Contents PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS. 1 The Spirit of American Politics 1. 2 The Ideas That Shape America The Constitution 60.

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1 vi By The People Contents About the Authors xiv Preface xv PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 1 The Spirit of American Politics 1 COMPARING NATIONS 1.1: A President s Pledge 6 Who Governs? 5 How Does American Politics Work? 8 Ideas 8 Institutions 9 Interests 11 Individuals 11 History 12 What Does Government Do? 13 Context: Government in Society 13 We Hate Government! 14 What Government Does 15 Where Dislike of Government Really Matters 16 The Best of Government 18 Who Are We? 18 What Do You Think? Getting Engaged in Politics or Not 21 Conclusion: Your Turn 21 Chapter Summary 22 Study Questions 22 2 The Ideas That Shape America 24 A Nation of Ideas 25 Liberty 26 The Land of the Free 27 The Two Sides of Liberty 28 The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing 29 Limited Government 34 The Origins of Limited Government 34 And Yet... The United States Has a Big Government 35 Limits on Government Action 35 When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited Government 36 What Do You Think? Self-Rule Versus Limited Government 37 Individualism 38 Community Versus Individualism 38 COMPARING NATIONS 2.1: Which Is More Important? 40 COMPARING NATIONS 2.2: Views of Individualism and the Role of the State 41 The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord 41 Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? 42 The American Dream 43 Spreading the Dream 43 What Do You Think? Individualism Versus Solidarity 44 Challenging the Dream 44 Equality 47 Three Kinds of Equality 47 How Much Economic Inequality Is Too Much? 48 Opportunity or Outcome? 49 Religion 51 Still Religious: A Religious Country 51 So Many Religions 52 The Politics of Religion 53 How Do Ideas Affect Politics? 55 Ideas in American Culture 56 The Ideas in Political Institutions 57 Culture or Institutions? 57 Conclusion: Culture and Institutions Together 58 Chapter Summary 58 Study Questions 59 What Do You Think? Negative Versus Positive Liberty 30 Self-Rule 30 Power from the People 31 One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy 31 Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic 32 A Mixed System 33 3 The Constitution 60 The Colonial Roots of the Constitution 62 Why the Colonists Revolted 64 COMPARING NATIONS 3.1: The United States Constitution in Comparative Context 65 vi _00i-001_FM.indd vi

2 Current CH Title Here The Colonial Complaint: Representation 65 The Conflict Begins with Blood on the Frontier 66 The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of Independence 67 The Townshend Acts Worsen the Conflict 67 The Boston Tea Party 67 Revolution! 69 A Long Legacy 70 The Declaration of Independence 70 The Principle: We Hold These Truths Grievances 71 The First American Government: The Articles of Confederation 72 Independent States 72 The National Government 73 Some Success And Some Problems 74 Winner and Losers 75 The First Step: Annapolis Convention 76 Not Demigods but Shrewd Politicians 76 What Do You Think? Your Advice Is Needed vii Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still Work? 103 Chapter Summary 103 Study Questions Federalism and Nationalism 106 Why Federalism? 109 Choosing Federalism 110 Federalism s Advantages 111 COMPARING NATIONS 4.1: Nations with Federal Systems of Government 112 The Disadvantages 114 The Stakes 116 What Do You Think? Preserving Local Values or Continuing a Terrible Injustice? 116 How Federalism Works 117 The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules 118 Dual Federalism 119 Cooperative Federalism 120 New Federalism Secrecy 78 Battles over Federalism Today 122 The Constitutional Convention 78 Federalism and the Parties 125 What Do You Think? Was Delegate Secrecy What Do You Think? Intergovernmental Lobbying, Warranted? 79 American Style How Much Power to the People? National Government Versus State Government Big States Versus Small States The President Separation of Powers A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed 86 An Overview of the Constitution 89 Preamble 89 Article 1: Congress 90 What Do You Think? Have We Achieved the Constitution s Goals Today? 90 Federalism in the Courts 127 Federalism s Secret 128 Nationalism, American Style 129 The Rise of American Nationalism 130 COMPARING NATIONS 4.2: The Early Birth of American Nationalism 131 America s Weak National Government 132 The Hidden State 136 Conclusion: Who Are We? 137 Chapter Summary 138 Study Questions 139 Article 2: The President 91 What Do You Think? Detention of Terrorism Suspects 91 Article 3: The Courts 92 COMPARING NATIONS 3.2: The United States Government Is Different from Most Democracies 92 Article 4: Relations Between the States 93 Article 5: Amendments 93 Article 6: The Law of the Land 93 Article 7: Ratification 93 The Missing Articles 93 Ratification 94 The Anti-Federalists 94 The Federalists 94 Two Strong Arguments 96 A Very Close Vote 96 A Popular Surge Propels People into Politics 98 Changing the Constitution 99 The Bill of Rights 99 The Seventeen Amendments 100 The Constitution Today 101 What Do You Think? How Strictly Should We Interpret the Constitution? Civil Liberties 140 The Rise of Civil Liberties 142 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 142 The Purpose of Civil Liberties 144 The Slow Rise of Rights 144 Privacy 146 Penumbras and Emanations 147 What Do You Think? Is There a Right to Privacy? 147 Roe v. Wade 148 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 149 Sexuality Between Consenting Adults 150 Clashing Principles 150 Freedom of Religion 150 The Establishment Clause 150 What Do You Think? May the Christian Youth Club Meet in School? 153 Free Exercise of Religion 152 What Do You Think? David s Law 155 vii _00i-001_FM.indd vii

3 viii By The People Freedom of Speech 156 A Preferred Position 156 Political Speech 156 Symbolic Speech 158 COMPARING NATIONS 5.1: Civil Liberties Around the World 159 Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words 159 Limited Protection: Student Speech 160 Freedom of the Press 161 Prior Restraint 161 Obscenity 162 Libel 163 What Do You Think? Higher Education and Affi rmative Action 201 Gender 204 Suffrage 204 The Civil Rights Act of The Courts 209 Progress But How Much? 209 Reproductive Politics 209 Hispanics 210 The Right to Bear Arms 164 Challenging Discrimination 211 The Politics of Immigration 212 The Controversy over Language 214 Political Mobilization 214 A Relic of the Revolution? 164 The Palladium of All Liberties? 165 The Rights of the Accused 166 Americans Behind Bars 166 The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure 167 The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials 168 The Sixth Amendment: The Right to Counsel 170 The Eighth Amendment: The Death Penalty 171 What Do You Think? End the Death Penalty Affirmative Action in Education 199 School Busing 200 Where Are We Now? Comparing Nations 5.2: Criminal Justice in France and the United States 173 Fighting Terrorism and Protecting Liberty 174 Contacts with Forbidden Groups 174 Wiretaps 174 Visitors 175 Libraries 175 The Right Balance 175 Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil Liberties 176 Chapter Summary 176 Study Questions The Struggle for Civil Rights 178 Winning Rights: The Political Process 181 Seven Steps to Political Equality 181 How the Courts Review Cases 182 Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against Slavery 184 The Clash over Slavery 184 Dred Scott v. Sandford 186 The Second American Founding: A New Birth of Freedom? 187 Freedom Fails 187 The Fight for Racial Equality 189 Two Kinds of Discrimination 190 The Civil Rights Campaign Begins 190 The Courts 190 The Civil Rights Movement 192 What Do You Think? Would You Have Been a Sixties Protester? 194 Congress and the Civil Rights Act 194 The End of the Civil Rights Era 196 Divisions in the Movement 196 Affirmative Action in the Workplace 197 Asian Americans 217 The Asian Stereotypes 217 Political Mobilization 218 What Do You Think? Simple Decency? Or Political Correctness Run Amuck? 219 Native Americans 219 The Lost Way of Life 220 Indians and the Federal Government 220 Social Problems and Politics 221 Groups Without Special Protection 222 People with Disabilities 222 Sexual Orientation 223 Conclusion: By the People 225 Chapter Summary 225 Study Questions 227 PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 7 Political Participation 228 How We Participate 230 Passionates, Scorekeepers, and Uninvolveds 230 Benefits of Public Participation 232 The Diminishing Public 232 What Do You Think? Blending Participatory Styles 232 Getting Involved: Electoral, Voluntary, and Political Voice 233 Electoral Activities 234 COMPARING NATIONS 7.1: Voter Turnout in Selected Countries 235 Civic Voluntarism 236 What Do You Think? Volunteer Globally? 237 Political Voice 236 What Inspires Political Participation? 239 Spurs to Individual Participation 239 Cycles of Public Participation 242 Explaining the Cycles 245 What Discourages Political Participation? 246 Age, Wealth, and Education 246 Alienation 247 viii _00i-001_FM.indd viii

4 Current CH Title Here Institutional Barriers 248 Complacency 249 Shifting Mobilization Patterns 249 Generation Y and Political Participation 250 The Internet, Social Media, and Participation 251 Behavior and Political Participation 254 Government as Nudgeocracy 254 Our All-Too-Human Behaviors 254 Conclusion: Political Participation in a Digital Age 257 Chapter Summary 258 Study Questions Public Opinion 260 Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger than Democratic Renaissance 303 Is the Media Biased? 305 Reporters Are Democrats 306 Profits Drive the News Industry 306 Drama Delivers Audiences 307 Conflict Draws an Audience 308 Sex and Scandal 308 The Skeptical Media 309 The Fairness Bias 310 How Governments Shape the Media 310 The First Amendment Protects Print Media from Government Regulation 310 Regulating Broadcasters 311 Protecting Competition 312 Media Around the World 312 Public Opinion in a Democracy 262 Ignorant Masses? 263 Or a Self-Governing People? 263 Skeptics Question the Influence of Public Opinion 263 The Public Is Wise and Rational 265 What Do You Think? How Do You Participate? ix 267 Public Opinion and Governing 267 Do the People Know What They Want? 267 How Do the People Communicate Their Desires? 268 Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion? 269 COMPARING NATIONS 8.1: Polling Around the Globe 271 Measuring Public Opinion 272 Polling Modern Polling: From Landslide Landon to Scientific Surveys 277 Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? 280 What Do You Think? Calling the Election Early? 281 Government-Owned Stations 313 The Rise of Commercial Media 314 The Foreign Press Takes Sides 314 Newspapers Around the World 314 Censorship 315 COMPARING NATIONS 9.1: Censorship Under Pressure? 316 American Media in the World 316 How the Media Shapes Politics 317 News Stories Reinforce Existing Beliefs 317 The Political Agenda 318 Priming the Public 319 Framing the Issue 319 The Media s Electoral Connection 320 The Campaign as Drama 321 Candidate Profiles 321 Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the Media World 323 What Do You Think? Does the Media Enhance Sources of Public Opinion 280 Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks 281 Demographic Effects: From Region to Religion 282 Partisan Effects 283 Elite Influence 283 Wars and Other Focusing Events 284 Conclusion: Government by the People 285 Chapter Summary 285 Study Questions 286 Democracy? 324 Chapter Summary 324 Study Questions Campaigns and Elections 326 Campaigns and Elections, US Style 327 Federalism and American Elections 329 The Spread of Suffrage 329 How Democratic are American Elections? The Media 288 American Media Today: Traditional Formats Are Declining 291 Where People Go for News 291 Newspaper Decline 293 Radio Holds Steady 295 Television: From News to Infotainment 296 Movies: Mirroring America 299 What Do You Think? Movies That Take a Stand The Media Today 300 The Rise of the New Media 301 Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy Frequent and Fixed Elections 331 Number of Elected Officials 332 COMPARING NATIONS 10.1: Election Timetables for National Government 332 What Do You Think? Too Many Elected Positions? 334 Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality? 334 Presidential Campaigns and Elections 337 Who Runs for President? 338 Presidential Campaigns: Three Phases 339 What Do You Think? Why Iowa and New Hampshire? 341 Winning Presidential Elections 344 Predicting Presidential Elections 347 ix _00i-001_FM.indd ix

5 x By The People Congressional Campaigns and Elections 348 Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? 348 The Power of Incumbency 350 Congressional Election Results 352 Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the Gerrymander 353 Nonpartisan Districting and Minority Representation 355 Critical Elections: Engine of History or American Myth? 357 The Rise of Candidate-Centered Elections 359 Critical Midterm Election Outcomes 359 How to Run for Congress 360 Conclusion: Reforming American Elections 363 Chapter Summary 365 Study Questions 366 What Do You Think? Th ird Parties 402 What Do You Think? Partisanship 404 Chapter Summary 404 Study Questions Interest Groups 406 Interest Groups: Them or Us? 408 Interest Groups and Lobbying 410 Examples: Lobbying Groups in Action 411 What Groups Do for Members 412 Who Represents the Public Interest? 413 Interest Groups and Power 415 Lobbyist Spending 415 What Do You Think? Assessing the Influence of Lobbyists 417 Regulating Interest Groups 417 Lobbying Past and Present Political Parties 368 Political Parties and US Government 372 What the Parties Do 372 Two-Party America 372 COMPARING NATIONS 11.1: Organizing Electoral/Governing Systems 376 Third Parties in American Politics 376 How Parties Are Organized 378 Party-in-Government 379 Party Organization 379 Party in the Electorate 380 The Big Party Tents 381 America s Party Systems: Origins and Change 382 Beginnings: First Party System ( ) 382 Rise: Second Party System (ca ) 384 War and Reconstruction: Third Party System ( ) 385 Business and Reform: Fourth Party System ( ) 387 Depression and New Deal: Fifth Party System ( ) 389 The Sixth Party System: The Parties at Equal Strength (1972 Present) 390 What Do You Think? Does the 2012 Election Suggest a New Party Period? 391 Party Identification... and Ideas 392 Building Party Identification The Power of Party Attachment 393 Republican Factions 395 Democratic Factions 397 Party Competition... and Partisanship 399 Parties Rise Again 399 Competition Intensifies 399 Partisanship and Its Discontents 400 Conclusion: A Party System Ripe for Reform? 402 x What Do You Think? Winner Take All _00i-001_FM.indd x 402 Lobbyists in Action 423 The Multiple Roles of Lobbyists 423 Private and Public Advocacy 427 Private Representatives: From Single-Firmers to Hired Guns 426 Public Advocates: Forming and Tending Groups 427 Nonprofits Don t Lobby? 428 Lobbying the Federal Branches of Government 429 Rise of the Issue Network 430 Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying 430 Lobbying the Courts 431 Three Insider Keys to Effective Washington Lobbying 433 Are Interest Groups Bad or Good for America? 437 Four Concerns About Lobbying 438 Four Defenses of Lobbying 440 What Do You Think? Are Interest Groups Good for Why the Party Period Matters 392 What Do You Think? Personality and Party Lobbying at the Dawn of an Industrial Age 419 Reforming the System: Progressives to PostWWII s Advocacy Explosion 421 Young and Plugged In 422 COMPARING NATIONS 12.1: The Spread of American-Style Lobbying 422 American Government? 441 Conclusion: Interest Group Influence Revisited 441 Chapter Summary 442 Study Questions 443 PART III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 13 Congress 444 Introducing Congress 447 Two Houses, Different Styles 448

6 Current CH Title Here What Do You Think? Senate Filibusters 449 Congressional Representation 450 What Do You Think? Who Really Represents You? 450 Does Congress Reflect America? 450 Trustees and Delegates 452 What Do You Think? Two Views of Representation 453 Elections: Getting to Congress and Staying There 454 Congressional Elections 454 Home Styles: Back in the District 455 A Government of Strangers 455 Congress at Work 456 The City on the Hill 456 Minnows and Whales: Congressional Leadership 459 House Leadership 459 Senate Leadership 461 Intangibles of Congressional Leadership 461 Committees: Workhorses of Congress 462 The Enduring Power of Committees 462 Leadership and Assignments 462 COMPARING NATIONS 13.1: A Unique US System 465 Legislative Policy Making 465 The Importance of the Legislative Process 466 Drafting a Bill 466 Submitting the Bill 467 Committee Action 468 Floor Action 470 Conference Committee 474 Presidential Action: Separated Powers, Once More 475 House-Senate Relations 475 The House and Senate Have Some Unique Roles 476 The Other Body 476 Why Is Congress So Unpopular? 477 Partisan Polarization in Congress 478 What Do You Think? Is a Partisan Congress a Good Thing? 479 Divided Government 479 Some Popular Reforms and Their Limits 480 Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge of Governing 482 Chapter Summary 482 Study Questions 483 xi Chief Bureaucrat 501 Economist in Chief 501 The Head of State 502 Party Leader 503 The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas 503 The Impossible Job 505 Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure in the Oval Office 505 Managing the Public 505 Approval Ratings 507 Presidential Greatness 509 Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of Political Orders 511 What Do You Think? Changing Political Order 514 The Personal Presidency 514 Presidential Style 514 A Model of the Personal Presidency 516 What Do You Think? The President in Action 517 The Burden of the Office 517 The President s Team: A Tour of the White House 518 The Political Solar System: Presidential Appointments 519 The Vice President 519 The Cabinet 520 The Executive Office of the President 521 The Heart of Power: The White House Office (WHO) 523 The First Spouse 525 Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office on Earth? 526 Chapter Summary 528 Study Questions Bureaucracy 530 How the Bureaucracy Grew 533 Before the Bureaucracy 534 The Bureaucratic Model 536 Bureaucratic Pathologies 538 The Democratic Dilemma 540 What Bureaucracies Do 540 Rule Making 541 Implementation 543 How the Bureaucracy Is Organized The Presidency 484 Defining the Presidency 486 The Silence of Article The President s Powers 489 COMPARING NATIONS: Chief Executives Power 490 Is the President Too Powerful? 491 An Imperial Presidency? 491 A Weak Office? 492 What Presidents Do 493 Commander in Chief 493 Top Diplomat 495 The First Legislator _00i-001_FM.indd xi The Cabinet Departments 544 COMPARING NATIONS 15.1: Parliamentary Systems 547 Other Agencies 549 Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? 554 The People 554 The President 554 Congress 555 Interest Groups 556 Bureaucratic Autonomy 556 Democracy Revisited 557 Reforming the Bureaucracy 558 Critiques 558 Reforming the Bureaucracy 559 xi 11/12/12 12:48 PM

7 xii By The People What Do You Think? Should We Privatize More Government Functions? 562 Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with You 562 Chapter Summary 562 Study Questions The Judicial Branch 564 Who Are We? A Nation of Laws... and Lawyers 566 Embracing the Law and Lawsuits 567 Declining Trust 569 Courts in American Culture 569 Organizing the Judicial Branch 571 Divided We Rule 571 State and Local Courts Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Roe v. Wade (1973) US v. Nixon (1974) Bush v. Gore (2000) National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) 000 What Do You Think? Name Another Landmark Case 601 The Nineteen Cases and the Power of the Court 601 Criticizing the Judiciary 601 Critiquing the Judiciary 601 Ideas for Reform: More Resources 602 Term Limits 603 Conclusion: Democracy and the Courts 605 Chapter Summary 605 Study Questions 606 What Do You Think? How Should States Select Their Judges? 572 PART IV POLICY MAKING Federal Courts 573 Specialized Courts 574 Diversity in the Federal Judiciary 576 What Do You Think? Identity on the Bench 576 The Court s Role 576 Judicial Review 577 Activism Versus Restraint 578 The Judicial Process 579 Judicial Mystique 580 Too Much Power? or Still the Least Dangerous Branch? 580 COMPARING NATIONS 16.1: Power of the Judiciary 581 The Supreme Court and How It Operates 582 Hearing Cases 582 Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements 584 Selecting Cases: Informal Factors 584 Conference Sessions and Written Decisions 585 Supreme Court Clerks 586 Confirmation Battles 587 Judicial Decision Making and Reform 590 The Role of Law 590 Ideology and Partisanship 590 Collegiality and Peer Pressure 592 Institutional Concerns 592 Nineteen Cases You Should Know 593 xii 1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCullough v. Maryland (1819) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Lochner v. New York (1905) Muller v. Oregon (1908) Schenck v. United States (1919) National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937) Korematsu v. US (1944) Everson v. Board of Education (1947) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) _00i-001_FM.indd xii 17 Public Policymaking and Budgeting 608 Public Policymaking in Five (Not-So-Easy) Stages Agenda Setting Framing Policy Formation 616 Analyzing Policy, Ex Ante 616 From Cost-Benefit Analysis to Politics Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation and Feedback 622 Ex Post Policy Evaluations 623 A Case in Point: Gang Violence 623 Policy Feedback 624 US Social Policy 625 Wars and Social Policy 626 Old-Age Insurance: Social Security 627 Unemployment Benefits 629 Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid 629 What Do You Think? Should We Reform Social Security and Medicare? 631 Making Good Policy 631 Moral Policies: Justice or Democracy? 632 Economically Efficient Policies 632 Markets, Privatization, and Policy 633 Capitalism Goes to the Movies 634 The Federal Budget Process 635 President s Budget Proposal 636 Congressional Budget Resolution 636 Reign of the Cardinals: Appropriations Committee Action 638 COMPARING NATIONS 17.1: Budget Policy Making 640 Conclusion: Reforming US Policymaking 642 Systemic Reform 642 Policy Entrepreneurs 643 Eight Steps to Successful Policy Reform 644 Chapter Summary 645 Study Questions /12/12 12:49 PM

8 Current CH Title Here 18 Foreign Policy 647 American Foreign Policy Goal No. 1: Security 650 Defining the Dangers 651 The Military 651 Should the United States Scale Back the Military? 652 COMPARING NATIONS 18.1: Militaries and Democracies 653 Soft Power 654 Foreign Aid and Other Forms of Security 654 What Do You Think? Downsizing the Military 656 American Foreign Policy Goal No. 2: Prosperity 656 American Exceptionalism 662 Values in Decline? Foreign Policy Perspectives 664 Engage the World? Isolationism Versus Intervention 665 Go It Alone or Act with Others? 667 Four Approaches 668 What Do You Think? Foreign Policy Perspectives Congress 670 The President 670 The State Department 672 The Department of Defense 672 Adding All of It Up: Grand Strategies Over Time 676 Strategy Strategy Strategy Strategy 1: Standing Alone ( ) 676 2: The Cold War ( ) 677 3: The New World Order ( ) 678 4: The War on Terror (began 2001) 679 What Do You Think? Terrorists and the Rule of Law 682 APPENDIX I The Declaration of Independence A-1 Foreign Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American Ideals 661 Who Makes Foreign Policy? 669 Intelligence 673 The National Security Council 673 Other Executive Agencies 674 Interest Groups and the Public 674 Success or Fragmentation? 675 Conclusion: The Next Grand Strategy 683 Chapter Summary 684 Study Questions 685 Free Trade 657 Challenges to Free Trade 657 Assisting Business 658 Energy 659 Economic Weapons 659 A Nation in Decline? 660 What Do You Think? Is America Exceptional? xiii 669 APPENDIX II The Constitution of the United States of America A-3 APPENDIX III Federalist Papers 1, 10, and 51 A-20 Glossary G-1 Notes N-1 Credits C-1 Index I-1 Presidential Elections, Congressional Control, Insert xiii _00i-001_FM.indd xiii 11/12/12 12:49 PM

Contents PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS. 1 The Spirit of American Politics 2. 2 The Ideas That Shape America 26

Contents PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS. 1 The Spirit of American Politics 2. 2 The Ideas That Shape America 26 Contents vi About the Authors xv Preface xvi Acknowledgments xxii PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 1 The Spirit of American Politics 2 Who Governs? 5 WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO GOVERNS? 8 How Does American Politics