THE STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY

Transcription

1 SUB Haburg B/ THE STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY MyPoliSciLab* ELECTION EDITION Edward S. GREENBERG University of Colorado Boulder Benjain PAGE Northwestern Unr PEARSON Boston Colubus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Asterda Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City, Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 To the Student xiv To the Instructor xv PARTI INTRODUCTION: MAIN THEMES - n Deocracy and Aerican Politics MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 4 HQ Deocracy 5 Deocratic Origins 6 EXPLORER: HOW DO YOU MEASURE FREEDOM? 7 Direct Versus Representative Deocracy 8 Bencharks of Representative Deocracy 10 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: ALL THE STATES ARE PURPLE 12 Objections to Liberal Deocracy 15 n HOW DEMOCRATIC ARE WE? 17 A Fraework for Understanding How Aerican Politics Works 17 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A CANDIDATE FOR CONGRESS 17 Organizing the Main Factors of Political Life 17 Connecting the Main Factors of Political Life 18 Understanding Aerican Politics Holistically 19 USING THE FRAMEWORK 20 Does Governent Work? 21 ON MYPOLISCILAB 22 Key Ideas in the Declaration of Independence 28 Iportant Oissions in the Declaration 30 The Articles of Confederation: The First Constitution 31 Provisions of the Articles 31 Shortcoings of the Articles 31 Factors Leading to the Constitutional Convention 32 The Eighteenth-Century Republican Beliefs of the Founders 33 Why the Founders Were Worried 33 The Constitutional Convention 36 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FOUNDER 36 Who Were the Fraers? 36 EXPLORER: HOW LONG DID IT TAKE TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION? 37 Consensus and Conflict at the Convention 38 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: EQUAL AND UNEQUAL REPRESENTATION IN THE HOUSE AND SENATE 39 USING THE FRAMEWORK 40 BY THE NUMBERS: DID GEORGE W. BUSH REALLY WIN THE 2000 PRESIDENTIAL VOTE IN FLORIDA? 42 What the Fraers Created 43 ENCOURAGING AMERICAN ECONOMIC LI DEVELOPMENT 48 The Struggle to Ratify the Constitution 49 The Changing Constitution, Deocracy, and Aerican Politics 51 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 52 ON MYPOLISCILAB 53 PART II STRUCTURE The Constitution 24 Federalis: States and Nation 56 k «MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 26 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 58 VI The Aerican Revolution and the Declaration of Independence 28 SO Federalis as a Syste of Governent 60

3 The Nature of Federalis 60 Coparing Aerican Federalis 61 Federalis in the Constitution 62 Independent State Powers 62 The States' Roles in the National Governent 63 Relations Aong the States 64 The Evolution of Aerican Federalis 66 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FEDERAL JUDGE 66 The Perpetual Debate About the Nature of Aerican Federalis 67 Federalis Before the Civil War 68 The Civil War and the Expansion of National Power 70 Aerica in the World 111 Aerica's Political Culture 112 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A CITY COUNCIL MEMBER 112 Individualis 113 Distrust of Governent 114 Belief in Deocracy and Freedo 115 D BACKING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 116 Populist 117 Religious 117 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 119 ON MYPOLISCILAB 120 Expanded National Activity Since the Civil War 71 0 THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM 73 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: FEDERAL DOLLARS: WHICH STATES WIN AND WHICH ONES LOSE? 76 Fiscal Federalis 78 PART III POLITICAL LINKAGE Public Opinion 122 Origin and Growth of Grants 78 Types of Grants 78 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 124 Debates About Federal Money and Control 79 BO Deocracy and Public Opinion 126 EXPLORER: WHICH STATES WIN AND LOSE THE FEDERAL AID GAME? 80 Measuring Public Opinion 127 USING THE FRAMEWORK 82 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A POLLING CONSULTANT 127 U.S. Federalis: Pro and Con 83 Public Opinion Polls 128 Challenges of Political Polling 128 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 85 ON MYPOLISCILAB Political Socialization: Learning Political Beliefs and Attitudes The Structural Foundations of Aerican Governent and Politics 90 How and Why People's Political Attitudes Differ 132 Race and Ethnicity 132 Social Class 135 Region 136 Education 137 ~W] MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 92 Aerica's Population 94 Growing 94 Becoing More Diverse 95 Moving West and South, and to the Suburbs 98 Growing Older 99 Becoing More Unequal 100 USING THE FRAMEWORK 103 Aerica's Econoy BY THE NUMBERS: IS AMERICA BECOMING MORE UNEQUAL? 106 Main Tendencies 107. EXPLORER: CAN YOU GET AHEAD IN AMERICA? 108 Globalization and Hyper-Copetition 109 Gender 137 Age 138 EXPLORER: WHAT DO YOUNG PEOPLE THINK ABOUT POLITICS TODAY? 139 Religion 140 Party 142 The Contours of Aerican Public Opinion: Are the People Fit to Rule? 144 What People Know About Politics 144 Attitudes About the Syste in General 146 REGULATING THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM 148 Liberals and Conservatives 150 Policy Preferences 151

4 OS The People's "Fitness to Rule" Revisited 153 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 154 USING THE FRAMEWORK 157 ON MYPOLISCILAB 159 The News Media 162 ksm MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 164 Qfl Roles of the News Media in Deocracy 166 Watchdog Over Governent 166 Clarifying Electoral Choices 166 Providing Policy Inforation 166 Mainstrea and Nonainstrea News Media 167 Alternatives to the Mainstrea 167 The Continuing Iportance of the Mainstrea 171 How the Mainstrea News Media Work 174 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A NEWSPAPER EDITOR 174 Organization of the News Media 174 EXPLORER: WHERE DO YOU GET YOUR POLITICAL NEWS? 176 BY THE NUMBERS: HOW MUCH SERIOUS CRIME IS THERE IN THE UNITED STATES? 177 Political Newsaking 178 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: THE LIMITED GEOGRAPHY OF NATIONAL NEWS 179 Is the News Biased? 185 Prevailing Thees in Political News 186 Effects of the News Media on Politics 188 Agenda Setting 188 Fraing and Effects on Policy Preferences 189 Fueling Cynicis 190 USING THE FRAMEWORK 191 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 192 as Interest Group Deocracy: The Pluralist Arguent 202 The Universe of Interest Groups 203 Private interest Groups 203 D THE FEDERAL MINIMUM WAGE 207 Public Interest Groups 208 Why There Are So Many Interest Groups 208 The Constitution 209 Diverse Interests 209 A More Active Governent 209 Disturbances 210 What Interest Groups Do 211 The Inside Gae 211 EXPLORER: CAN INTEREST GROUPS BUY PUBLIC POLICY? 213 The Outside Gae 215 BY THE NUMBERS: IS THERE A RELIABLE WAY TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF YOUR REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS? 217 Interest Groups, Corporations, and Inequality in Aerican Politics 218 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A LOBBYIST 218 Representational Inequalities 218 Resource Inequalities 219 Access Inequality 221 The Privileged Position of Business Corporations 221 a USING THE FRAMEWORK 223 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: FUELING THE AMERICAN DRIVING HABIT 225 Curing the Mischief of Factions 226 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 227 ON MYPOLISCILAB 229 Social Moveents 232 (Q ON MYPOLISCILAB 193 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 234 D :<o>; ao Interest Groups and Business Corporations 196 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 198 Interest Groups in a Deocratic Society: Contrasting Views 201 The Evils of Faction 201 Qj] I What Are Social Moveents? 236 fffi I Major Social Moveents in the United States 238 The Abolitionists 238 The Populists 239 Woen's Suffrage 239 The Labor Moveent 239 The Civil Rights Moveent 239 Conteporary Antiwar Moveents 239

5 OS.OLD-AGE PENSIONS IN SOCIAL SECURITY 240 The Woen's Moveent 242 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: WORLDWIDE DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST THE INVASION OF IRAQ 243 The Environental Moveent 244 The Gay and Lesbian Moveents 244 Religious Conservatives 244 The Antiglobalization Moveent 244 Undocuented Iigrants Moveent 244 Tea Party Moveent 245 The Occupy Wall Street Moveent 246 Social Moveents in a Majoritarian Deocracy 246 Encouraging Participation 246 EXPLORER: HOW ARE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN POLITICS? 247 Overcoing Political Inequality 248 Creating New Majorities 248 Overcoing Constitutional Liitations on Change 248 Factors That Encourage the Creation of Social Moveents 249 Real or Perceived Distress 249 Availability of Resources for Mobilization 249 A Supportive Environent 250 A Sense of Efficacy Aong Participants 250 BY THE NUMBERS: JUST HOW MANY PEOPLE WERE AT THAT DEMONSTRATION? 251 A Spark to Set Off the Flaes 252 QS Tactics of Social Moveents 253 O SIMULATION: YOU ARE A SOCIAL MOVEMENT LEADER 253 Why Soe Social Moveents Succeed and Others Do Not 255 Low-Ipact Social Moveents 255 Repressed Social Moveents 255 Partially Successful Social Moveents 256 Successful Social Moveents 256 USING THE FRAMEWORK 257 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 258 ON MYPOLISCILAB 259 Political Parties 262 eg* MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES Oil 1 The Role of Political Parties in a Deocracy 267 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A VOTER «Ml The Aerican Two-Party Syste 268 EXPLORER: WHICH PARTY GOVERNS BETTER? 269 Why a Two-Party Syste? 270 The Role of Minor Parties in the Two-Party Syste 272 Shifts in the Aerican Two-Party Syste 272 The Deocratic and Republican Parties Today 276 The Parties as Organizations 276 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: THE SHIFTING 0 GEOGRAPHY OF THE PARTIES 278 FEMA AND DISASTER RELIEF 281 Party Ideologies 283 USING THE FRAMEWORK 285 The Parties in Governent and in the Electorate 287 BY THE NUMBERS: ARE YOU A REPUBLICAN, 0 A DEMOCRAT, OR AN INDEPENDENT? 290 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 291 ON MYPOLISCILAB 292 Voting, Capaigns, and Elections 294 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 296 Elections and Deocracy 298 The Prospective (or Responsible Party) Voting Model 298 The Electoral Copetition Voting Model 299 The Retrospective (or Reward and Punishent) Voting Model 300 Iperfect Electoral Deocracy 300 The Unique Nature of Aerican Elections 301 USING THE FRAMEWORK 302 Voting in the United States 304 Expansion of the Franchise 304 Low Voting Turnout 306 BY THE NUMBERS: IS VOTING TURNOUT DECLINING IN THE UNITED STATES? 309 ADA I Who Votes? 310 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A VOTING REGISTRATION VOLUNTEER 310 Incoe and Education 310 Race and Ethnicity 311 EXPLORER: WHO VOTES AND WHO DOESN'T? 312 Age 313 Gender 313 Does It Matter Who Votes? 314 IX

6 Capaigning for Office 315 Gaining the Noination 315 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 319 The General Election Capaign 322 Money in General Elections 324 Election Outcoes 328 How Voters Decide 329 The Electoral College 331 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: AD BUYS AND BATTLEGROUND STATES 333 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 334 SIMULATION: Legislative Responsibilities: How a Bill Becoes a Law 370 YOU ARE A CONSUMER ADVOCATE 370 Introducing a Bill 371 Coittee Action on a Bill 371 EXPLORER: CAN CONGRESS GET ANYTHING DONE? 373 IflflBI Legislative Oversight of the Executive Branch 374 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 376 ON MY POUSCILAB 377 ON MY POUSCILAB 335 oj The Presidency 380 PART IV GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNING Congress 338 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 382 The Expanding Presidency 384 The Fraers' Conception of the Presidency 384 The Dorant Presidency 385 The Twentieth-Century Transforation 386 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 340 Constitutional Foundations of the Modern Congress 342 Epowering Congress THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM 387 How Iportant Are Individual Presidents? 389 The Powers and Roles of the President 390 Ml Constraining Congress 342 Bicaeralis and Representation 342 Federalis 343 Representation and Deocracy 344 Styles of Representation 344 Race, Gender, and Occupation in Congress 344 The Electoral Connection 347 BY THE NUMBERS: CAN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS BE DRAWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS TO INCLUDE EQUAL NUMBERS OF VOTERS YET FAVOR ONE PARTY OVER THE OTHER? 351 USING THE FRAMEWORK 355 How Representative? 356 'OQffil How Congress Works 357 CAN GOVERNMENT DO ANYTHING WELL? HOW CONGRESS MADE VOTING AND CITIZENSHIP IN AMERICA MORE INCLUSIVE 358 Political Parties in Congress 360 Congressional Leadership 362 Congressional Coittees 364 Rules and Nors in the House and Senate 367 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: MAJORITIES, MINORITIES, AND SENATE FILIBUSTERS 369 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FIRST-TERM PRESIDENT 390 Chief of State 391 Doestic Policy Leader 391 Chief Executive 392 Foreign Policy and Military Leader 394 USING THE FRAMEWORK 397 Head of His Political Party 398 The President's Support Syste 399 The White House Staff 399 The Executive Office of the President 400 The Vice Presidency 401 The Cabinet 401 The President and Congress: Perpetual Tug-of-War 402 Conflict by Constitutional Design 402 What Makes a President Successful with Congress? 403 ARB The President and the People: An Evolving Relationship 405 (U Getting Closer to the People 405 EXPLORER: WHAT INFLUENCES THE PRESIDENT'S PUBLIC APPROVAL? 406 Leading Public Opinion 407 Responding to the Public 408

7 Presidential Popularity 408 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 410 ON MY POUSCILAB 411 The Courts MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 452 ft The Executive Branch 414 Kg* MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 416 tbfl The Aerican Bureaucracy: How Exceptional? 418 ppi) EXPLORER: WHAT PUTS THE "BIG" IN BIG GOVERNMENT? 419 Hostile Political Culture 420 Incoherent Organization 420 Divided Control 421 [ I How the Executive Branch Is Organized 422 What Do Bureaucrats Do? 426 HP] SIMULATION: YOU ARE HEAD OF FEMA 426 Executing Progras and Policies 426 USING THE FRAMEWORK 427 Regulating 428 CAN GOVERNMENT DO ANYTHING WELL? THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL (CDC) 429 Adjudicating 430 Discretion and Deocracy 431 W Who Are the Bureaucrats? 431 Q The Merit Services 431 Political Appointees 433 Political and Governental Influences on Bureaucratic Behavior 434 The President and the Bureaucracy 435 Congress and the Bureaucracy 436 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: TRACKING WHERE HOMELAND SECURITY DOLLARS FIRST ENDED UP 437 The Courts and the Bureaucracy 440 The Public and the Press 440 Interest Groups 441 Reforing the Federal Bureaucracy 441 Scaling Back Its Size 441 Becoing More Businesslike 444 Protecting Against Bureaucratic Abuses of Power 444 Increasing Presidential Control 445 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 445 ON MY POUSCILAB 447 \ The Foundations of Judicial Power 454 Constitutional Design 454 Judicial Review 454 I *0381 The U.S. Court Syste: Organization and Jurisdiction 457 fla@i Constitutional Provisions 457 Federal District Courts 458 U.S. Courts of Appeal 459 The Supree Court 460 Appointent to the Federal Bench 462 Who Are the Appointees? 462 The Appointent Process 463 The Supree Court in Action 465 Nors of Operation 465 Controlling the Agenda 465 Deciding Cases 467 The Supree Court as a National Policyaker 468 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A SUPREME COURT CLERK 468 Structural Change and Constitutional Interpretation 469 EXPLORER: WHO ARE THE ACTIVIST JUDGES? 471 PROTECTING THE DUE PROCESS RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED 472 USING THE FRAMEWORK 474 The Debate over Judicial Activis 476 Outside Influences on the Court 479 Governental Influences 479 Political Linkage Influences 480 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 482 ON MY POUSCILAB 483 PART V WHAT GOVERNMENT DOES % w\ Civil Liberties: The Struggle for Freedo 486 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES ABA 1 Civil Liberties in the Constitution 490 xi

8 Ml Rights and Liberties in the Nineteenth Century 490 Econoic Liberty in the Early Republic 491 Econoic Liberty After the Civil War 493 Nationalization of the Bill of Rights 494 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A POLICE OFFICER 494 Freedo of Speech 496 Freedo of the Press 500 Religious Freedo 502 Privacy 507 Rights of Those Accused of a Crie 509 EXPLORER: SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT APPLY THE DEATH PENALTY? 512 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: VIOLENT CRIME AND THE DEATH PENALTY 515 RM1 Civil Liberties and Terroris 516 Bush Adinistration Policies 516 USING THE FRAMEWORK 517 Obaa Adinistration Policies 518 THE PATRIOT ACT AND PROTECTING CITIZENS AGAINST TERRORIST ATTACKS 519 The Court Responds 520 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 521 ON MY POUSCILAB 522 Civil Rights: The Struggle for Political Equality 524 MAPPING AMERICAN POLITICS: COMPARING WOMEN'S PROGRESS 544 Interediate Scrutiny 545 Abortion Rights 546 Sexual Harassent and Hostile Environent 546 flmll Broadening the Civil Rights Ubrella 547 The Elderly and the Disabled 548 y Gays and Lesbians 548 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 551 ffl ON MY POUSCILAB 553 Doestic Policies 556 MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 558 Why Does the Federal Governent Do So Much? 561 Managing the Econoy 561 Providing Safety Nets 562 Econoic Policies 562 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A FEDERAL RESERVE CHAIR 562 The Goals of Econoic Policy 562 The Governent's Macroeconoic Policy Tools 565 nas Fashioning the Federal Budget 567 Federal Revenues 569 Budget Deficits and the National Debt 570 a I \ MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 526 Civil Rights Before the Twentieth Century 528 An Initial Absence of Civil Rights 528 The Civil War Aendents 529 The Conteporary Status of Civil Rights for Racial and Ethnic Minorities 532 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A MAYOR 532 Ending Governent-Sponsored Separation and Discriination 533 MAKING "EQUAL PROTECTION" A REALITY 534 Affirative Action 537 EXPLORER: ARE ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION THE SAME? 538 The Conteporary Status of Civil Rights for Woen 542 USING THE FRAMEWORK 543 WQ WS Regulation 573 Why Governent Regulates 573 A History of Aerican Regulation 573 The Future of Regulation 575 Safety Net Progras 575 Types of Safety Net Progras 576 The Costs of Safety Net Progras 576 Social Insurance 577 Social Security 577 Medicare 579 Do Social Insurance Progras Work? 580 Means-Tested Progras 581 Teporary Assistance to Needy Failies 581 Food Staps 583 BY THE NUMBERS: HOW MANY AMERICANS ARE POOR? 584 Medicaid and Health Insurance for Poor Children 585 USING THE FRAMEWORK 586 The Earned Incoe Tax Credit 587

9 s nag Subsidized Private Health Insurance 587 ENHANCING THE NUTRITIONAL WELL-BEING OF POOR CHILDREN 588 EXPLORER: IS HEALTH CARE A PUBLIC GOOD 590 Differences in the Aerican Syste of Safety Nets 591 How Exceptional? 591 Factors That Influence the Shape of the Aerican Safety Net Syste 592 Final Thoughts on Aerican Doestic Policies 593 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 594 ON MY POUSCILAB 596 Ml The United States as a Superpower 605 SIMULATION: YOU ARE A PRESIDENT DURING A FOREIGN POLICY CRISIS 605 The Aerican Superpower: Structural Foundations PROVIDING HEALTH CARE FOR VETERANS 611 The Aerican Superpower: Strategic Alternatives 614 Probles of the Post-Cold War World 616 Security Issues 616 EXPLORER: HOW MUCH DOES AMERICA SPEND ON DEFENSE? 617 Econoic and Social Issues 624 igpfl Who Makes Foreign Policy? 628 Foreign Policy and National Defense 600 The President and the Executive Branch 628 BY THE NUMBERS: HOW MUCH DO RICH COUNTRIES HELP POOR COUNTRIES DEVELOP? 629 Congress 632 kg* MYPOLISCILAB VIDEO SERIES 602 USING THE FRAMEWORK 633 Hjffl Foreign Policy and Deocracy: A Contradiction in Ters? 604 USING THE DEMOCRACY STANDARD 634 ON MY POUSCILAB 636 Glossary 639 Notes 649 Credits 677 Index 678 Answer Key 699 On MyPoliSciLab jffij The Declaration of Independence (55) The Constitution of the United States Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 15 Federalist No. 51» [SS] Federalist No. 78 [PQ Anti-Federalist No. 17 jjopj Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland j pj Brown v. Board of Education joo] The Gettysburg Address fpdl Washington's Farewell Address