Chapter 8. Political Geography

Transcription

1 Chapter 8 Political Geography

2 Key Issue #1 Where are states located?

3 Defining States & Development of the State Concept Problems of defining states Korea: one state or two? China & Taiwan: one state or two? Western Sahara Varying sizes of states Development of the state concept Ancient & medieval states Colonies

4 Key Words State an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. Sovereignty independence from control of its internal affairs by other states.

5 Korea One State or Two? Korea was a colony of Japan for many years, until the end of WWII. The US and Soviet Union divided Korea into two zones after WWII as part of the Cold War. Both Superpowers established governments and made the divisions permanent. The countries went to war in the 1950 s with no one winning. Both governments are committed to reunification. N. Korea s leader and the decision to build nuclear weapons has minimized the possibility.

6 North and South Korea Nighttime satellite image shows the contrasting amounts of electric lighting in South Korea compared to North Korea.

7 China and Taiwan: One state or two? China claims that Taiwan is not a sovereign state. Taiwan agreed until the 1990 s. When the communists took over China, the Nationalists leaders of China fled to Taiwan. They set up the government there hoping to return to power in China. When the US recognized the communists government as the true rulers of China, Taiwan became the largest state not a member of the UN.

8 Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic) Most African countries believe the Western Sahara is a sovereign country, but Morocco lays claim that it is not. After a UN cease fire agreement, Morocco controls most of the land, however the Polisario Rebels control many parts of the desert (about 1/5 th of the country). Two cities in Morocco Cueta and Melilla are controlled by Spain.

9 Varying sizes of states Russia largest state by size, followed by China, Canada, US and Brazil. There are also several microstates. These are countries with very small areas. Smallest microstate in the UN is Monaco. The Vatican City is not in the UN.

10 United Nations Members Fig. 8-1: The UN has increased from 51 members in 1945 to 192 in 2007.

11 Sovereign States

12 Antarctica National Claims Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only large land mass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.

13 Tonga Tonga is a microstate, including 102,000 inhabitants and 169 islands.

14 Development of the State Concept The state concept is new phenomena in the course of human history. Territories used to be categorized by city-state concept, empires or tribes. The development of the state takes place over time.

15 Ancient States Civilization began in the area known as the Fertile Crescent, especially in land between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates). This land is known as Mesopotamia. Here the city-state concept was developed. Walls were built around each city to protect from invaders. Every city was ruled independently. Egypt also evolved near this time as a larger form of empire. A common religious belief led to this ethnic identity. This empire lasted from 3000 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 400 B.C.

16 The Fertile Crescent Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.

17 Early European States The Roman Empire led to the emergence of the first European states. Their large empire led to the formation of the republics where areas were locally controlled and then overseen by the Roman emperors. As the empire fell, the local rulers then joined forces over time and several wars to create the modern kingdoms of the medieval period.

18 Colonies A colony is a territory that is legally tied to another country. Some colonies are controlled completely by their colonial power, in other cases the colonial power only controls the military and foreign policy. Colonialism is the process by which one country establishes political, economic and cultural principals on another territory. There three basic reasons for colonialism Promote Christianity Obtain Resources Military and power status.

19 Colonial Practices Every country tried a different approach to colonialism. French tried to assimilate the upper-class. The British created different governments at different places depending on the goal for every area. The fighting over colonies was one of the major reasons for World War I and eventually World War II. After World War II most colonies achieved a measure of independence.

20 Colonial Possessions, 1914 Fig. 8-4: By the outbreak of World War I, European states held colonies throughout the world, especially throughout Africa and in much of Asia.

21 Image of British Colonialism An 1840 painting of Queen Victoria receiving an emissary from Africa.

22 Few Remaining Colonies Most remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific Ocean or the Caribbean Sea. When the British returned Honk Kong to China in 1997 and Portugal returned Macao to China in 1999, the largest colony is Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico has over 4 million inhabitants. They have rejected previous attempts for statehood. The smallest colony is Pitcarin Island. They have 54 people and are controlled by the British. They were formed after a famous mutiny on the Bounty.

23 Colonial Possessions, 2006 Fig. 8-5: Most of the remaining colonies are small islands in the Pacific or Caribbean.

24 Maps of the World Color code these maps as you would like with Blue for bodies of water. With a Star, classify the capital cities in as many countries as you can. (Some countries to small on the maps) Name Continents and Oceans. Title all Maps. Extra Credit Name Mountain Ranges and Major Rivers.

25 Key Issue #2 Why do Boundaries Cause Problems

26 Boundaries & Boundary Problems of States Shapes of states Five basic shapes Landlocked states Types of boundaries Physical boundaries Cultural boundaries Boundaries inside states Unitary & federal states Trend toward federal government Electoral geography

27 African States Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated.

28 Shapes of States Compact States Efficient They are small and easy to communicate. Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda Prorupted States Access or Disruption A compact state with a large projecting extension. DRC, Namibia

29 Shapes cont. Elongated States Potential Isolation Long and Narrow Chile is the best example. Italy Fragmented States Problematic Any country where the land is not contiguous Indonesia USA, Russia

30 Shapes cont Perforated States South Africa Where one country completely surrounds another.

31 African States Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated.

32 India: The Tin Bigha Corridor Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

33 Landlocked States Lack a direct outlet to the sea Critical because it provides access for trade. European powers built railroads to connect the interior of Africa to the ocean. However as war erupted, many railroads were destroyed. Some of Africa s countries cooperate, but many do not for tribal and racial reasons.

34 Types of Boundaries In ancient times there were no boundaries but frontiers. Boundaries bring states into direct contact. There are two major types of boundaries Physical Cultural

35 Frontiers in the Arabian Peninsula Fig. 8-8: Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather than precise boundaries.

36 Physical Boundaries Mountain Boundaries useful because they are permanent and hardly inhabited. Chile and Argentina almost fought a war Desert Boundaries also useful because they are hard to cross and hardly inhabited. They are common in Africa and Asia. Water boundaries most common used physical boundaries. Were very good in defending in ancient times from invasion. Problems exist because water boundaries can change over time. Also on ocean or sea boundaries, where is the border.

37 Great Wall of China The wall was built in the 3rd century B.C. and extended during the following century.

38 Cultural boundaries Geometric Boundaries are boundaries decided by governments using maps. Canada and the US. Libya and Chad

39 Aozou Strip: a Geometric Boundary Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.

40 Cultural boundaries continued. Religious Boundaries religions are often divided by boundaries, but few times has the religion been the reason for the boundaries. Britain divided Pakistan and India on the basis of race. Ireland is another example. Language boundaries most European boundaries were decided this way. Many of these boundaries were established y the Treaty of Versailles. Cyprus had to unite Greeks and Turks on their island after they got independence from Britain.

41 Division of Cyprus Fig. 8-10: Cyprus has been divided into Greek and Turkish portions since 1974.

42 Nicosia, Cyprus Checkpoint Checkpoint between Greek and Turkish portions of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus.

43 Boundaries Inside States Two types of governments Unitary most power is in the central government Federal power divided between the central government and local governments

44 Trends Towards a Federal Government France has traditionally been a strong Unitary government, but is giving more power to local communes. Poland switched from a unitary to a federal system after the country got control from the communists.

45 Electoral Geography US Presidents are elected in an electoral college process. Gerrymandering, named after a Massachusetts governor, creates electoral boundaries to benefit one part over another. Gerrymandering is illegal, but they do not have to redraw existing districts.

46 Gerrymandering Florida & Georgia Fig. 8-11: State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida and Democrats in Georgia.

47 Another example of Gerrymandering

48 Key Issue #3 Why do states cooperate with each other?

49 Cooperation among States Political and military cooperation The United Nations Regional military alliances Economic cooperation The European Union

50 Political and Military Cooperation The United Nations was created after World War II to prevent another World War. The United Nations was not the first international organization, the League of Nations was the first worldwide attempt. The UN has 192 members currently. The UN is in many police and peace keeping missions throughout the world. The most powerful aspect of the UN is the security council. The five permanent members of the Security Council are France, China, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The UN is scrutinized by countries for their power and ability to send troops.

51 Regional Military Alliances Remnants of the Cold War still exist. NATO was the alliance of pro democracy countries led by the US and the UK. Their Soviet Union led counterpart was known as the Warsaw Pact. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the end of the Warsaw Pact did not lead to the end of NATO. In fact NATO accepted many of the former Warsaw pact countries. NATO is becoming major political issue. Pro NATO membership by former Soviet Union Members has caused regional issues.

52 European Alliances, 1960 & 2007 Fig. 8-12: NATO and the European Union have expanded and accepted new members as the Warsaw Pact and COMECON have disintegrated.

53 European Alliances, 1960

54 European Alliances, 2007

55 European Boundary Changes Fig. 8-13: 20th century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to Germany s boundaries changed after each world war and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

56 European Boundaries, 1914

57 European Boundaries, 1924

58 European Boundaries, 1989

59 European Boundaries, 2007

60 Other Regional Organizations The Organization of American States (OAS) includes all 35 states in the Western Hemisphere. Cuba has been suspended since Their headquarters is located in D.C. The Organization for African Unity (OAU) has promoted the end of colonialism. Their goal is the minority white run governments. The Commonwealth of Nations includes the UK and 53 other states that were once colonies of the UK.

61 Aerial Photos & Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photos showed the missile buildup in Cuba in 1962

62 Soviet Ships in Cuban Military Port, 1962

63 Soviet Missile Transporters Cuba, 1962

64 Economic Cooperation The Economy is now supplanting military power as an indicator of strength. This allows Germany and Japan to rise up in power and Russia to fall. European Union NAFTA

65 European Union United all the countries economically. Created a single currency that can be used throughout. Created Free Trade and more stable currency. Western Europe is now the world s wealthiest market.

66 Former Communist Countries and the EU. Many former countries have asked to join the EU to increase their economies. Current EU members are worried that too many countries could weaken the EU. Also many political issues are coming up with their inclusion.

67 European Alliances, 1960

68 European Alliances, 2007

69 North American Free Trade Agreement The North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA is an agreement signed by the governments of the United States, Canada, and Mexico creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, NAFTA remains controversial in American politics.

70 Key Issue #4

71 Terrorism Terrorism by individuals and organizations American terrorists Attacks of September 11, 2001 Al-Qaeda State support for terrorism Afghanistan Iraq Iran

72 What is terrorism? Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands.

73 American Terrorists Theodore J. Kaczynski, the Unabomber. Timothy McVeigh and Oklahoma City Texas Pilot in who crashed plane into IRS. Americans who side with foreign terrorists. Klu Klux Klan and other groups in the civil rights battle. Extreme activist in any area.

74 Al-Qaeda A terrorists network led by extreme fundamentalist ideas of Islam. Headed by Osama Bin Laden, but not a cohesive group. Al-Qaeda is from the Arabic word for the base. Operate in smaller cells. September 11, 2001.

75 World Trade Center June, 2000 Ikonos satellite image of World Trade Center on June 30, 2000

76 World Trade Center Site September 15, 2001

77 World Trade Center, Sept. 11, 2001

78 World Trade Center Sept. 11, 2001 United Flight 175 approaches Tower 2. Tower 1 has already been hit by American Flight 11.

79 World Trade Center Sept. 11, 2001 United Flight 175 crashes into Tower 2.

80 World Trade Center Topographic Map: Sept. 19, 2001 Fig. 8-14: Elevations above sea level are depicted in green; those below sea level are in red.

81 State support of Terrorism What do states do to support terrorism Provide sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries. Supply weapons, money and intelligence to terrorists. Plan attacks using terrorists. The US government and the UN have outlined terrorists groups. The US considers the following countries to support terrorists. Libya Afghanistan Iraq Iran

82 Libya After deposing the King of Libya in a military coup, Muammar al-qaddafi took power. Qaddafi was known to supply money to terrorists. These terrorists bombed a nightclub in Berlin. Also terrorists stationed in Libya bombed Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.

83 Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia Fig. 8-15: Ethnic boundaries do not match country boundaries, especially in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The mismatch has affected many of the conflicts in the area.

84 Afghanistan Known Al-Qaeda stronghold. Taliban groups are also strong terrorists groups. Use to have US support when they were fighting the Soviets in the 1980 s. A major UN action in Afghanistan to stop terrorists.

85 Iraq Under Saddam Hussein, Iraq used terrorists groups to keep Hussein in power and continue ethnic cleansing against Kurds and smaller Islamic groups. Future of Iraq is up in the air.

86 Satellite Image of Iraq Fig : This satellite image purported to show munitions bunkers in Taji, Iraq.

87 Satellite Image Close-ups Fig : Close-ups of alleged munitions bunkers in Taji, Iraq.

88 Ethnic Groups in Baghdad Fig : Many formerly mixed neighborhoods in Baghdad have been ethnically cleansed through sectarian violence among Sunnis, Shiites, or others.

89 Tribes of Iraq Fig : Iraq includes about 150 distinct traditional tribes.

90 Iran With the lead of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran is inching closer to become a nuclear power. Also heavy fighting and protest have made Iran another dangerous area of the world.

91 Other Countries Yemen an Al Qaeda base, terrorists plot on USS Cole. Sudan shelters Islamic terrorists, including Osama Bin Laden. Syria supported Iraq s terrorists leaders, as well as groups from Iran, Libya and Palestine. North Korea developing a nuclear weapon.

92 Terrorist Groups Write a one page summary of a UN recognized terrorist group. Due Monday.