work outside the home

13 Benefits and Costs Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a curse? The standard of living did rise for society a middle class was created More material things were available to more people Life for workers was harsh. They lived in terrible conditions Child labor was common In time, reforms would begin to address these problems

14 Laissez-faire to Socialism Laissez-faire Adam Smith Thomas Malthus David Ricardo Free, unregulated markets Capitalism produces more goods at lower prices, stimulating economy The invisible hand makes it all work Population will outpace food supply Poor must have fewer children Iron Law of Wages: more children = more workers = lower wages = no hope for working class to improve living conditions

15 Laissez-faire to Socialism Utilitarians Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill People do what brings them pleasure and avoid what brings pain Greatest good for the greatest number Judge laws by their utility (usefulness) Free market is good, but sometimes favors strong over weak Govt. should step in to help poor Workers and women should have voting rights reform would come from their political power Government has a role to play in promoting happiness

16 Laissez-faire to Socialism Socialists & Utopians Socialists Robert Owen Socialists believe that the people as a whole should own means of production not individuals Society should operate for the benefit of all people Strong belief in progress, human goodness, and social justice A Utopian believed that work and property should be shared Set up model factory in Scotland where workers were provided homes, schools and good living conditions Sought to show that employers could treat employees fairly and make money

17 Laissez-faire to Socialism Comuniism Karl Marx Believed in scientific socialism, based on study of history Was a Communist believed that history was driven by class struggle Wrote The Communist Manifesto The proletariat (working class) would inevitably win the war between classes This war would happen by revolution all over the world Classes would disappear, and everyone would share Government would become unnecessary, and countries would vanish From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs