Contents PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS. 1 The Spirit of American Politics 2. 2 The Ideas That Shape America 26

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1 Contents vi About the Authors xv Preface xvi Acknowledgments xxii PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 1 The Spirit of American Politics 2 Who Governs? 5 WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO GOVERNS? 8 How Does American Politics Work? 8 Ideas 8 Institutions 10 Interests 11 Individuals 11 History 12 What Does Government Do? 13 Context: Government in Society 13 No Big Government! 14 What Government Does 15 A Chronic Problem 16 COMPARING NATIONS 1.1 U.S. Taxpayers Less Burdened than Other Advanced Countries 17 The Hidden Government 17 The Best of Government 19 Who Are We? 20 Conclusion: Your Turn 23 WHAT DO YOU THINK? GETTING ENGAGED IN POLITICS OR NOT 23 Chapter Summary 24 Study Questions 25 2 The Ideas That Shape America 26 A Nation of Ideas 27 BY THE NUMBERS American Ideas 28 Liberty 29 The Land of the Free 30 The Two Sides of Liberty 30 The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing 32 WHAT DO YOU THINK? NEGATIVE VERSUS POSITIVE LIBERTY 32 Self-Rule 33 One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy 33 Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic 34 A Mixed System 35 Limited Government 36 The Origins of Limited Government 36 And Yet... the United States Has a Big Government 37 Limits on Government Action 37 When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited Government 38 WHAT DO YOU THINK? SELF-RULE VERSUS LIMITED GOVERNMENT 39 Individualism 40 Community Versus Individualism 41 The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord 42 COMPARING NATIONS 2.1 Should Government Take Care of the Poor? 43 Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? 44 WHAT DO YOU THINK? INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS SOLIDARITY 45 The American Dream 46 Spreading the Dream 46 Challenging the Dream 46 Equality 49 Three Kinds of Equality 49 How Much Economic Inequality Is Too Much? 51 Opportunity or Outcome? 52 Religion 54 Still a Religious Country 54 So Many Religions 55 The Politics of Religion 56 How Do Ideas Affect Politics? 58 Ideas in American Culture 58 The Ideas in Political Institutions 59 Culture or Institutions? 60 Conclusion: Culture and Institutions, Together 61 Chapter Summary 61 Study Questions 62

2 3 The Constitution 64 The Colonial Roots of the Constitution 66 BY THE NUMBERS The Constitution 67 Why the Colonists Revolted 68 COMPARING NATIONS 3.1: The U.S. Constitution in Comparative Context 69 The Colonial Complaint: Representation 69 The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier 70 The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence 71 The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict 72 The Boston Tea Party 72 Revolution! 73 A Long Legacy 74 The Declaration of Independence 74 The Principle: We Hold These Truths Grievances 76 The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation 77 Independent States 77 The National Government 77 Some Success And Some Problems 78 WHAT DO YOU THINK? YOUR ADVICE IS NEEDED 79 The First Step: Annapolis Convention 80 Secrecy 80 The Constitutional Convention How Much Power to the People? National Government Versus State Government Big States Versus Small States The President Separation of Powers A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed 89 An Overview of the Constitution 92 Preamble 93 Article 1: Congress 93 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HAVE WE ACHIEVED THE CONSTITUTION S GOALS TODAY? 94 Article 2: The President 94 Article 3: The Courts 94 COMPARING NATIONS 3.2 The U.S. Government Is Different from Most Democracies 95 Article 4: Relations Between the States 95 Article 5: Amendments 96 Article 6: The Law of the Land 96 Article 7: Ratification 96 The Missing Articles 96 Ratification 97 The Anti-Federalists 97 The Federalists 97 Two Strong Arguments 99 A Very Close Vote 99 A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics 101 Changing the Constitution 102 The Bill of Rights 102 The Seventeen Amendments 103 The Constitution Today 103 Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still Work? 107 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW STRICTLY SHOULD WE INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION? 107 Chapter Summary 107 Study Questions Federalism and Nationalism 110 Forging Federalism 113 BY THE NUMBERS Federalism 114 Who Holds Government Authority? 116 Advantages of State-Level Policy 117 The Advantages of National Policy 118 WHAT DO YOU THINK? PRESERVING LOCAL VALUES OR CONTINUING A TERRIBLE INJUSTICE? 120 How Federalism Works 121 The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules 121 Dual Federalism ( ) 123 Cooperative Federalism ( ) 124 New Federalism 125 Battles over Federalism Today 127 Federalism and the Parties 129 WHAT DO YOU THINK? INTERGOVERNMENTAL LOBBYING, AMERICAN STYLE 131 Federalism in the Courts 132 Nationalism, American Style 133 The Rise of American Nationalism 134 COMPARING NATIONS 4.1 The Early Birth of American Nationalism 135 COMPARING NATIONS 4.2 Government Spending as a Proportion of Gross Domestic Product 136 Conclusion: Who Are We? 138 Chapter Summary 140 Study Questions Civil Liberties 142 BY THE NUMBERS Civil Liberties 144 The Rise of Civil Liberties 145 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 145 The Purpose of Civil Liberties 146 The Slow Rise of Rights 146 Privacy 149 Penumbras and Emanations 149 Roe v. Wade 149 WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS THERE A RIGHT TO PRIVACY? 150 vii

3 viii Planned Parenthood v. Casey 150 Sexuality Between Consenting Adults 151 Clashing Principles 152 Freedom of Religion 153 The Establishment Cause 153 Free Exercise of Religion 155 WHAT DO YOU THINK? MAY THE CHRISTIAN YOUTH CLUB MEET IN SCHOOL? 156 Freedom of Speech 157 A Preferred Position 157 WHAT DO YOU THINK? DAVID S LAW 158 Political Speech 158 COMPARING NATIONS 5.1 Civil Liberties Around the World 159 Symbolic Speech 161 Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words 162 Limited Protections: Student Speech 162 Freedom of the Press 163 Prior Restraint 164 Obscenity 165 Libel 166 The Right to Bear Arms 167 A Relic of the Revolution? 167 The Palladium of All Liberties? 167 The Rights of the Accused 170 Americans Behind Bars 170 WHAT DO YOU THINK? END THE DEATH PENALTY? 170 COMPARING NATIONS The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 172 The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials 173 The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel 174 The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty 175 COMPARING NATIONS Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Liberty 178 Contacts with Forbidden Groups 178 Surveillance 178 Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties 180 Chapter Summary 180 Study Questions The Struggle for Civil Rights 182 BY THE NUMBERS Civil Rights 184 Winning Rights: The Political Process 185 Seven Steps to Political Equality 185 How the Courts Review Cases 186 Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against Slavery 188 The Clash Over Slavery 188 Dred Scott v. Sandford 190 The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom? 190 Freedom Fails 191 The Fight for Racial Equality 193 Two Kinds of Discrimination 194 The Civil Rights Campaign Begins 194 The Courts 194 The Civil Rights Movement 196 WHAT DO YOU THINK? WOULD YOU HAVE PROTESTED? 198 Congress and the Civil Rights Act 198 The Achievements of the Civil Rights Era 200 Divisions in the Movement 200 Affirmative Action in the Workplace 201 Affirmative Action in Education 202 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HIGHER EDUCATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 202 Voting Rights Today 203 Where Are We Now? 205 Gender 207 Suffrage 207 COMPARING NATIONS 6.1 Women in National Legislatures 209 The Civil Rights Act of The Courts 210 Progress But How Much? 211 Reproductive Politics 211 Hispanics 212 Challenging Discrimination 213 The Politics of Immigration 214 The Controversy over Language 215 Political Mobilization 216 Asian Americans 218 Asian Stereotypes 218 Political Mobilization 219 Native Americans 220 The Lost Way of Life 220 Indians and the Federal Government 221 Social Problems and Politics 221 Groups Without Special Protection 223 People with Disabilities 223 Sexual Orientation 224 Conclusion: By the People 225 Chapter Summary 226 Study Questions 227 PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 7 Political Participation 228 BY THE NUMBERS Political Participation 230 How We Participate 230

4 Getting Involved: Electoral, Voluntary, and Political Voice 232 WHAT DO YOU THINK? VOLUNTEER GLOBALLY? 232 Electoral Activities 233 COMPARING NATIONS 7.1 Voter Turnout in Selected Countries 233 WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD EVERYONE PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS? 234 Civic Voluntarism 235 Political Voice 236 What Inspires Political Participation? 238 Spurs to Individual Participation 238 Context 243 What Discourages Political Participation? 244 Alienation 244 Institutional Barriers 245 Complacency 246 Shifting Mobilization Patterns 246 Generation Y and Political Participation 247 The Internet, Social Media, and Participation 248 Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy 248 Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger than Democratic Renaissance 250 Behavior and Political Participation 251 Nudgeocracy and Human Behavior 251 Conclusion: Political Participation in a Digital Age 254 Chapter Summary 254 Study Questions Public Opinion 256 BY THE NUMBERS Public Opinion 259 Sources of Public Opinion 260 WHAT DO YOU THINK? CALLING THE ELECTION EARLY? 261 Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks 261 Demography Race, Gender, Age, and More 261 Party 263 Elite Influence 264 Wars and Other Focusing Events 264 Measuring Public Opinion 266 Early Polling Bloopers 266 Polling COMPARING NATIONS 8.1 Top Global Threats: Polling Around the World 269 Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? 271 Public Opinion in a Democracy 272 Ignorant Masses 272 The Rational Public 273 WHAT DO YOU THINK? CAN WE TRUST THE PUBLIC? 274 Public Opinion and Governing 275 Do the People Know What They Want? 275 How Do the People Communicate Their Desires? 276 Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion? 277 Conclusion: Government by the People 279 Chapter Summary 280 Study Questions The Media 282 American Media Today: Traditional Formats Are Declining 284 Where People Go for News 284 BY THE NUMBERS The Media 285 Newspaper Decline 288 Radio Holds Steady 290 Television: From News to Infotainment 291 Movies: Mirroring America 293 WHAT DO YOU THINK? MOVIES THAT TAKE A STAND 294 The Rise of the New Media 295 Is the Media Biased? 297 Reporters Are Democrats 298 Profits Drive the News Industry 298 Drama Delivers Audiences 298 Sex and Scandal 300 The Skeptical Media 301 The Fairness Bias 301 How Governments Shape the Media 302 The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Regulation 302 Regulating Broadcasters 302 Protecting Competition 303 Media Around the World 304 Government-Owned Stations 304 The Rise of Commercial Media 305 Censorship 305 American Media in the World 305 COMPARING NATIONS 9.1 Censorship Under Pressure? 306 How the Media Shapes Politics 307 News Stories Reinforce Existing Beliefs 307 The Political Agenda 308 Priming the Public 308 Framing the Issue 309 The Media s Electoral Connection 310 The Campaign as Drama 310 Candidate Profiles 310 ix

5 x Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media World 312 WHAT DO YOU THINK? DOES THE MEDIA ENHANCE DEMOCRACY? 313 Chapter Summary 314 Study Questions Campaigns and Elections 316 How Democratic are American Elections? 318 Frequent and Fixed Elections 318 BY THE NUMBERS Campaigns and Elections ,000 Elected Officials 320 COMPARING NATIONS 10.1 Election Timetables for National Government 320 Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality? 321 WHAT DO YOU THINK? TOO MANY ELECTED POSITIONS? 322 Presidential Campaigns and Elections 327 Who Runs for President? 327 Presidential Campaigns Have Three Phases 328 WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHY IOWA AND NEW HAMPSHIRE? 329 Winning the Nomination 329 Organizing the Convention 332 The General Election 332 Winning Presidential Elections 333 Predicting Presidential Elections 337 Congressional Campaigns and Elections 338 Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? 338 The Power of Incumbency 340 Congressional Election Results 341 Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the Gerrymander 342 Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation 345 The Rise of Candidate-Centered Elections 346 How to Run for Congress 347 Conclusion: Reforming American Elections 350 Chapter Summary 352 Study Questions Political Parties 354 Political Parties and U.S. Government 357 What the Parties Do 357 BY THE NUMBERS Political Parties 358 Two-Party America 359 COMPARING NATIONS 11.1 Organizing Electoral/ Governing Systems 360 Third Parties in American Politics 362 America s Party Systems: Origins and Change 363 Beginnings: First Party System ( ) 364 Rise: Second Party System (ca ) 364 War and Reconstruction: Third Party System ( ) 366 Business and Reform: Fourth Party System ( ) 367 Depression and the New Deal: Fifth Party System ( ) 369 WHAT DO YOU THINK? DOES THE 2012 ELECTION SUGGEST A NEW PARTY SYSTEM? 370 The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1972 Present) 371 Why the Party Period Matters 371 Party Identification... and Ideas 372 Building Party Identification 372 The Power of Party Attachment 374 WHAT DO YOU THINK? PERSONALITY AND PARTY 375 Republican Factions 376 Democratic Factions 377 Organizing the Parties 378 Party Competition... and Partisanship 380 Parties Rise Again 380 Competition and Partisanship Intensifies 381 WHAT DO YOU THINK? PARTISANSHIP 383 Conclusion: A Party System Ripe for Reform? 384 Chapter Summary 386 Study Questions Interest Groups 388 Interest Groups and Lobbying 390 BY THE NUMBERS Interest Groups 391 What Private Interest Groups Do 392 What Public Interest Groups Do 394 What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy? 396 Lobbying Past and Present s Advocacy Explosion 398 Young and Plugged In 398 COMPARING NATIONS 12.1 The Spread of American- Style Lobbying 398 Lobbyists in Action 399 The Multiple Roles of Lobbyists 399 Private and Public Advocacy 402 Private Representatives: From Single-Firmers to Hired Guns 402 Nonprofits Don t Lobby? 403 Lobbying the Federal Branches of Government 403 Rise of the Issue Network 404 Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying 405 Lobbying the Courts 406

6 Interest Groups and Power 407 Lobbyist Spending 408 Regulating Lobbyists 411 WHAT DO YOU THINK? ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF LOBBYISTS 412 Are Interest Groups Bad or Good for America? 412 Four Concerns About Lobbying 413 Four Defenses of Lobbying 415 WHAT DO YOU THINK? ARE INTEREST GROUPS GOOD FOR AMERICAN GOVERNMENT? 416 Conclusion: Interest-Group Influence Revisited 417 Chapter Summary 417 Study Questions 418 PART III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 13 Congress 420 BY THE NUMBERS Congress 423 Introducing Congress 423 Two Houses, Different Styles 424 WHAT DO YOU THINK? SENATE FILIBUSTERS 425 The House and Senate Have Some Unique Roles 426 Congressional Representation 426 Does Congress Reflect America? 426 WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO REALLY REPRESENTS YOU? 427 Trustees and Delegates 428 WHAT DO YOU THINK? TWO VIEWS OF REPRESENTATION 429 Elections: Getting to Congress and Staying There 430 Congressional Elections 430 Home Styles: Back in the District 431 A Government of Strangers 432 Congress at Work 432 The City on the Hill 432 Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership 435 House Leadership 435 Senate Leadership 437 Committees: Workhorses of Congress 437 The Enduring Power of Committees 438 Leadership and Assignments 439 COMPARING NATIONS 13.1 A Unique U.S. System 440 Legislative Policymaking 441 The Importance of the Legislative Process 441 Drafting a Bill 441 Submitting the Bill 443 Committee Action 443 Floor Action 446 Conference Committee 449 Presidential Action: Separated Powers, Once More 450 Why Is Congress So Unpopular? 450 Partisan Polarization in Congress 451 Divided Government 453 WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS A PARTISAN CONGRESS A GOOD THING? 454 Some Popular Reforms and Their Limits 455 Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge of Governing 457 Chapter Summary 457 Study Questions The Presidency 460 Defining the Presidency 462 BY THE NUMBERS The Presidency 463 Defined by Controversy 463 The President s Powers 465 COMPARING NATIONS 14.1 Chief Executives Power 466 Is the President Too Powerful? 466 An Imperial Presidency? 466 A Weak Office? 467 What Presidents Do 469 Commander in Chief 469 Top Diplomat 471 The First Legislator 472 Chief Bureaucrat 476 Economist in Chief 479 The Head of State 479 Party Leader 479 The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas 481 The Impossible Job 482 Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure in the Oval Office 482 Managing the Public 482 Approval Ratings 484 WHAT DO YOU THINK? RANKING THE PRESIDENT 484 Presidential Greatness 486 Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders 489 The Personal Presidency 490 Presidential Style 490 WHAT DO YOU THINK? THE PRESIDENT IN ACTION 491 The Burden of the Office 492 The President s Team: A Tour of the White House 493 The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments 493 The Vice President 494 The Cabinet 495 xi

7 xii The Executive Office of the President 496 The List of Offices in Sum 497 The Heart of Power: The White House Office (WHO) 497 WHAT DO YOU THINK? TOO MANY PRESIDENTIAL AIDES? 499 The First Spouse 500 Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth? 501 Chapter Summary 502 Study Questions Bureaucracy 504 BY THE NUMBERS The Bureaucracy 507 How the Bureaucracy Grew 508 Before the Bureaucracy 508 The Bureaucratic Model 510 Bureaucratic Pathologies 512 The Democratic Dilemma 514 What Bureaucracies Do 515 Rulemaking 515 Implementation 517 How the Bureaucracy Is Organized 518 The Cabinet Departments 518 COMPARING NATIONS 15.1 Parliamentary Systems 521 Other Agencies 523 Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? 528 The People 528 The President 528 Congress 528 Interest Groups 530 Bureaucratic Autonomy 531 Democracy Revisited 532 Reforming the Bureaucracy 533 Critiques 533 Reforming the Bureaucracy 534 WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD WE PRIVATIZE MORE GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS? 535 Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with You 537 Chapter Summary 538 Study Questions The Judicial Branch 540 BY THE NUMBERS The U.S. Judiciary 543 Who Are We? A Nation of Laws... and Lawyers 544 Embracing the Law and Lawsuits 544 Declining Trust 544 COMPARING NATIONS 16.1 Number of Lawyers, Per Capita 544 Courts in American Culture 545 Organizing the Judicial Branch 546 Divided We Rule 546 State and Local Courts 547 Judicial Selection 547 WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW SHOULD STATES SELECT THEIR JUDGES? 548 Federal Courts 549 Specialized Courts 550 Diversity in the Federal Judiciary 551 WHAT DO YOU THINK? IDENTITY ON THE BENCH 552 The Court s Role 553 Judicial Review 553 Activism Versus Restraint 554 The Judicial Process 555 Too Much Power? Or Still the Least Dangerous Branch? 556 COMPARING NATIONS 16.2 Power of the Judiciary 557 The Supreme Court and How It Operates 558 Hearing Cases 558 Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements 559 Selecting Cases: Informal Factors 560 Conference Sessions and Written Decisions 561 Supreme Court Clerks 561 Confirmation Battles 562 Judicial Decision-Making and Reform 564 The Role of Law 564 Ideology and Partisanship 565 Collegiality and Peer Pressure 567 Institutional Concerns 568 Nineteen Cases You Should Know Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Lochner v. New York (1905) Muller v. Oregon (1908) Schenck v. United States (1919) National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) Roe v. Wade (1973) U.S. v. Nixon (1974) Bush v. Gore (2000) National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) 575

8 The Nineteen Cases and the Power of the Court 576 WHAT DO YOU THINK? NAME ANOTHER LANDMARK CASE 576 Criticizing the Judiciary 577 Critiquing the Judiciary 577 Ideas for Reform: More Resources 577 Term Limits 579 Conclusion: Democracy and the Courts 579 Chapter Summary 580 Study Questions 580 PART IV POLICY MAKING 17 Public Policymaking and Budgeting 582 BY THE NUMBERS U.S. Public Policy 584 Public Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy) Stages Agenda Setting Framing Policy Formation 588 Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante 588 From Cost-Benefit Analysis to Politics Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation and Feedback 594 Ex Post Policy Evaluations 594 A Case in Point: Gang Violence 595 Policy Feedback 595 U.S. Social Policy 596 Wars and Social Policy 597 Old-Age Insurance: Social Security 598 Unemployment Benefits 599 Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid 600 WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD WE REFORM SOCIAL SECURITY AND MEDICARE? 600 Economic Policymaking, I: Fiscal and Monetary Policy 602 Fiscal Policy 602 Monetary Policy 603 Economic Policymaking, II: The Federal Budget Process 604 President s Budget Proposal 606 Congressional Budget Resolution 608 COMPARING NATIONS 17.1 Budget Policymaking 608 Reign of the Cardinals: Appropriations Committee Action 609 Making Good Policy 611 Moral Policies: Justice or Democracy? 612 Economically Efficient Policies 612 Capitalism Goes to the Movies 613 Reforming U.S. Policymaking 614 Systemic Reform 614 Policy Entrepreneurs 614 Eight Steps to Successful Policy Reform 615 Conclusion: Policy Matters 617 Chapter Summary 617 Study Questions Foreign Policy 620 BY THE NUMBERS Foreign Policy 622 American Foreign Policy Goal No. 1: Security 623 The Military 623 Should the United States Scale Back the Military? 623 COMPARING NATIONS 18.1 Military Spending Worldwide, Soft Power 624 Foreign Aid and National Security 626 COMPARING NATIONS 18.2 Official Development Assistance (ODA) Expenditures 626 WHAT DO YOU THINK? DOWNSIZING THE MILITARY 627 American Foreign Policy Goal No. 2: Prosperity 628 Free Trade 628 Challenges to Free Trade 630 Energy 630 Economic Weapons 631 Foreign Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals 632 American Exceptionalism 632 WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS AMERICA EXCEPTIONAL? 633 Values in Decline? 634 Foreign Policy Perspectives 634 Engage the World? Isolationism Versus Intervention 635 Go It Alone or Act with Others? 637 Four Approaches 638 WHAT DO YOU THINK? FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVES 638 Who Makes Foreign Policy? 639 Congress 639 The President 640 The State Department 640 The Department of Defense 641 Intelligence 642 The National Security Council 642 Other Executive Agencies 642 Interest Groups and the Public 642 Success or Fragmentation? 644 Adding All of It Up: Grand Strategies over Time 646 Strategy 1: Standing Alone ( ) 646 Strategy 2: The Cold War ( ) 646 xiii

9 Strategy 3: The New World Order ( ) 648 Strategy 4: The War on Terror (2001 Present) 649 WHAT DO YOU THINK? TERRORISTS AND THE RULE OF LAW 651 Conclusion: The Next Grand Strategy 652 Chapter Summary 654 Study Questions 655 APPENDIX I The Declaration of Independence A-1 APPENDIX II The Constitution of the United States of America A-3 APPENDIX III The Federalist Papers 1, 10, and 51 A-20 Glossary G-1 Notes N-1 Credits C-1 Index I-1 xiv