Great Britain. Leviticus 25:2 2/25/2013. Agricultural Revolution. Beginnings of Industrialism

Transcription

1 Chapter 18 Industrial Revolution and European Society It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Occurred gradually over decades Tremendous impact on society Beginnings of Industrialism Great Britain Three important factors made the Industrial Age possible: 1 An adequate food supply 1 Newer machines and better methods of farming led to an increased food supply 2 A large & mobile labor force 1 Increased efficiency & productivity meant fewer laborers needed to produce the food which led to the labor force of industry. 3 Expansion of trade 1 Foreign trade became an increasingly vital part of the British economy Isolation from European continent Escaped destruction of Napoleonic wars Relatively stable and peaceful society Government encouraged development Lower taxes Low interest rates Jethro Tull Invented the seed drill Agricultural Revolution Charles Townshend Introduced system of crop rotation Robert Bakewell Used selective breeding to produce larger, healthier animals. Leviticus 25:2 "Speak to the sons of Israel and say to them, 'When you come into the land which I shall give you, then the land shall have a sabbath to the LORD. Six years you shall sow your field, and six years you shall prune your vineyard and gather in its crop, but during the seventh year the land shall have a sabbath rest, a sabbath to the LORD; you shall not sow your field nor prune your vineyard. 1

2 Textile Industry Textiles (cont d) John Kay James Hargreaves Richard Arkwright Samuel Crompton Eli Whitney The flying shuttle Made it possible for a weaver to work faster & weave cloth of greater width. Needed four spinners Invented the spinning jenny Could spin eight threads at a time Invented a spinning frame that produced superior thread and was powered by water Invented the spinning mule One-person operation Could spin a thousand threads at a time Devised a simple cotton gin. One man could do the work of 50 pickers Factory System Iron and Steel Production Domestic System Workers: 1. lived in rural areas 2. labored at home 3. used own tools 4. set their own work schedules 5. determined how much they wanted to produce Factory System Workers: 1. often moved into urban environment to be near factory 2. used tools provided by factory owner 3. no longer controlled the number of hours he worked per day 4. more often performed work away from his family Henry Cort 1784 Invented the puddling furnace to rid iron ore of its impurities Henry Bessemer Found that shooting a jet of air into molten iron would help rid it of more impurities Power James Watt Transportation John McAdam Richard Trevithick Transportation George Stephenson Designed the first practical and efficient steam engine Designed method of road building that used tightlypacked, crushed rock macadamized roads Built a steam powered locomotive Built a locomotive that could pull a train of cars 2

3 Orville & Wilbur Wright Transportation Henry Ford 1. Automation Mass Production 1. New machines helped workers perform their functions more quickly and efficiently Made the first successful airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina Began production of his famous Model T automobile 2. Interchangeable parts 1. A product needing repair could be fixed easily and cheaply by replacing the broken piece with an identical piece. 3. Division of labor 1. A number workers divided the manufacturing process into several simple procedures, each worker performing a separate function. 4. Assembly line 1. Workers stationed along a conveyor belt each assembled a different specific part of a product. Thomas Alva Edison Science & Industry American genius 1,093 patented inventions Large Corporations: Began to replace small businesses Helped to organize and finance new corporations Controlled many of them Consequences of Industrialism Poor living and work conditions Exhausting and dangerous working conditions Children working long hours Positives: Better nourishment Longer life-spans Increase in food supply and industrial production Evaluation: Opportunities created Growing emphasis on material goods Social Reform: Responses Parliament enacts several bills 1833 Factory Act passed to limit child labor 1834 Poor Law placed national government in charge of relief measures 1842 The Mines Act barred all females and males under ten years old from the coal mines Reform ECONOMIC In 1846, Parliament repealed the Corn Laws, which had placed a high tariff on imported grain. POLITICAL The Reform Bill of 1832 lowered property qualifications for voting, increasing the electorate by an estimated 50%. Chartism advocated: universal manhood suffrage Secret ballot Equal electoral districts Pay for members of Parliament No property qualifications for members of Parliament Annual elections for members of Parliament 3

4 Benjamin Disraeli ( ) Dominant Political Figures in 19 th Century Began political career as a liberal leader of Tory, or Conservative, party. Reform Bill of 1867 was passed by Parliament Bills related to health and housing Helped enable Britain to dominate trade in Suez Canal region William Gladstone ( ) The Parliament Bill of 1911 House of Commons gain control of Parliament from House of Lords Salary voted for members of Parliament Poorer citizens could now become members A man of strong religious faith Often placed moral conviction above political expediency Leader of the new Liberal Party Emphasized domestic reforms Established national court system Desired home rule for Ireland Attitude toward the role of government began to change. Government expected to be involved in establishing and funding various social programs. People sought to remedy the evils around them by changing society. Welfare State A state in which the government assumes the responsibility for the material and social well-being of every individual from the cradle to the grave. Unemployment insurance Health protection Workman s compensation Old-age pensions State control of secondary education Socialism: Is defined as government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods for the presumed welfare of society. Emphasizes the group rather than the individual Many socialists advocate establishing an international government to replace independent national states. 4

5 Socialism: Rejects individual responsibility Limits individual choice Replaces individual initiative with collectivism (rule by the group). False Ideas: Man is by nature good it is society that has corrupted him; If society can be improved, then man will be improved, and all injustice and cruelty will cease Robert Owen ( ) Direct result of French Enlightenment Beliefs: If the inequities in society could be abolished, man s natural goodness could be perfected The profit motive of capitalism was the basic source of evil and that it stimulated greed and hatred Proper surroundings and a good education would solve all problems. Textile manufacturer Established socialist community for his workers in Scotland Later established and agricultural community in New Harmony, Indiana Both utopias failed after only a short time People were not as unselfish and reasonable as he and others assumed Karl Marx ( ) Son of prominent German Lawyer Abandoned study of law to study philosophy & history Doctorate at age 23 radical political views no university would hire him Prussian govt. forced him to flee to Paris where he met Friedrich Engels ( ) In 1846, Marx and Engels draw up the Communist Manifesto expressing the views and aims of communism. Premise: the history of all human societies up to the present time was one of class struggle. Karl Marx believed: utopian socialists were impractical his ideas (scientific socialism) were based on provable economic principles. every social, political, or religious movement springs from a desire by one group to take economic advantage of another. religion was a veil that obscured the real economic issues. History would naturally progress toward perfection Conflicts between groups were inevitable In a society in which everyone is equal and shares gladly the fruit of his labor with others - communism 5

6 Karl Marx believed: All of history is dominated by class struggle 1. plebeians vs. patricians 2. serfs vs. lords 3. proletariat (workers) vs. bourgeoisie (middle class, property owners, capitalists, and industrialists) 4. Communist revolutions were necessary 5. Once in power, proletariat would begin systematically to eliminate anything that opposed the ideals of communism such as private ownership and Christianity 6. Man would become a perfect being in a perfect society and would no longer need a state to govern him. British socialists who sought to achieve a socialists society without revolution Fabians took their name from Quintus Fabius Maximus a Roman general who tried to wear Hannibal down gradually. Quintus Fabius Maximus The best way to destroy capitalism was to undermine it gradually rather than to seek its sudden overthrow. The Bible and Wealth Christian socialists theological liberals: believed that Christianity and capitalism were incompatible believed unregenerate society could and should live according to the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5-7) sought to establish an earthly millennium in which peace and justice would reign said that socialism is the embodiment of Christianity in our industrial system. Christianity and socialism are almost interchangeable. Deuteronomy 8:18 NAS "But you shall remember the LORD your God, for it is He who is giving you power to make wealth, that He may confirm His covenant which He swore to your fathers, as it is this day 2 Chronicles 1:11-12 NAS God said to Solomon, "Because you had this in mind, and did not ask for riches, wealth or honor, or the life of those who hate you, nor have you even asked for long life, but you have asked for yourself wisdom and knowledge that you may rule My people over whom I have made you king, wisdom and knowledge have been granted to you. And I will give you riches and wealth and honor, such as none of the kings who were before you has possessed nor those who will come after you." Proverbs 3:13-16 How blessed is the man who finds wisdom And the man who gains understanding. For her profit is better than the profit of silver And her gain better than fine gold. She is more precious than jewels ; And nothing you desire compares with her. Long life is in her right hand ; In her left hand are riches and honor. Adam Smith One of the biggest influences of capitalism, and the enemy of the socialist. Wrote Wealth of Nations attacked the prevailing economic system in Europe at the time. wealth was not how much gold & silver a country had but how many goods it could produce. Proposed that Free Trade among nations would produce wealth among countries. Advocated a policy known as laissez faire or hands off. The role of government, aside from law and order, was to provide an adequate education system, road system, and for the defense of the country. 6

7 Robert Raikes George Mueller Christianity & ministering to the poor The first real form of ministry was in the form of Sunday School. Robert Raikes: Began the first Sunday Schools for the poor in England during the late 18 th century. George Mueller Founded the best known orphanage in Bristol England George Williams William Booth D.L.Moody Ira Sankey In 1844 George Williams established the Young Men s Christian Association (YMCA) in London. In 1865 William Booth started the Salvation Army started in the London slums In America D. L. Moody and his partner Ira Sankey would have a huge impact on the world through evangelism. Beginning in 1873 Moody and Sankey would conduct large evangelical campaigns in tents through out the US and Britain in major industrial cities. Faith in Science, not God During the second half of the 19 th century: Rapid expansion in scientific knowledge and technology. Practical inventions made life more comfortable. The telephone and telegraph made communication easier. Improved methods of transportation Better nutrition and better methods of diagnosing and treating disease increased the life span of people. Age of Reason changed the way scientist viewed God. No longer did they see God as the creator of all things, By the end of the century scientist viewed God as questionable. Science began to look at man and nature as the products of evolution. Charles Darwin In 1859 Darwin released his book, The Origin of Species. Promoted theory that would come to be called survival of the fittest. Wrote The Descent of Man. in 1871 Applied his theory of evolution to man, totally removing God from man s creation, saying that we derived from the animals. Charles Darwin Discoveries during the 1800s and 1900s John Dalton: proposed that all chemical elements were composed of unique particles called atoms. recognized as the formulator of the atomic theory. Dmitri Mendeleev: organized the chemical elements into a chart according to their atomic masses John Dalton Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev William Roentgen: accidentally discovered x-rays while working with vacuum tubes. William Roentgen Henry Moseley: made more discoveries about atoms that would help to better organize the element chart. Henry Moseley Pierre & Marie Curie: Would discover two new elements in uranium ore called pitchblende. Ernest Rutherford: Discovered that the atom was composed of at least two distinct parts-a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Niels Bohr: Built on Rutherford s theory. Bohr s model would show that a nucleus was composed of two kinds of particles, positive protons and neutral neutrons. He would show that electrons moved around the nucleus like the planets orbiting the sun. Albert Einstein: Einstein would show the relationship between matter and energy. He would demonstrate this through the equation E=mc² (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared) Another of his contributions is the theory of relativity. Pierre & Marie Curie Niels Bohr Ernest Rutherford Albert Einstein 7

8 New Trends in the Arts Realism Rejected the idealist emotion of romanticism and the fascination with exotic themes and faraway places Life should be portrayed as it really is Realist Writers Charles Dickens ( ) Attacked injustice in society through vivid portrayals of such places as industrial slums and debtors prisons Thomas Hardy ( ) British novelist Portrayed man as engaged in a hopeless struggle against impersonal forces beyond his control Samuel Clemens ( ) Leo Tolstoy ( ) Better known as Mark Twain Viewed life as did Hardy Used humor to convey his ideas Realistically described life in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars 8

9 Realist Artists Gustave Courbet ( ) Concentrated on observable, common-place subjects Tried to portray life as they saw it, not as they imagined it to be The Stone Breakers The Third-Class Carriage Gustave Courbet ( ) Impressionism Impressionists turned away from photographic realism in their painting Made light and color their chief concerns Beach in Normandy Auguste Renoir ( ) Claude Monet ( ) The Highway Bridge at Argenteuil Two Young Girls at the Piano 9

10 August Rodin ( ) One of the foremost sculptors of the 19 th century Impressionist Style in Music The Thinker Claude Debussy ( ) Largely responsible for the impressionistic style in music Made unique chord structures in an attempt to express musically what impressionistic painters were portraying visually Post-Impressionism Post-impressionists believed that impressionism rejected too many traditional artistic concepts Only vaguely outlined the melody and harmony in his works Paul Cézanne Vincent van Gogh ( ) Believed that artists should reduce everything to basic geometric shapes House of Pére Lacroix Often distorted the figures in his paintings in an effort to portray the intense emotions he felt toward his subjects Self Portrait 10

11 Starry Night 11