Title: A Recent History of Nationalism and the Military in China. Date: November 2015 Institution name/journal where submitted: McGill University
|
|
- Roland Hood
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Title: A Recent History of Nationalism and the Military in China Author: Ahmed Khan Date: November 2015 Institution name/journal where submitted: McGill University The use of this database indicates agreement to the terms and conditions Academia is a database that promotes the free exchange of ideas and scholarly work, setting a platform on which to foment and improve student discourse
2 The Recent History of Nationalism and the Military in China Throughout history, and particularly in China the military has often been an indicator of national integrity and unity. For a country as large and diverse as China, the military has historically been one of the few executive arms of the central government and by extension a measure of the strength of the country s nationalist sentiment. The military is not merely a symptom of the health of nationalist ideology. The regime of the day has based its actions and policy around the prevalent military systems available to it and the development of military systems and strategies has been inextricably tied to the ideology of the governing party. The establishment of a strong, modern and centralized regular military was essential for the development of Chinese nationalism from a popular sentiment to the predominant political ideology of the central government. This was true of Sun Yat Sen s Republic, the Guomindang (GMD) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This trend has been seen ever since the Qing dynasty modernized the military following defeat at the hands of European powers. Throughout the early twentieth century there has been a clear link between the development of the military, largely the army until the Korean War, and the growth of nationalist sentiment in China.
3 The only period between this span where nationalism was on the decline was during the Warlord Era. After the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916 the fight for power weakened the sense of a Chinese national identity as the infighting of the warlord era discouraged nationalism, stoking ethnic sentiments instead. This coincided with devolution in military capability. However following Chiang Kai Shek s Northern Expedition of the Guomindang (GMD) either beat or incorporated the warlords, nominally united China and established the National Revolutionary Army. From that point on, despite the decades long power struggle between the CCP and the GMD, since the eventual establishment of the People s Republic of China and the People s Liberation Army, nationalism has only grown in China. Simultaneously the Chinese military has also grown from irregular, ill-trained poorly armed militias to an efficient, battle hardened and increasingly better equipped and trained force. The concepts of a modern one China and militarism, which is much older, have been tied inextricably with each other. While the birth of the modern Chinese military is accepted to be in 1911 with the Republican Revolution and the establishment of the "New Army", its roots go back to the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century. [1] Before the Opium Wars the military was used to establish the writ of the empire and squash dissidence. The ethnically Manchu Qing held on to power over majority Han China by a combination of feudal alliances and military power. Given that this was the primary prerogative of the armies, their
4 methods were not nationalistic at all and instead fueled regionalism. The turning point for these methods was the Opium Wars where China faced off against the predominant world powers of the day, France, Britain and Russia. The outcomes of the wars were humiliating for China, as it was carved up and split between the European powers. This sparked two major changes in China that would contribute greatly towards the rise of nationalism. First, the Qing dynasty embarked on a massive modernization campaign for the military, a development geared towards dealing with foreign aggression. Secondly the actions of the European powers gave rise to nationalist sentiment in the Han majority. This new and fast spreading sentiment resulted first in Xinhai Revolution of 1911, where early nationalist politicians led by Sun Yat Sen and Yuan Shikai were able to convince Last Emperor Puyi to step down thus ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China. There were several nationalistic characteristics of the new republic, chief among which was the attempt at racial integration. The republic adopted the Five Races Under One Union banner as its flag. The five colors represented the five main ethnicities of China, Han, Manchu, Mongol, Muslim and Tibetan. Moreover, Sun Yat Sen and other leaders called for racial integration at the frontiers of China.
5 The republic also made use of the New Armies developed and trained at the end of the Qing by Yuan Shikai himself. In line with the prevalent nationalist sentiment in the intelligentsia and continuing with military development in the final years of the Qing dynasty, various New Armies were integrated to form the Chinese Army by 1911, although the force was still known popularly as the New Army. Nearly two - thirds of this force was composed of Yuan Shikai s own Beiyang Army [2]. Sun Yat Sen had brought in Yuan Shikai into the government because of his close relations with the military, as it was seen as essential to the Nationalist and Republican causes. Initially Yuan Shikai s proximity to the military leadership maintained stability in the young republic, effectively squashing out dissidence from the south. However, Yuan Shikai s decision to declare himself emperor and his death soon after in 1916 led to weaker control of the state over the New Army. The New Army fell apart as there was no leadership that could hold it together, and the republican government of Sun Yat Sen was reduced to the role of a figurehead. The army degenerated to its old pattern, with loyalties shifting back to regional and even more local ties. The New Army fragmented, as did China as a whole, dominated more and more by a group of warlords. These men, such as Wu Peifu and Sun Chuanfang, were more interested in consolidating power in their own regions and building private armies than they were in Chinese Nationalism. This was essentially the end of the Republic and ushered in what came to be known as the Warlord Era.
6 The warlords had their origins in the Qing dynasty. Their armies originated from the Qing s use of regional militias and forces, a carryover of the feudal era. Individual militias were formed from men of the same province. While this was largely for the benefit of communication within soldiers, this encouraged regionalist tendencies and sentiments. The warlords had been brought together after the dissolution of the Qing dynasty, however their nationalist sympathies were tested by Yuan Shikai s illadvised move to become emperor in 1915 and dissolved completely with his death in Starting from the South, dissent soon spread throughout the mainland and even Yuan Shikai s own Beiyang Army split into two cliques. The Warlord Era continued until Chiang Kai Shek s Northern Expedition ( ) either incorporated the warlords into the regular army or beat them to submission and nominally reunited China. The Warlord Era is interesting most of all for being the only period in China during the 20 th century that saw a deterioration in military capability for the country. The deterioration of military order and standardization led towards a shift from nationalist ideology to more regional sympathies within the army. Loyalties shifted backwards to positions similar to the Qing dynasty, and a split between the North and South would persist till the Northern Expedition. This only reinforces the argument that deterioration in the military leads to devolution from nationalism to regionalism. The Warlord Era is of particular interest because the deterioration of the central army led to a long period of increased regionalism and political factionalism [5], yet it was
7 precisely these conditions that took Chinese Nationalism to the populace and thus reinforced political forces with Nationalistic agendas, specifically the GMD and CCP. Sun Yat Sen s negotiations with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) resulted in the First United Front in 1922, with the aim of ending the fiefdom of the warlords [3]. Though the First United Front was short lived, breaking down over fighting and distrust between the GMD and the CCP it remains important. Both the GMD and the CCP, by virtue of entering the alliance, accepted that regionalism had to come to an end, and a nationalist reunification was more important than fighting each other. This was even more significant as by 1922 these were the two largest political forces in the country. Amidst all this jousting for power another development was underway that would lay the seeds for a popular nationalist sentiment in China. It began on the 4 th of May 1919 with a set of student demonstrations in Beijing protesting the conditions imposed on China under the Treaty of Versailles. In what grew to become the New Culture Movement, the May Fourth Movement was crucial in shifting Chinese Nationalism from a concept largely limited to the intellectual elite to a populist sentiment. As Zarrow states, the movement represented an entirely new type of grass roots politics based largely on nationalistic feelings. [4] The broader New Culture Movement was also important for accelerating a transition from traditional Confucian ideals to modern global and western values, a process that had begun with the removal of the Qing in 1911.
8 A key component of squashing the warlords and establishing power at the ce ntre was developing a strong centralized army. This led to the development of two parallel forces. For the GMD it meant the establishment of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) in Developed for Chiang Kai Shek s Northern Expedition, this grew into the primary military arm of the GMD during the civil war, and later developed into the Republic of China (Taiwan) military. The CCP simultaneously established the People s Liberation Army. This originated as a peasant guerilla force evolved into China s armed forces and the largest conventional military organization in the world. While this parallel development of two armies inevitably led to conflict and eventually to all out civil war, there are key similarities between the two. An example of this is the Whampoa Military Academy. Developed by Sun Yat Sen in the early twenties with Soviet help, the academy aimed to lessen China s reliance on warlords for military leadership, and instead train a new generation of professional officers to lead ever evolving armed forces in China. It was also a symbol of GMD-CCP cooperation, as both parties worked together on the project. [6] The academies influence on nationalism and politics is even greater because the academy trained both GMD and CCP officers and would have a great effect on the ideologies of both the PLA and the ROC Army. [7] During the second Sino-Japanese War ( ) the GMD and the CCP again collaborated, this time to fight the Japanese. While the cooperation was less than
9 whole hearted, they reinforced the belief that China, and Chinese Nationalism came first for both parties. Following the eventual Chinese victory, with allied assistance, China again erupted into civil war. By 1948 however, the CCP was able to use its massive peasant support base and lessons learnt from fighting the Japanese to route the GMD forces to the island of Formosa and establish a government in Beijing. While the GMD was far better equipped, it appears that their leadership was unable to make use of it. As General Barr stated Their military debacles can be attributed to the worst leadership in the world and a complete loss of will to fight. [7] The fight was far from over for the PLA. Within a few short years of its birth, the People s Republic of China had to face the American forces in Korea ( ), the Indians in the Sino-Indian War (1962) and the Vietnamese (1979). This was accompanied by a decades long border conflict with the Soviet Union. But Mao and the CCP were able to use these conflicts to build and cultivate a stronger Chinese identity. This sort of almost militant nationalism definitely contributed towards the development of a stronger, more cohesive and unified China. The PLA s doctrine changed considerably after Mao s death, much in keeping with other policies in the nation. Mao had seen China under existential threat. Along these lines, we can see that Mao invested heavily in developing the organizational and technological prowess of the armed forces, evidenced by the heavy investment into space and missile technology [8]
10 Following Mao s death there was a massive revision in this policy. In Mao s China, the assumption was that war, when it came, would be total and global in scope, and the resulting devastation would also be total. Despite Maoist bravado, this tended to make China think rather carefully before it used force because of the real dangers of escalation. Today, from Beijing s perspective, the dominant trends in the world are supposed to be peace and development. Furthermore, the PLA s current doctrine of limited war under high technology conditions also makes it likely that Beijing will see conflict as an acceptable risk. [9] This has spawned, firstly a renewed nationalistic feeling among the Chinese populace, and secondly an almost ultra-nationalistic fervor in the military combined with a redistribution of military investments to first the air force, and more recently the navy, [the] PLAAF is concentrating on shifting from positional, defensive operations to mobile, offensive operations. This reflects China s shift from an existentially defensive doctrine in most of the 20th century to a more confident, hegemonic, and aggressive attitude recently, which reflects their newfound power on the world stage [10] On the basis of empirical evidence throughout the last century, it is reasonable to conclude that there is a direct link between Chinese Nationalism and the development of a strong, centralized and modern military. The concept of Chinese Nationalism a modern one, it arose near the end of the 19 th century. Nationalism throughout the first half of the 20 th century seems to have been only as healthy as the army at the
11 time. The Warlord Era reinforces this notion as the only period of the 20 th century that Chinese Nationalism was on the decline coincided with the only period of deterioration in the military. China has gone from being a loosely federated empire to a strongly unified nation with strict centralization. It has also gone from being a poor country at the mercy of western powers to a leading economic power. A Chinese identity was cultivated, a sense of the Chinese nation developed. That, simultaneously, a regular Chinese military was formed, developed from a group of ill-trained militias to one of the largest, most battle hardened and centralized military forces in the world is not a coincidence.
12 Notes Throughout this essay the term nationalist does not refer to the GMD alone, but rather to the political ideology. Therefore Sun Yat Sen s Republic, the GMD and the CCP are all considered to be nationalists References 1 Edmund S. K. Fung, The Military Dimension of the Chinese Revolution: The New Army and Its Role in the Revolution of 1911 (Vancouver,: University of British Columbia Press, 1980). Pp Ralph L. Powell, The Rise of Chinese Military Power, (Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1955) 3 Ibid 4 Zarrow, Peter. China in War and Revolution, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, Print. Pp Ibid. Pp PLA History, online 7 Ibid. 7. Bianco, Origins of Chinese Revolution, , Stanford University Press, 1971, Print. Pp Burkitt et Al, The Lessons of History: The People s Liberation Army at 75, Washinton: The Strategic Studies Institute, 2003, Pp Ibid. Pp Ibid. Pp. 90
13 Bibliography A History of the Modern Chinese Army, Xiabong Li, New York, Johns Hopkins University, Print Van De Van, Hans. War and Nationalism in China: London: RoutledgeCurzon, Print. Meisner, Maurice J. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic. New York: Free, Print. Zarrow, Peter. China in War and Revolution, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, Print. Burkitt et Al, The Lessons of History: The People s Liberation Army at 75, Washinton: The Strategic Studies Institute, 2003, Bianco, Origins of Chinese Revolution, , Stanford University Press, 1971, Print PLA History, , Online.
Chapter 8 Politics and culture in the May Fourth movement
Part II Nationalism and Revolution, 1919-37 1. How did a new kind of politics emerge in the 1920s? What was new about it? 2. What social forces (groups like businessmen, students, peasants, women, and
More informationChinese Nationalist Party, Chinese Civil War
Chinese Nationalist Party, Chinese Civil War Background Guide Wheeler Model United Nations Conference (WMUNC) General Assembly- Social and Humanitarian (SOCHUM) October 2016 Introduction The Chinese Civil
More informationPolitics of China. WEEK 1: Introduction. WEEK 2: China s Revolution Origins and Comparison LECTURE LECTURE
Politics of China 1 WEEK 1: Introduction Unit themes Governance and regime legitimacy Economy prosperity for all? o World s second largest economy o They have moved lots of farmers from countryside to
More informationTimeline Cambridge Pre-U Mandarin Chinese (9778 and 1341)
www.xtremepapers.com Timeline Cambridge Pre-U Mandarin Chinese (9778 and 1341) Timeline of Chinese history since 1839 Date 1644 1912 Qing Dynasty 1839 1842 First Opium War with Britain 1850 1864 Taiping
More informationThe Other Cold War. The Origins of the Cold War in East Asia
The Other Cold War The Origins of the Cold War in East Asia Themes and Purpose of the Course Cold War as long peace? Cold War and Decolonization John Lewis Gaddis Decolonization Themes and Purpose of the
More informationA WANING KINGDOM 1/13/2017
A WANING KINGDOM World History 2017 Mr. Giglio Qing Dynasty began to weaken During the 18 th & 19 th centuries. Opium Wars Taiping Rebellion Sino-Japanese War Spheres of Influence Open-Door Policy REFORM
More informationRepublic of China Flag Post Imperial China. People s Republic of China Flag Republic of China - Taiwan
Republic of China Flag 1928 Post Imperial China Republic of China - Taiwan People s Republic of China Flag 1949 Yuan Shikai Sun Yat-sen 1912-1937 Yuan Shikai becomes 1 st president wants to be emperor
More informationCommunism in the Far East. China
Communism in the Far East China Terms and Players KMT PLA PRC CCP Sun Yat-Sen Mikhail Borodin Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Shaky Start In 1913 the newly formed Chinese government was faced with the assassination
More informationSearch for systematic generalisations and patterns across countries
Politics 211 Notes Politics 211 Lecture 1 How should we begin to think about Chinese politics? What is theory and why does it matter? Theory can be descriptive Theory here about how and why things happened?
More informationHow To Review for 185B
How To Review for 185B Go through your lecture notes I will put overviews of lectures at my history department s website Study guide will be sent out at the end of this week Go through your textbook Go
More informationThe Significance of the Republic of China for Cross-Strait Relations
The Significance of the Republic of China for Cross-Strait Relations Richard C. Bush The Brookings Institution Presented at a symposium on The Dawn of Modern China May 20, 2011 What does it matter for
More informationNATIONALIST CHINA THE FIRST FEW YEARS OF HIS RULE IS CONSIDERED THE WARLORD PERIOD
NATIONALIST CHINA 1911=CHINESE REVOLUTION; LED BY SUN YAT SEN; OVERTHROW THE EMPEROR CREATE A REPUBLIC (E.G. THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA) CHINESE NATIONALISTS WERE ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE KUOMINTANG (KMT) CHIANG
More informationRevolution(s) in China
Update your TOC Revolution(s) in China Learning Goal 2: Describe the factors that led to the spread of communism in China and describe how communism in China differed from communism in the USSR. (TEKS/SE
More informationPre-Revolutionary China
Making Modern China Pre-Revolutionary China China had been ruled by a series of dynasties for over 2000 years Sometime foreign dynasties Immediately preceding the Revolution Ruled by Emperor P u Yi Only
More informationHISTORICAL SECURITY COUNCIL Topic C: Determining the Status of Tibetan Sovereignty
HISTORICAL SECURITY COUNCIL Topic C: Determining the Status of Tibetan Sovereignty Chair: Gabrielle Guanaes Vice-Chair: Juliana Brandão SALMUN 2014 1 INDEX Background Information.3 Timeline..8 Key Terms......9
More informationThe 2nd Sino-Japanese War. March 10, 2015
The 2nd Sino-Japanese War March 10, 2015 Review Who was Sun Yatsen? Did he have a typical Qingera education? What were the Three People s Principles? Who was Yuan Shikai? What was the GMD (KMT)? What is
More informationImperial China. Dynasties and Dragons
Imperial China Dynasties and Dragons The Mandate of Heaven A Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the Emperor of China. Similar to the Medieval European
More informationThe History and Political Economy of the Peoples Republic of China ( )
The History and Political Economy of the Peoples Republic of China (1949-2014) Lecturer, Douglas Lee, PhD, JD Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Dominican University of California Spring, 2018 Flag of The
More informationEssential Question: What was the impact of European imperialism on China?
Essential Question: What was the impact of European imperialism on China? CPWH Agenda for Unit 10.8: Clicker questions Imperialism in China notes Today s HW: 27.5 Unit 10 Test: Friday, February 22 The
More informationChapter 17 Lesson 1: Two Superpowers Face Off. Essential Question: Why did tension between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R increase after WWII?
Chapter 17 Lesson 1: Two Superpowers Face Off Essential Question: Why did tension between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R increase after WWII? Post WWII Big Three meet in Yalta Divide Germany into 4 zones (U.S.,
More informationRevolutionary Movements in India, China & Ghana SSWH19
Revolutionary Movements in India, China & Ghana SSWH19 Map of India 1856- Sepoy Mutiny Sepoy Mutiny India was an important trading post to British East India Company employed British army officers with
More informationJCC Communist China. Chair: Brian Zak PO/Vice Chair: Xander Allison
JCC Communist China Chair: Brian Zak PO/Vice Chair: Xander Allison 1 Table of Contents 3. Letter from Chair 4. Members of Committee 6. Topics 2 Letter from the Chair Delegates, Welcome to LYMUN II! My
More informationReading Essentials and Study Guide
Lesson 2 China After World War II ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does conflict influence political relationships? Reading HELPDESK Academic Vocabulary final the last in a series, process, or progress source a
More informationChanges in Russia, Asia, & the Middle East TOWARD A GLOBAL COMMUNITY (1900 PRESENT)
Changes in Russia, Asia, & the Middle East TOWARD A GLOBAL COMMUNITY (1900 PRESENT) RUSSIA Toward the end of WWI Russia entered a civil war between Lenin s Bolsheviks (the Communist Red Army) and armies
More informationVersion 1. This 1960s Chinese song would most likely have been sung during the 1) Boxer Rebellion 2) Cultural Revolution
Name Global II Date Cold War II 31. The Four Modernizations of Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in 1) a return to Maoist revolutionary principles 2) an emphasis on the Five Relationships 3)
More informationHistorical Security Council
C S I A M U N X CHAIR REPORT Historical Security Council Agenda (1) The Chinese Civil War (KMT CPC) Committee: Historical Security Council (Crisis) Agenda: The Chinese Civil War (KMT-CPC) Chair: IHyeon
More informationChina Review. Geographic Features that. separate China/India. separates China & Russia. Confucian - - China s most influential philosopher (thinker).
China Review Geographic Features that separate China/India separates China & Russia dangerous flooding seasonal winds that bring large amounts of rain Confucian - - China s most influential philosopher
More informationWelcome, WHAP Comrades!
Welcome, WHAP Comrades! Monday, April 2, 2018 Have paper and something to write with out for notes and be ready to begin! This Week s WHAP Agenda MONDAY 4/3: Russian and Chinese Revolutions TUESDAY 4/4:
More informationCourse outline Cambridge Pre-U Mandarin Chinese (9778 and 1341)
www.xtremepapers.com Course outline Cambridge Pre-U Mandarin Chinese (9778 and 1341) Overview The Founding of the People s Republic of China Learners need to have a basic understanding of the following
More informationTopic outline The Founding of the People s Republic of China
www.xtremepapers.com Topic outline The Founding of the People s Republic of China Overview This topic outline is intended to offer useful additional material to that which is provided in the Cambridge
More informationType 2 Prompt. Following the Revolution of 1911, what happened to China? Was it stable or unstable? Who was in control, if anyone? Write 3 lines.
Type 2 Prompt Following the Revolution of 1911, what happened to China? Was it stable or unstable? Who was in control, if anyone? Write 3 lines. 1/3/12 The Revolution? of 1911 What happened to each of
More informationWhere is China? A little bit of Chinese history Basic economic facts What does it look like?
Where is China? A little bit of Chinese history Basic economic facts What does it look like? China World s 4 th -largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest on the border with Nepal,
More informationCHINESE TIMELINE. Taken From. Tong Sing. The Book of Wisdom based on The Ancient Chinese Almanac. CMG Archives
CHINESE TIMELINE Taken From Tong Sing The Book of Wisdom based on The Ancient Chinese Almanac CMG Archives http://www.campbellmgold.com (2012) Introduction From the "Tong Sing", The Book of Wisdom based
More informationTeacher Overview Objectives: Chinese Civil War and Communist Revolution
Teacher Overview Objectives: Chinese Civil War and Communist Revolution NYS Social Studies Framework Alignment: Key Idea Conceptual Understanding Content Specification Objectives 10.7 DECOLONIZATION AND
More informationCHAPTER 4 OUTLINE OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY DURING MAO ERA
75 CHAPTER 4 OUTLINE OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY DURING MAO ERA 76 4 Outline of Chinese Foreign Policy During Mao Era 4.1 Background China has risen as a great power in the 21 st century. To understand the
More informationHow China Can Defeat America
How China Can Defeat America By YAN XUETONG Published: November 20, 2011 WITH China s growing influence over the global economy, and its increasing ability to project military power, competition between
More informationChina s Xinhai Revolution and Political Fluctuations in Japan
China s Xinhai Revolution and Political Fluctuations in Japan Book synopsis by author Sakurai Ryōju (Reitaku University) Translated by Christopher D. Scott In this book, I take up the Xinhai Revolution
More informationChina Summit. Situation in Taiwan Vietnam War Chinese Relationship with Soviet Union c. By: Paul Sabharwal and Anjali. Jain
China Summit Situation in Taiwan Vietnam War Chinese Relationship with Soviet Union c. By: Paul Sabharwal and Anjali Jain I. Introduction In the 1970 s, the United States decided that allying with China
More informationMVZ-207 Chinese Foreign Policy since 1949
MVZ-207 Chinese Foreign Policy since 1949 Yitzchak Shichor - "Missing Missiles: China's Threat to Taiwan in Israeli and Historical Perspective and Its Implications." Mgr. Jan Polišenský Spring 2011 Week
More informationEconomic Systems Guided Notes
Economic Systems Guided Notes An Introduc+on to Command & Free Market Economics WELCOME TO Johnrovia- The Land of Smiles and Happiness As part of the greatest kingdom in the history of the world, you will
More informationThe Colonies after WW1
The Colonies after WW1 Africa - Summary Wanted to be independent Learned new ideas about freedom and nationalism New leaders were educated in Europe and the United States Africa Important People Harry
More informationBell Work. Describe Truman s plan for. Europe. How will his plan help prevent the spread of communism?
Bell Work Describe Truman s plan for dealing with post-wwii Europe. How will his plan help prevent the spread of communism? Objectives Explain how Mao Zedong and the communists gained power in China. Describe
More informationHistory 3534: Revolutionary China Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Study Abroad in China Program
HIST 3534-Revolutionary China, page 1 of 6 History 3534: Revolutionary China Brooklyn College, The City University of New York Study Abroad in China Program Instructor: Prof. Andrew Meyer, Ph.D (or, to
More informationEast Asia in the Postwar Settlements
Chapter 34 " Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim East Asia in the Postwar Settlements Korea was divided between a Russian zone of occupation in the north and an American
More informationCold War Conflicts Chapter 26
Cold War Conflicts Chapter 26 Former Allies Clash After World War II the US and the Soviets had very different goals for the future. Under Soviet communism the state controlled all property and economic
More information4.2.2 Korea, Cuba, Vietnam. Causes, Events and Results
4.2.2 Korea, Cuba, Vietnam Causes, Events and Results This section will illustrate the extent of the Cold War outside of Europe & its impact on international affairs Our focus will be to analyze the causes
More informationFALL OF THE QING DYNASTY CHINESE IMPERIALISM
FALL OF THE QING DYNASTY CHINESE IMPERIALISM THE TAI PING REBELLION The failure of the Chinese government to deal with the internal economic problems led to a peasant revolt known as the Tai Ping Rebellion
More informationAnnouncement and CfP. International Conference on. The Impact of World War One on China s Modern History
Announcement and CfP International Conference on The Impact of World War One on China s Modern History University of Vienna, Austria, July 4-6, 2014 July 2014 will mark the 100 th anniversary of the beginning
More informationImperial China Collapses Close Read
Imperial China Collapses Close Read Standards Alignment Text with Close Read instructions for students Intended to be the initial read in which students annotate the text as they read. Students may want
More informationUnit 3 & 4 History of Revolutions
Unit 3 & 4 History of Revolutions Russian and Chinese Revolutions Introductory lessons 2012 Introduction Revolutions are the great disjuncture of modern times and mark deliberate attempts at new directions.
More informationChinese Nationalism in the Global Era
Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era Speech for Conference on The World and China at a Time of Drastic Changes Aichi University, 9-10 October 2004 Dr Christopher R Hughes London School of Economics and
More informationImperialism in Asia CHINA & JAPAN
Imperialism in Asia CHINA & JAPAN The Japanese willow bent with the winds of western imperialism and survived; the Chinese oak stood fast against the winds from the west and fell. Isolationists - Closed
More informationasdf Yan An Red Base (MAO) Chair: Dan Taub Director:
asdf Yan An Red Base (MAO) Chair: Dan Taub Director: Contents Introduction:........... 3 Topic Background.......... 5 2 Introduction Committee Rules and Introduction The Yan An Red Base will operate under
More informationGlobal History Regents Review Imperialism review questions
Global History Regents Review Imperialism review questions Name: To which period does the slogan The Sun never sets on the British Empire refer? (1) Middle Ages (2) Protestant Reformation (3) Age of Imperialism
More informationRevolution and Nationalism (III)
1- Please define the word nationalism. 2- Who was the leader of Indian National Congress, INC? 3- What is Satyagraha? 4- When was the country named Pakistan founded? And how was it founded? 5- Why was
More informationUNIT 6 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
UNIT 6 THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION I; LONG-TERM CAUSES A. AUTOCRACY OF THE CZAR 1. Censorship 2. Religious and ethnic intolerance 3. Political oppression I; LONG-TERM CAUSES B. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 1. Russia began
More informationMOVE TO GLOBAL WAR - JAPAN PAPER 1
MOVE TO GLOBAL WAR - JAPAN PAPER 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT For almost a thousand years Japan was a feudal society ruled by large landowners called Daimyo. These rulers were protected by an elite class called
More informationChapter 12. Chapter 12 Section 1 China Resist Outside Influence. Transformations Around The Globe Confucianism. Confucius (K'ung-tzu)
Chapter 12 Transformations Around The Globe 1800-1914 Chapter 12 Section 1 China Resist Outside Influence Confucius (K'ung-tzu) Kong" 551 BC 479 BC Chinese and social philosopher. emphasized and governmental
More informationCold War in Asia,
Cold War in Asia, 1945-1954 How Republicans used the Truman Doctrine to insist that the Democratic President stop communism in Asia, and how Truman came to intervene on the Korean Peninsula and lay the
More informationCHRONOLOGY THE CHINESEMPIRE
CHRONOLOGY THE CHINESEMPIRE 1848-1865 1890-1898 1895 1901 1905 1905-1908 1906 1911 Great Taiping Peasant Rebellion Peaceful reform movements Sun Yat-sen's first revolutionary attempt Boxer Rebellion Sun
More informationHIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION MODERN HISTORY 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time)
N E W S O U T H W A L E S HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 1995 MODERN HISTORY 2/3 UNIT (COMMON) Time allowed Three hours (Plus 5 minutes reading time) DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES Attempt FOUR questions.
More informationWorld Leaders: Mao Zedong
World Leaders: Mao Zedong By Biography.com Editors and A+E Networks, adapted by Newsela staff on 07.28.16 Word Count 893 Mao Zedong Public Domain. Courtesy encyclopedia.com Synopsis: Mao Zedong was born
More informationthe Cold War The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991
U.S vs. U.S.S.R. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion Their political differences created a climate of icy tension
More informationDec Monthly Curriculum Library Update for Secondary Schools
Dec. 2015 Monthly Curriculum Library Update for Secondary Schools Contents History Legal Studies The Communist Revolution in China Background to China s Communist Revolution 3 Events of China s Communist
More informationThe consolidation of the Communist State,
The consolidation of the Communist State, 1949 55 The People s Republic of China (1949 005) Introduction The Civil War between the nationalist Guomindang (GMD) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had
More informationMain Idea. After WWII, China became a Communist nation and Korea was split into a communist north and democratic south.
Objectives 1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted. 2. Summarize the events of the Korean War. 3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.
More informationExam Success: How to prepare students to write History Essays. Chinese Culture: The Founding of the Peoples Republic of China
Exam Success: How to prepare students to write History Essays Chinese Culture: The Founding of the Peoples Republic of China 1. Knowledge Key Skill: Explaining evidence in relation to the question PRC:
More informationThe Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War Background guide for Communist delegates Chairs: Alex Homer, Andrew Lee Wheeler Model United Nations Conference (WMUNC) October 2016 Committee - Chinese Communist Party Introduction
More informationCHINA. History, Government, and Political Culture
CHINA History, Government, and Political Culture Under the Emperors Feudal System, war lords Centralized government bureaucracy 1800 s Dominance by other countries Spheres of influence Opium War Treaty
More informationLecture 6: Case Study China
Lecture 6: Case Study China September 15, 2016 Prof. Wyatt Brooks 1 Why all the talk about China? Fast growth experience Not unique (e.g., South Korea) China is ENORMOUS Largest population by far Second
More informationSYLLABUS. Departmental Syllabus. Modern Asia HIST Departmental Syllabus. Departmental Syllabus. Departmental Syllabus. None
DATE OF LAST REVIEW: 02/2013 CIP CODE: 24.0101 SYLLABUS SEMESTER: COURSE TITLE: COURSE NUMBER: Modern Asia HIST-0103 CREDIT HOURS: 3 INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE LOCATION: OFFICE HOURS: TELEPHONE: EMAIL: PREREQUISITES:
More informationCOLD WAR ORIGINS. U.S vs. U.S.S.R. Democ./Cap vs Comm.
COLD WAR ORIGINS U.S vs. U.S.S.R. Democ./Cap vs Comm. Section One: Objectives By the end, I will be able to: 1. Explain the breakdown in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union after World
More informationDaily Writing. How did China s dynastic past shape its people s perspective of the world?
Daily Writing How did China s dynastic past shape its people s perspective of the world? China and the west BRITISH AND CHINESE TRADE Up to this point, China has only one port, Guangzhou, open for trade
More informationGCSE MARKING SCHEME SUMMER 2016 HISTORY - STUDY IN-DEPTH CHINA UNDER MAO ZEDONG, /05. WJEC CBAC Ltd.
GCSE MARKING SCHEME SUMMER 2016 HISTORY - STUDY IN-DEPTH CHINA UNDER MAO ZEDONG, 1949-1976 4271/05 WJEC CBAC Ltd. INTRODUCTION This marking scheme was used by WJEC for the 2016 examination. It was finalised
More informationFactories double from Trans-Siberian Railway finally finished in More and more people work in factories
World history Factories double from 1863-1900 Trans-Siberian Railway finally finished in 1916 More and more people work in factories o Terrible conditions, child labor, very low pay o Unions were illegal
More informationPolitical Economy of China. Topic 2
Political Economy of China Topic 2 Goals of Topic 2 Understanding the inner workings of autocracies. An introductory overview of the Chinese economy and political system. An application of our study of
More informationCommunist Revolution
Communist Revolution The End of Emperors In 1911, after thousands of years of being ruled by emperors, the last of China s royal dynasty s was overthrown Over the next 15-20 years, China was in chaos as
More informationChapter 25 Cold War America, APUSH Mr. Muller
Chapter 25 Cold War America, 1945-1963 APUSH Mr. Muller Aim: How does the U.S. and U.S.S.R. go from allies to rivals? Do Now: Communism holds that the world is so deeply divided into opposing classes that
More informationCHAPTER 34 - EAST ASIA: THE RECENT DECADES
CHAPTER 34 - EAST ASIA: THE RECENT DECADES CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter focuses on the political, social and economic developments in East Asia in the late twentieth century. The history may be divided
More informationSECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP
SECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP Terms and Names: Taiwan Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Korean War 38 th Parallel In the name of containing communism, the US will become involved in a conflict in Korea. The
More informationImperial China Collapses
Imperial China Collapses MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES REVOLUTION After the fall of the Qing dynasty, nationalist and Communist movements struggled for power. The seeds of China s late-20thcentury
More informationChapter 30 Revolution and Nationalism
Chapter 30 Revolution and Nationalism 30-1 Russia Czarist Autocratic Rule Alexander III 1881-1894 Ruthless secret police Oppressed nationalist minorities Jewish pogroms Nicholas II 1894-1918 Industrializes
More information1. What nineteenth century state was known as the Middle Kingdom to its populace? a. a) China b. b) Japan c. d) Iran d.
1. What nineteenth century state was known as the Middle Kingdom to its populace? a. a) China b) Japan c. d) Iran d. c) Ottoman Empire 2. Which of the following was a factor in creating China s internal
More informationWang Qisheng, Revolution and Counter-Revolution: Republican Politics in Social-Cultural
Wang Qisheng, Revolution and Counter-Revolution: Republican Politics in Social-Cultural Scope [ 革命与反革命 : 社会文化视野下的民国政治 ]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2010. Bin Ye, Shanghai Academy of Social
More informationAP World History (Povletich) CHAPTER 32 OUTLINE Societies at Crossroads
AP World History (Povletich) CHAPTER 32 OUTLINE Societies at Crossroads BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE: The dramatic economic expansion of Western Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century was not matched
More informationChinese regulations ensured China had favorable balance of trade with other nations Balance of trade: difference between how much a country imports
Chinese regulations ensured China had favorable balance of trade with other nations Balance of trade: difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports By 1800s, western nations were
More informationA Guide to. O.S.S./State Department Intelligence and Research Reports. China and India
A Guide to O.S.S./State Department Intelligence and Research Reports China and India A Guide to O.S.S./State Department Intelligence and Research Reports III China and India Edited by Paul Kesaris A MICROFILM
More informationSection 6: China Resists Outside Influence
Section 6: China Resists Outside Influence Main Idea: Western economic pressure forced China to open to foreign trade and influence Why it matters now: China has become an increasingly important member
More informationChapter 25 - Forces for Independence and Revolution in Asia
I. Introduction A. In April 1930, Mohandas Gandhi led a group of Indians to a seashore on India s west coast. 1. picking up handfuls of natural sea salt 2. this simple and defiant act, they intentionally
More informationIntroduction to the Cold War
Introduction to the Cold War What is the Cold War? The Cold War is the conflict that existed between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. It is called cold because the two sides never
More informationName Class Date Score
Name Class Date Score APWH CHAPTER 29 Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War WK 29 Directions: Write a comprehensive, summarizing paragraph for each of the following major concepts.
More informationPeriod 1: Period 2:
Period 1: 1491 1607 Period 2: 1607 1754 2014 - #2: Explain how intellectual and religious movements impacted the development of colonial North America from 1607 to 1776. 2013 - #2: Explain how trans-atlantic
More informationGCE History A. Mark Scheme for June Unit : Y317/01 China and its Rulers Advanced GCE. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GCE History A Unit : Y317/01 China and its Rulers 1839-1989 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for June 2017 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing
More informationThe Modernization of China: a Historical Perspective. Dong Jingsheng History Department, Peking University, China
The Modernization of China: a Historical Perspective Dong Jingsheng History Department, Peking University, China MODERNIZATION Modernization is a process by which societies move from rural, agrarian society
More informationModern History 2005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION. Centre Number. Student Number. Total marks 100. Section I. Pages 2 8
Centre Number Student Number 05 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Modern History Total marks 0 Section I Pages 2 8 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black
More informationWorld History (Survey) Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945 Present
World History (Survey) Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945 Present Section 1: Two Superpowers Face Off The United States and the Soviet Union were allies during World War II. In February
More informationChapter One. The Rise of Confucian Radicalism. At the end of April, 1895 Kang Youwei, a 37-year-old aspiring candidate to high
Chapter One The Rise of Confucian Radicalism At the end of April, 1895 Kang Youwei, a 37-year-old aspiring candidate to high government, drafted a petition to the emperor demanding that the Qing refuse
More informationLESSON OBJECTIVE. 2.) EXPLAIN how Japan s long history of militarism & nationalism led to the vicious invasion & occupation of Nanking
NAME: BLOCK: - CENTRAL HISTORICAL QUESTION - JAPAN & THE RISE OF MILITARISM & IMPERIALISM: WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE INVASION OF NANKING? Pictured below: Crying baby amid the ruins of Japan s invasion of
More informationMagruder s American Government
Presentation Pro Magruder s American Government C H A P T E R 22 Comparative Political Systems 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. C H A P T E R 22 Comparative Political Systems SECTION 1 Great Britain SECTION
More informationWEEK 3. The Chinese Revolution
WEEK 3 The Chinese Revolution French West Africa currency, circa 1952 Three things they never tell you before you invade and conquer China China is really, really big pop 1850: 450 million people Lots
More information