World Wars in Historical Perspective
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1 World Wars in Historical Perspective Definitions Causes Cases World Wars III & IV (??) Africa s World War
2 Realism & Idealism Idealism or idealistic Realism or realistic Ideas, ideals, cognition, values, beliefs Things, forces, money, power, geography Bell: if people believe peace will follow Kaplan: Geography compels states to act Hedges: things people believe & value Begeley: nature & nurture both motivate action
3 Alexander Nikitin has offered the following framework for the causes of war War is unnatural (and can be eliminated) War is natural, in human nature (and cannot be eliminated) Structural/contextual factors sometimes enable war (some are natural, others not) /WG2draft1.htm
4 "WAR IS UNNATURAL theories (Theories of unnatural essence of war) War has no "eternal" or natural causes. War is a violation of human and social nature. It could and should be abandoned.
5 "WAR IS NATURAL" Theories (Theories of natural causes of war) Wars have natural causes & reasons. These causes are built-in human and/or social nature. The causes are indestructible, thus wars are unavoidable. Minimum Security 2006 Stephanie McMillan
6 If war is natural, how does it come to be so? HUMAN NATURE is a main cause of war. Inborn, instinctive aggressiveness in an individual is an unavoidable parameter of human nature. War is biologically approved. War is a continuation and an extension of the "struggle of species for survival' from a biological world to a social world (Social Darwinism)
7 HUMAN SOCIAL NATURE is a main cause of war. Structure of social relations, group contradictions, division and subdivision of humankind into ethnic entities, nation-states, alliances and empires presuppose wars as one of "natural" and functional ways of social interaction between them. Some wars are more justified and functional, some less, but as a whole wars are a "dialectical" way of resolving contradictions. Progress and social development sometime occurs in the form of wars. Wars could be modified, controlled, but could not and even should not be eliminated as a social phenomenon.
8 TECHNICAL (MAN-MADE) NATURE is a main cause of modern and future wars. Scientific and technological progress, industrialization and post-industrial development created, firstly, great demand for resources and redistribution of them, and secondly, huge arsenals of modern means of destruction and fantastic abilities of a modern man to influence through technology (weaponry, computers, communication & propaganda) other men and states. Scientific thought couldn't be stopped. Weapons and dual-use technologies couldn't be disinvented. Modern technologically supported wars (as well as futuristic nuclear, space, electronic and so on wars) are a "natural" and unavoidable companion of a scientific and technological progress.
9 Structural or Contextual factors enable wars to happen, and so they do For example, there is no global state or authority to step in & prevent war The state emerged via war & is sustained by it (whether real or not) Small countries next to big ones are almost always disadvantaged A search for lebensraum
10 Permissive, General & Proximate causes 1. Permissive: Wars happen because constraints that prevent them dissolve 2. General: Wars break out because parties have irresolvable differences & war is a solution 3. Proximate: Individual wars each have a unique set of triggers Consider some specific examples
11 Somalia Colonized by Italy & Britain Cold War ally of USSR, & switched sides U.S. provided support to Siad Barre until 1990 Country split apart w/ many warring factions U.S. & Ethiopia want to prevent Islamic state Official govt. has no power
12 a/commons/9/9f/somalia_map_states _regions_districts.png
13 Former republic in USSR Multi-ethnic society rules by Georgians Three secessionist provinces Tiblisi unsuccessful in ending two Russia entered S. Ossetia in 2008 Russia supports Abkhazia Georgia (Caucasus)
14
15 Do these wars share any Internal to country Small, ethnicallymixed countries One dominant nationality Power & wealth imbalances Mineral-rich regions External meddling characteristics?
16 What is a world war? Power competition Multiple combatants Broad scope Long duration Territorial changes Some states vanish; others appear Many sub-conflicts, before, during, after
17 Interventions to over-throw governments Struggle for space & resources Rising vs. declining countries Ideological & material crusades Domestic politics Causes of world wars
18 World War One
19 The Cold War (aka WWIII)
20 Africa s World War Congo/Zaire as Cold War cockpit of conflict Group conflict & control of resources as general cause Rwanda s genocide as proximate trigger Creation of proxy forces to overthrow government War among factions & interventions by neighbors Constitutional convention & power sharing Continuing fighting in eastern Congo 4-5 million deaths?
21 Is the world at war today?
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