POPULATION DURING BRITISH RULE

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What you should know before we start this sec<on You should already understand what happened in the Conquest and why (1760-1867) POPULATION DURING BRITISH RULE You have a separate worksheet on the

1 What you should know before we start this sec<on You should already understand what happened in the Conquest and why ( ) POPULATION DURING BRITISH RULE You have a separate worksheet on the Conquest Reasons for the Conquest Results of the Conquest French EMIGRATION aaer the Conquest From during Bri<sh military rule, many French elite returned to France This included administrators, nobles, army officers, and merchants Most Canadiens stayed They hoped to become a part of the French empire again once the war was over They didn t have the money to go to France They had no links to France genera<ons had passed since seqlement in New France their IDENTITY and BELONGING was here! Typical Exam Document From 3000 to 4000 people returned to France. Most were members of the elite colonial administrators, wealthy merchants and army officers. Keep the size of the territory in perspecmve Remember that there was NO more French immigramon allowed aaer 1760 This means that the ONLY way that the French populamon could grow was through natural growth (babies)! No longer called New France now it is the Province of Quebec No longer belongs to the French it is a BriMsh colony Territory is significantly SMALLER and CENTERED around the St. Lawrence River 1

A Snapshot of the PopulaMon in 1763 aaer the Treaty of Paris About 65,000 inhabitants Overwhelmingly Canadiens Minority of Bri<sh subjects Amerindians and Blacks (some of them were slaves) The

Lawrence Valley Canadien & Natural Growth The Canadien popula<on grew rapidly in the 50 years aeer the Conquest (prac<cally x4) This is because of natural growth à babies birth rate was very high

The goal of this was to keep French ppl out of government OR to force Canadiens to convert to Protestan<sm BUT The Proclama<on wasn t enforced!

2 A Snapshot of the PopulaMon in 1763 aaer the Treaty of Paris About 65,000 inhabitants Overwhelmingly Canadiens Minority of Bri<sh subjects Amerindians and Blacks (some of them were slaves) The popula<on was seqled in the St. Lawrence Valley Canadien & Natural Growth The Canadien popula<on grew rapidly in the 50 years aeer the Conquest (prac<cally x4) This is because of natural growth à babies birth rate was very high Natural growth was the main reason for posimve populamon growth in the 2 nd half of the 18 th Century (about ) Royal ProclamaMon (1763) The goal was to assimilate French Canadians E.g. The Test Act: Only ppl who renounced the Catholic faith and rejected the authority of the Pope could be a part of government. The goal of this was to keep French ppl out of government OR to force Canadiens to convert to Protestan<sm BUT The Proclama<on wasn t enforced! The first Governors (Murray and Carleton) worried about keeping peace They kept a conciliatory ajtude (nice) toward the French because they thought it would be a beqer way of making the French develop a sense of belonging to the Bri<sh Empire A new migramon flow: ANGLOPHONES French immigra<on was not allowed anymore Since it was a Bri<sh colony, immigra<on had to come from BRITAIN and the BRITISH ISLES (Wales, Ireland, Scotland AND from the 13 Colonies/United States Many people who immigrated here from these areas aaer the Conquest were abracted by the the fur trade 2

They seqled close to areas which already had a large popula<on AAer the Conquest, seblement of new immigrants conmnued to be centered around the St.

the rights of Canadiens The Bri<sh Party: demanded the assimila<on of the Canadiens, Bri<sh laws, crea<on of government for Protestant colonists only!

sorts of rights in 1774 s Quebec Act As a result, rich wealthy Bri<sh merchants were REALLY mad at their government In the end, most Canadiens were neutral during the American revolu<on Immigra<on of

3 They seqled close to areas which already had a large popula<on AAer the Conquest, seblement of new immigrants conmnued to be centered around the St. Lawrence Valley Growing tensions b/t LinguisMc Groups The conciliatory ajtude of the Governors didn t stop tension b/t the French and Anglos Two poli<cal par<es developed: The French Party: supported the rights of Canadiens The Bri<sh Party: demanded the assimila<on of the Canadiens, Bri<sh laws, crea<on of government for Protestant colonists only! Tensions grow more Quebec Act Comparison of territory Before the QC Act AAer the QC Act The Bri<sh were afraid that the Canadiens would join up with the rebelling Americans so they gave them all sorts of rights in 1774 s Quebec Act As a result, rich wealthy Bri<sh merchants were REALLY mad at their government In the end, most Canadiens were neutral during the American revolu<on Immigra<on of Loyalists (see worksheet on Loyalists) 1760 s ppl in the Thirteen Colonies were unhappy with the Bri<sh 1775 they wrote the American Declara<on of Independence. This means they wanted to become their own country the American War of Independence Colonists who did not agree with American independence were called LOYALISTS About 1/3 of colonists in the Thirteen Colonies remained loyal (faithful) to the King of Britain. Some even fought w/ the Bri<sh Army. When the Bri<sh lost, Loyalists were forced to leave the USA They moved here because: They were smll loyal to the BriMsh Crown & wanted to live in a BriMsh colony They were afraid of reprisal (retaliamon) against them 3

How many came & Where they seqled In total, about 36,000 Loyalists came to Canada largest

QC Some seqled in ci<es but MOST seqled in the country in what we call the Eastern Townships

Loyalists in Johnstown, a new seqlement on the banks of the River St.

Simpson James Peachey (aeer) Watercolour Reference Code: RG 2-344- 0-0- 89 Archives of

The Governor of Quebec worried that if the Loyalists seqled on the seigneuries and too close

4 How many came & Where they seqled In total, about 36,000 Loyalists came to Canada largest numbers went to New Brunswick, and Upper Canada About 7000 Loyalists came to the Province of QC Some seqled in ci<es but MOST seqled in the country in what we call the Eastern Townships (borders the US) They created farms divided into townships (not seigneuries) Encampment of the Loyalists in Johnstown, a new seqlement on the banks of the River St. Lawrence, in Canada West, August 12, 1925 J. R. Simpson James Peachey (aeer) Watercolour Reference Code: RG Archives of Ontario, I Why Townships? Township system was the Bri<sh method of land division. The Governor of Quebec worried that if the Loyalists seqled on the seigneuries and too close to large Canadiens popula<ons there would be conflicts So they were encouraged to seqle in the Eastern Townships In 1791 the official land division of Quebec was the Township system 4

(residence & warehouse) Bri<sh merchant (showing

major city) Bri<sh merchants REPLACED French

(1791) Angry Bri<sh merchants and the Loyalists

Bri<sh colony The Bri<sh government responded

Quebec into 2 colonies (Upper Canada and Lower

5 Seigneury vs. Township Loyalist Townships Simon- McTavish House (residence & warehouse) Bri<sh merchant (showing this to you so you can see the development of a major city) Bri<sh merchants REPLACED French merchants in all business Slightly modified but history is all around us in Mtl! An abempt to cut tension: The ConsMtuMonal Act (1791) Angry Bri<sh merchants and the Loyalists were unhappy with the rights Canadiens had in the Bri<sh colony The Bri<sh government responded with the Cons<tu<onal Act Split the Province of Quebec into 2 colonies (Upper Canada and Lower Canada) Each would have it s own government but be run by 1 governor It wasn t totally effec<ve at easing tensions though! 5

Map Changes due to Cons<tu<onal Act Before the ConsMtuMonal Act ConsMtuMonal Act 1791 PopulaMon stats in 1791 aaer the ConsMtuMonal Act

being slaves Document 76, page 46 What effect did the arrival of the Loyalists have on the popula<on of the popula<on of the Province of

We are going to get into the specifics but understand that The main popula<on growth factors during the 1 st half of the 19 th Century

6 Map Changes due to Cons<tu<onal Act Before the ConsMtuMonal Act ConsMtuMonal Act 1791 PopulaMon stats in 1791 aaer the ConsMtuMonal Act Roughly inhabitants Mainly Canadiens Minority of Bri<sh subjects A popula<on of Amerindians and Blacks some Amerindians and Blacks being slaves Document 76, page 46 What effect did the arrival of the Loyalists have on the popula<on of the popula<on of the Province of Quebec? We are going to get into the specifics but understand that The main popula<on growth factors during the 1 st half of the 19 th Century ( ) were: Natural growth in LC/Canada East ImmigraMon in UC/Canada West Natural Growth in Lower Canada Natural growth was the main factor in the increase of populamon in Lower Canada Between 1814 and 1861, the total popula<on of QC tripled! Average # of kids per family was 7 6

Document 83, page 51 Compare the 2 documents. What do you no<ce?

This is b/c of the War of 1812 Also b/c the US spread further west so ppl started moving there Our new source of

success of the <mber trade. Boats would carry immigrants from Europe and drop them off.

Immigra<on made easy There were condi<ons that made immigra<on from Europe easier These included: Free land grants in the

7 Document 83, page 51 Compare the 2 documents. What do you no<ce? New Sources of ImmigraMon In 1812, our US immigra<on basically STOPPED. This is b/c of the War of 1812 Also b/c the US spread further west so ppl started moving there Our new source of immigra<on was from the BriMsh Isles (Scotland, Ireland, England & Wales) This immigra<on was made convenient by the success of the <mber trade. Boats would carry immigrants from Europe and drop them off. Then, they would carry <mber from Canada back to Europe. Immigra<on made easy There were condi<ons that made immigra<on from Europe easier These included: Free land grants in the early 19 th Century The appointment of an immigramon agent in QC City Land was managed by the Bri(sh American Land Company goal was to seqle the land and ensure it was developed into produc<ve farms Why did people come here? Difficult social and economic condimons in Great Britain (late 1700 s and early 1800 s) Famine in Ireland (1800 s) 7

Condi<ons of transatlan<c crossing Condi<ons on the boats were

Dangerous the boats weren t made to transport ppl 1847 20% of

quaranmne at Grosse- Île In the 1830 s, the Port of QC was the

In 1831-32, there was a cholera epidemic.

8 Condi<ons of transatlan<c crossing Condi<ons on the boats were HORRIBLE Crowded People got sick and disease spread easily Dangerous the boats weren t made to transport ppl % of people died before they reached their des<na<on Compulsory quaranmne at Grosse- Île In the 1830 s, the Port of QC was the main entry point for Bri<sh immigrants. In , there was a cholera epidemic. AuthoriMes set up a quaranmne stamon at Grosse- Île. Thousands of immigrants died there It was in use un<l

Characteris<cs of these new immigrants Religion Most English and Scojsh = Protestant Irish

The Great Famine of 1840 s (aka Potato Famine) led to the emigramon of 2 million ppl!

Eastern Townships Most went to Upper Canada and the United States BUT the Anglophone

Remember that in the 2 nd half of the 18 th Century, new immigrants seqled in the St.

Rural Areas As the popula<on in rural areas went up, it meant that there was less land for

9 Characteris<cs of these new immigrants Religion Most English and Scojsh = Protestant Irish = Catholic Wealth Some were affluent (rich) MOST were poor Why they lee Fleeing difficult living condimons, famine and epidemics E.g. The Great Famine of 1840 s (aka Potato Famine) led to the emigramon of 2 million ppl! Where they seqled Fewer than 10% of these immigrants seqled in Lower Canada Mainly in the Eastern Townships Most went to Upper Canada and the United States BUT the Anglophone populamon in Lower Canada smll rose 1815 = 15% Anglo 1861 = 24% Anglo Where they seqled Remember that in the 2 nd half of the 18 th Century, new immigrants seqled in the St. Lawrence Valley BUT In 1 st half of the 19 th Century, they seqled in the OverpopulaMon in Rural Areas As the popula<on in rural areas went up, it meant that there was less land for ppl to seqle on Any un- cleared land became very expensive Seigneurs and Bri<sh land companies raised the prices because they wanted a bigger profit on the high demand Most ppl couldn t afford it The rural areas of the St. Lawrence Valley became overpopulated 9

On top of that, in the 1830 s there was an agricultural crisis Failed harvests AND compe<<on from farmers in UC forced the farmers in Lower Canada to change their ways The effect was: The crea<on of

10 On top of that, in the 1830 s there was an agricultural crisis Failed harvests AND compe<<on from farmers in UC forced the farmers in Lower Canada to change their ways The effect was: The crea<on of new villages. People in these areas had jobs outside of farming These new urban centers absorbed part of the rural popula<on surplus French Canadiens EmigraMon to the US in the 1830 s Another result of overpopula<on and the agricultural crisis Why they went: Scarcity of agricultural land in the seigneuries The existence of job opportunimes in New England factories Where they seqled: Massachusebs, Maine, New England How many? b/t 1840 and 1860, to French Canadiens lea for the US French migramon w/in our borders Why? They moved because of overcrowded Result: The seblement and development of new areas Mauricie logging, construcmon of the Rideau Canal The Saguenay - logging The LaurenMans UrbanizaMon At the same <me, many young ppl + immigrants moved to urban centers This upset the balance between cultural groups in big ci<es like QC and Mtl. By 1845, the Anglophone populamon in Mtl was larger than the Francophone populamon! See Document 95, page 56 What does this document tell you about the demographics between ? Canada East vs. Canada West Document 99, page 57 Compare the popula<ons of Canada East vs. Canada West. What does this graph show you? Why did French Canadians find themselves in a minority situa<on aeer the Act of the Union in 1840? 10

Popula<on stats in 1840 Aeer the Act of the Union See your worksheet on the Act of the Union About 665 400 inhabitants Mainly Francophones A growing Anglophone minority Amerindians and Blacks

11 Popula<on stats in 1840 Aeer the Act of the Union See your worksheet on the Act of the Union About inhabitants Mainly Francophones A growing Anglophone minority Amerindians and Blacks Aboriginal PopulaMon Reached it s lowest point since the arrival of Europeans. In 1800, around 5000 Algonquians and Iroquoians in the St. Lawrence Valley 10,000 Aboriginals in all of Lower Canada Why so low? Expansion of farmland = reducmon in the size of hunmng and fishing territories This resulted in famine Efforts of the government to sedentarize Na<ves = epidemics for even the isolated groups Accultura(on occurred (similar to assimila<on) Accultura<on of Aboriginals Loss of hun<ng grounds and ability to live as nomads = serious threat to their iden<ty In addi<on they had low popula<on growth Colonial administra<on began to see Aboriginals as almost ex<nct therefore those lee should be assimilated Language Religion and values of white ppl Moving them onto reserves In 1850 s the govt came up with Indian Status goal was to iden<fy Na<ves, so that they could eventually be assimilated. What elements of assimila<on are visible? In Summary Natural growth = s<ll important New sources of Anglo immigra<on Anglo popula<on goes up New areas are seqled because of overcrowding and ppl needing/wan<ng land There are s<ll tensions between the groups, Aboriginals are s<ll outcasts Cons<tu<onal Act à 1840 Act of the Union You should know about both of these. Summary Slides 11

12 Reasons for English immigra<on AQrac<veness of the fur trade aeer the Conquest Difficult social and economic condi<ons in Great Britain (late 1700 s) Famine in Ireland (1800 s) Condi<ons that promoted immigra<on to Québec Free land grants in the early 19 th Century Appointment of an immigra<on agent in Québec City Management of land by the Bri<sh American Land Company Effect of migra<on flows on society Effects on the colony of transatlan<c crossing of Bri<sh immigrants: The spread of disease Compulsory quaran<ne at the Grosse- Île Change in the linguis<c composi<on of the popula<on of Montréal around 1845 Anglophone popula<on became the majority In 1851, the census showed that the popula<on of Canada East was smaller than that of Canada West Effects of migra<on flows on the territory BriMsh and Loyalist immigramon to the colony resulted in: The construcmon of Protestant churches, and English schools Township development A division of the Province of QC into Lower and Upper Canada Regions that were seqled by migrants from overcrowded holdings in Lower Canada in the early 19th century (e.g. Outaouais, Mauricie) 12

Chapter 1 Population & Settlement

Chapter 1 Population & Settlement Chapter 1 Population & Settlement Section 3: British Rule / British Regime (1760-1867) The 7 Year War & the Conquest In 1760, the British took control of what was New