CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
|
|
- Allan Williams
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background The Philippines and the United States of America have a long history. After the U.S won the war in Spanish American War of 1898, the U.S. colonized the Philippines and had a war resulting 4,200 Americans and over 20,000 Philippines combatants died (Traywick, 2014). On July 4, 1902 the Philippine-American war officially ended. It took decades for the Philippines to finally obtain its independence. In July, 1946 the U.S. finally granted the Philippines independence but they still had trade negotiations and military cooperation. It took many years to discuss during which the U.S. maintained military facilities in the Philippines. The Philippines and the United States signed the Military Bases Agreement of 1947 which allowed the United States to operate two bases on two islands, Clark Air Base which housed the 13 th Air Force and Subic Naval Base which was the largest American naval installation outside the United States. It was favored by Manuel Quezon, the President of the Philippines, but many Filipinos and senators opposed because of the Philippine American War. The Philippines were aware that their military power was still very weak and then the President committed to support one another in the event of an attack by a third party by signing mutual defense treaty. By this treaty, the Philippines got some back-up from the U.S. preventing from any countries who disturbed their sovereignty. In Marcos period, U.S.-Philippine ties grew even stronger. It was during Vietnam War, American bases in the Philippines supported U.S. forces. The U.S provided $900 million in
2 security assistance. There are some pros and cons to the U.S presence in the Philippines. The Philippines sees the U.S. as a colonist, which threatens their sovereignty, and some other see that the Philippines military power is very weak. And finally in September 16, 1991 the Philippine Senate closed U.S. military bases. In 1999, the Philippine and U.S. governments signed a Visiting Forces Agreement that allowed for annual military training exercises, which in recent times had also included humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR). In my opinion, public sentiment is against the idea of having permanent US troops in the country or even the thought of allowing US troops to run their own military bases again in the country (Pitlo, 2014). It during the reign of President Benigno Aquino III has linked its military modernization and overall external defense to the U.S. rebalance. The U.S. has raised its military assistance by two-thirds to $50 million and provided surplus military equipment. Finally after eight rounds of negotiations, finally in April 28, 2014 President Barack Obama signed a new military pact with the Philippines, granting a larger presence for U.S in Southeast Asia. It was celebrated the American administrations rebalance to Asia. B. Research Question Why did the Philippines decide to offer basing facilities to the U.S. Military? C. Purpose of Research 1. To identify the advantages and the disadvantages of Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement for the Philippines. 2. To describe the relevance of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement for the Philippines.
3 3. To apply the theory and concept of International Relations in order to explain the case study that happens in the Philippines. D. Theoretical Framework Departing from the problem above, the author takes the basic framework of concept by using Realist Theory and Rational Choice Theory. Through this theory the author can answer the question raised, as well as will know the answer of the question Why did the Philippine decide to offer basing facilities to the U.S. Military? 1. Realist Theory The author will examine the problem of the Philippines why they decided to offer basing facilities to the U.S. Military by realist theory. In the discipline of International Relations there are contending general theories or theoretical perspectives. Realism point of view to international politics stresses its competitive and conflictual side. Realists consider the principal actors in the international arena are the states, which are concerned with their own security act in pursuit of their own national interests and struggle for power (Zalta & Nodelman, 2013 A. National Interest According to realist, foreign policy is determined by national interest. National interests are a country goals and ambitions such as geography, natural resources, industrial capacity, military preparedness, economy and population. In Realism concept, the national interest of a state is multi-faceted. The primary interest is the state's survival and security. In this case, the national interest of the Philippine is its sovereignty in the South China Sea. The South China Sea is at the centre of Southeast Asia. Competition rather than cooperation has been the prevailing characteristic of the relations among the littoral states, with each state seeks to give real effect to its sovereign and jurisdictional claims.
4 Most importantly the Philippines deserve to protect its sovereignty because in the disputed area has the most important resource at stake such as oil and natural gas reserves. The proven reserves are estimated to be 7 billion barrels of oil, currently producing 2.5 billion barrels a day. Although, there are no countries which have legal authority to claim, they deserve to get natural gas because the need of natural gas in their region are rapidly increasing (Weatherbee, 2009). National Interest Foreign Policy Figure 1.1 Theory of National Interest Many states, especially in modern times, regard the preservation of the nation's culture as of great importance. Based on figure 1.1, national interest is always determined by foreign policy. National interest of the Philippines is to keep its natural resources in South China Sea. South China Sea is rich for natural resources, fisheries. South China Sea is also well known as a trade routes and military bases. In order to keep its national interest, the Philippine creates a foreign policy. The foreign policy is the Philippines government decided to sign military cooperation by offering basing facilities to the U.S. military, Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement. Morgenthau argues, Does not endow its key concept of interest defined as power with a meaning that is fixed once for all. The idea of interest is indeed the essence of politics and is unaffected by the circumstances of time and place. Yet the kind of interest determining political action in a particular period of history depends upon the political and cultural context within which foreign policy is formulated. The goals that might be pursued by nations in their foreign policy can run the whole gamut of objectives any nation has ever pursued or might possibly pursue. National interest is the main pillars of the theory of foreign policy and international political realist. He states that national interest of each country is the pursuit of power, for
5 example, a country can establish a power to control other countries. Relations of power or control can be created through coercion or cooperation. Thus Morgenthau also states that national interest is the minimum ability of the state to protect, and maintain the physical identity, politics, and culture of other countries disturbances. From this review the state leaders decrease specific policies against other countries that are in cooperate or in conflict. Relating to Morgenthau s point of view, the creation of Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement is the implication of the South China Sea dispute and weak military power of the Philippines. When the Philippines feel oppressed by China, the Philippines need some partners to cooperate and protect its sovereignty. Realists take the international system to be in anarchy in which states as the main actor in International Relations which are determined mainly by consideration of power and national interest. For realists bipolarity is a more secure international system than multipolarity both in terms of the strength of the system itself and the balance between conflict and order that triumph within the order (Jensen, 2011). B. Balance of Power Theory To ease the author in analyzing the problem in South China Sea between the Philippine and China, the author tried to analyze the concept of balance of power. This concept can be applied because in this problem there are several parties who involved in South China Sea. The involved of the United States supporting the Philippine can be seen as to attack the great power of China.
6 PRC Disputed Area PH The U.S. Figure 1.2 Balance of Power Theory Balance of Power emphasizes the effectiveness of the control of the country strength by balancing other countries. Based on Balance of Power theory, the state should respond to emerging threats to the defense and security by increasing military capabilities while making alliances with other countries. The policy is created in order to maintain territorial threats. There are two patterns of balance of power. The pattern of direct opposition and the pattern of competition. In this case, the agreement is about the pattern of direct opposition by cooperating with the U.S. in order to balance the China power in the South China Sea. The effect of China assertiveness in South China Sea makes the Philippines feel insecure and attempt to equalize the power by improving its security and defense. The Philippines tried to build alliances with the United States in the form of geo-strategy to maintain territorial security and threats. In the other hand, the Philippines has national interest in the disputed region which is rich in natural resources such as oil and gases. Balance of Power considers that the actions of the Philippines increase the robustness and security as well as improve the alliance which will trigger the counter balancing of one or more other countries. Therefore, the efforts of the Philippines in balancing strength create stable relations between the Philippines and the U.S. Balance of Power does not cause a war because each country is powerful has a fear to attack
7 first. The Philippines with the U.S. actually just give a signal to China that China should respect international norms and laws. It will not directly attack one another. Speaking Balance of Power means speaking during the cold war. At that time the balance of power was held by the two powerful countries, namely the United States and the Soviet Union. The time changed, there is no Soviet Union anymore but People s Republic of China, the rising Asian power, whose broad territorial claims have caused tensions with its neighbors, was only topped by the U.S. and Russia in terms of military power. The US is helping the Philippines to modernize and improve its military capability in the face of a growing confrontation with China over supremacy in the South China Sea The agreement between the Philippines and the United States of America is a reflection of Balance of Power Theory. The Philippines military power is very weak if compare to People s Republic of China military power. The Philippines increased military capabilities by signing military agreement with the United States of America in order to back the Philippine military up. Realism sees that international politics based on the struggle for power, international politics is essentially power politics. The EDCA gives the U.S. troops wider access to Philippine bases and allows joint activities between the two countries militaries. The prepositioning of US equipment within Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) locations is to accommodate the construction of related facilities such prepositioning, as well as other enhanced defense cooperation activities. It will require future negotiations such as which army bases the US military may use. The Philippine Ambassador for Malaysia, Eduardo Malaya said that First and foremost to us is the protections and promotion of our Philippine national interest." As cited in (Gutierrrez, 2014: 8) The EDCA can counter balance China, in order to protect and promote the
8 Philippine national interests. The U.S. is committed to the Philippines defense if the Philippines is attacked by China. 2. Rational Actor Model The author also used another concept in order to ease the author to analyze the problems that are faced by the Philippines. In the case of the Philippine decided to offer the basing facilities to the U.S. military, the author focused on the benefits of the Philippine foreign policy. To explain this case, the author used the decision making process of foreign political concept from Graham T. Allison. In International Relations, foreign policy is quite complex. Foreign policy is the effort of the states in order to promote and reach their national interests. Foreign policy is a rational action of the states in order to reach their goals and national interests in international arena. Theories in International Relations which study about foreign policy is founded by Graham T. Allison who writes Essence of Decision: There are three models offered by Allison, (1971:5) 1) Rational Actor Model 2) Organizational Process Model 3) Bureaucratic Politics Model. In order to explain and analyze the problems, the author used Rational Actor Model. Rational Actor model is one model developed by Graham T Allison. In this making process, the author used rational actor model to ease the author to describe the decision making process. Figure 1.3 Rational Actor Model
9 Each state is described as a rational actor who always acts as its own interests to safeguard the sovereignty and achieve national interests. This model describes that decision makers make alternatives policies to obtain optimal results. Rational Actor model according to Allison, 1971:11 which has the principle of "maximize their gains, minimize their loses". The point is that, how the actors can get more benefits with low cost. In Rational Actor model, state s foreign policy is based on cost and the benefit that the state can get. Table 1.1 The Benefits and Cost of the Philippines if offering basing facilities to the U.S. military Options Benefits Costs Signing the Agreement 1. Help the Philippines military power. The Philippine military, one of Asia s weakest. 2. Help the Philippines keeps its sovereignty more secure 3. Be more ready when disasters come. 1.Make Philippines really depend on the U.S. and the Philippine military is under control of the U.S. 2.Disturb strategic partnership with China. Not Signing the Agreement 1. Lead the Philippines to achieve its independence 2. Put the Philippines in direct negotiation without any third party with China. 1.Threaten the Philippine sovereignty 2.Military equipment of the Philippine lagged far from other states in ASEAN. 3.Not able to get assistance when the typhoon disaster happens From the table 1.1 it is clear that the EDCA or military cooperation creates advantages and disadvantages for The Philippine. In this case, the Philippines position was really in dilemma because of the US involvement in The Philippines is quite high. In the other hand, The Philippines also want to keep its sovereignty in the disputed area.
10 To maintain its national interests especially in sovereignty is very fundamental for the Philippine. However it needs a back-up from a super power country to keep its sovereignty and also maintain the military power of the Philippines. The decisions taken by the state is a result of the rationalization of the problems faced. This is for the government, as a representative of the country, the main actor in the decision making. E. Hypothesis From the basic ideas that have been applied, in this research the hypotheses as follows: The Philippine offered the basing facilities because of by having military cooperation with the United States, the Philippine got back-up from the US to make their sovereignty more secure. F. Method of Research The type of research used in this study is descriptive. Hence the author tried to explain the reasons behind the decision taken by The Philippines which to offer the basing facilities to the U.S. military. In using the methods, the author used data gathering techniques such as document study done by collecting secondary data. In this study, the information is derived from several relevant published sources such as books, journals, news, official websites and electronic data (internet) that are related to the subject of the research. G. Range of Research In order to focus on the research, this research will be limited from 1947 when the Philippine allowed the United States to operate two bases on two islands, Clark Air Base which is located in the 13 th Air Force and Subic Naval Base there happened the largest American naval installation outside of the United States until 1991 when it was some pro and cons to the U.S presence in the Philippines. In 2014 was the year when the Philippines and the United States of
11 America after signed up military cooperation Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, after it takes a long time debate to call back the U.S. to help and cooperate with the Philippine military. H. System of Writing The outline of this thesis is as described as followed: Chapter I This chapter contains the introduction. In this chapter outlines the background, the purpose of research, the research question, the theoretical framework, the hypothesis, the method of research, the range of research and the system of writing. Chapter II This chapter, the author will analyze the Philippine National Interests in the South China Sea which consists of the definition of National Interests, The national goals of the Philippines based on the Preamble of the Constitution, and also the action and efforts of the Philippines in securing its sovereignty over South China Sea. Chapter III This chapter examines the United States Military back-up. In the third chapter, the author will examine the content of military agreement between the U.S. and the Philippines with its implications. Chapter IV This chapter analyzes foreign policy decision making process in Philippines especially analyzing the cost and benefits of the agreement. Chapter V This chapter contains the conclusion and summarizes the research. In this chapter, the author will draw conclusion from the chapter one until to chapter five.
Hearing on the U.S. Rebalance to Asia
March 30, 2016 Prepared statement by Sheila A. Smith Senior Fellow for Japan Studies, Council on Foreign Relations Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on the U.S. Rebalance
More informationSouth China Sea- An Insight
South China Sea- An Insight Historical Background China laid claim to the South China Sea (SCS) back in 1947. It demarcated its claims with a U-shaped line made up of eleven dashes on a map, covering most
More informationTragedy of Small Power Politics: Duterte, Philippines & the South China Sea Disputes. Richard J. Heydarian
Tragedy of Small Power Politics: Duterte, Philippines & the South China Sea Disputes Richard J. Heydarian Outline Anatomy of PH foreign policy-formulation Why PH filed the arbitration case How PH responded
More informationProspects for the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea after Hague decision
Prospects for the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea after Hague decision by Richard Q. Turcsányi, PhD. On 12 July 2016, the Permanent Arbitration Court in The Hague issued the final decision in the
More informationRegional Security: From TAC to ARF
Regional Security: From TAC to ARF Min Shu School of International Liberal Studies Waseda University 4 Dec 2017 IR of Southeast Asia 1 Outline of the lecture Sovereignty and regional security Territorial
More informationCHAPTER 2: Historical Context and the Future of U.S. Global Power
CHAPTER 2: Historical Context and the Future of U.S. Global Power MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. European powers were heavily involved in the American Revolutionary war because a. of the wars implications for the
More informationDr Fraser Cameron Director EU-Asia Centre, Brussels
Dr Fraser Cameron Director EU-Asia Centre, Brussels Importance of SCS The SCS is the largest maritime route after the Mediterranean and a vital corridor for EU trade to and from East Asia - 25% of world
More informationTo summarize, the details of the article that is of interest to us are as follows:
From: natalie@isis.org.my To: rarogers@um.edu.my CC: rroy75@hotmail.com Subject: ASEAN Newsletter Date: Thu, 22 Nov 2012 16:21:17 +0800 Dear Mr. Roy Anthony Rogers, I hope this email finds you well. As
More informationAmerican Government Chapter 6
American Government Chapter 6 Foreign Affairs The basic goal of American foreign policy is and always has been to safeguard the nation s security. American foreign policy today includes all that this Government
More informationContents. Preface... iii. List of Abbreviations...xi. Executive Summary...1. Introduction East Asia in
Preface... iii List of Abbreviations...xi Executive Summary...1 Introduction East Asia in 2013...27 Chapter 1 Japan: New Development of National Security Policy...37 1. Establishment of the NSC and Formulation
More informationStrategic Intelligence Analysis Spring Russia: Reasserting Power in Regions of the Former Soviet Union
Russia: Reasserting Power in Regions of the Former Soviet Union Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 Russia has struggled to regain power in Eurasia. Russia is reasserting its power in regions
More informationThe Development of Sub-Regionalism in Asia. Jin Ting 4016R330-6 Trirat Chaiburanapankul 4017R336-5
The Development of Sub-Regionalism in Asia Jin Ting 4016R330-6 Trirat Chaiburanapankul 4017R336-5 Outline 1. Evolution and development of regionalization and regionalism in Asia a. Asia as a region: general
More informationAJISS-Commentary. The Association of Japanese Institutes of Strategic Studies
IIPS Institute for International Policy Studies The Japan Institute of International Affairs RIPS Research Institute for Peace and Security Editorial Advisory Board: Akio Watanabe (Chair) Masashi Nishihara
More informationTalking ASEAN. U.S. Rebalancing to Asia and Chinese New Leadership: Challenges for ASEAN Centrality and its Implications on Neighboring Countries
Talking ASEAN U.S. Rebalancing to Asia and Chinese New Leadership: Challenges for ASEAN Centrality and its Implications on Neighboring Countries Presentation and Discussion Report Tuesday, 17 September
More informationPhilippines U.S. pawn in its looming clash with China?
POWER FEUDS IN THE SCS (WPS): Prospects of Dispute Settlement between Philippines & China Philippines U.S. pawn in its looming clash with China? Political Science Week, UP Manila Dec. 04, 2012 By Center
More information3. Theoretical Overview. As touched upon in the initial section of the literature review this study s
3. Theoretical Overview As touched upon in the initial section of the literature review this study s theoretical framework will focus on the core elements of Buzan s (1993) structural realism along with
More information2. Literature Review and Methodology` Four main elements will be of utmost concern to this paper: Structural
2. Literature Review and Methodology` 2.1 Literature Review Four main elements will be of utmost concern to this paper: Structural realism/neo realism, Canada energy supply, China energy demand, and Canadian
More informationJAPAN-RUSSIA-US TRILATERAL CONFERENCE ON THE SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NORTHEAST ASIA
JAPAN-RUSSIA-US TRILATERAL CONFERENCE ON THE SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NORTHEAST ASIA The Trilateral Conference on security challenges in Northeast Asia is organized jointly by the Institute of World Economy
More informationThe EU Human Rights Country Strategy for the Philippines focuses on the following areas of concern:
Thursday, 12 May, 2016-17:01 Philippines and the EU The relationship between the EU and the Republic of the Philippines is a longstanding one, which has broadened and deepened remarkably in recent years.
More informationCIVILIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS: A Review of Samuel Huntington's Clash of Civilizations. Zhewen Jiang
CIVILIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS: A Review of Samuel Huntington's Clash of Civilizations Zhewen Jiang After the end of Cold War, several influential theories in international relations emerged explaining
More informationCHINA IN THE WORLD PODCAST. Host: Paul Haenle Guest: Robert Ross
CHINA IN THE WORLD PODCAST Host: Paul Haenle Guest: Robert Ross Episode 88: Are China s New Naval Capabilities a Game Changer? June 19, 2017 Haenle: Bob Ross, thank you very much for being with us today
More informationStrategic Developments in East Asia: the East Asian Summit. Jusuf Wanandi Vice Chair, Board of Trustees, CSIS Foundation
Strategic Developments in East Asia: the East Asian Summit Jusuf Wanandi Vice Chair, Board of Trustees, CSIS Foundation Economic development in East Asia started 40 years ago, when Japan s economy developed
More informationCHINA IN THE WORLD PODCAST. Host: Paul Haenle Guest: Wang Yizhou
CHINA IN THE WORLD PODCAST Host: Paul Haenle Guest: Wang Yizhou Episode 3: China s Evolving Foreign Policy, Part I November 19, 2013 You're listening to the Carnegie Tsinghua "China in the World" podcast,
More informationHARMUN Chair Report. The Question of the South China Sea. Head Chair -William Harding
HARMUN Chair Report The Question of the South China Sea Head Chair -William Harding will_harding@student.aishk.edu.hk Introduction Placed in between the Taiwan Strait and the Straits of Malacca Straits
More informationSession 12. International Political Economy
Session 12 International Political Economy What is IPE? p Basically our lives are about political economy. p To survive we need food, clothes, and many other goods. p We obtain these provisions in the
More informationI. Is Military Survey a kind of Marine Scientific Research?
On Dissection of Disputes Between China and the United States over Military Activities in Exclusive Economic Zone by the Law of the Sea Jin Yongming (Institute of Law, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences,
More informationInternational Political Economy
Chapter 12 What is IPE? International Political Economy p Basically our lives are about political economy. p To survive we need food, clothes, and many other goods. p We obtain these provisions in the
More informationExam Questions By Year IR 214. How important was soft power in ending the Cold War?
Exam Questions By Year IR 214 2005 How important was soft power in ending the Cold War? What does the concept of an international society add to neo-realist or neo-liberal approaches to international relations?
More informationForeign Policy. GLOBAL CONNECT University of California, Irvine
Foreign Policy GLOBAL CONNECT University of California, Irvine Overview Review: States, Nations, and Nation-States Foreign Policy Basics What is Foreign Policy? The National Interest Sphere of Influence
More informationWhat is Global Governance? Domestic governance
Essay Outline: 1. What is Global Governance? 2. The modern international order: Organizations, processes, and norms. 3. Western vs. post-western world 4. Central Asia: Old Rules in a New Game. Source:
More informationJapan s defence and security policy reform and its impact on regional security
Japan s defence and security policy reform and its impact on regional security March 22 nd, 2017 Subcommittee on Security and Defense, European Parliament Mission of Japan to the European Union Japan s
More informationhe Historical Context of Australia s Political and Legal Strategy in th...
Posted on March 8, 2014 In 1974, with the prospect of an Indonesian annexation of Timor on the horizon, Australia faced an important question: would Australia receive more favorable access to the gas and
More informationModern International Relations An Elective Social Science Course for Loudoun County Public Schools
Modern International Relations An Elective Social Science Course for Loudoun County Public Schools Loudoun County Public Schools Ashburn, Virginia 2014 Modern International Relations The United States
More informationSECURITY CHALLENGES IN THE ASIA- PACIFIC REGION: A US PERSPECTIVE
SECURITY CHALLENGES IN THE ASIA- PACIFIC REGION: A US PERSPECTIVE Patrick M. Cronin alliance.ussc.edu.au October 2012 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Analysts should not discount the continued threat posed by North
More informationThe South China Sea Territorial Disputes in ASEAN-China Relations Aileen S.P. Baviera, University of the Philippines
The South China Sea Territorial Disputes in ASEAN-China Relations Aileen S.P. Baviera, University of the Philippines Recent events call attention to the territorial disputes in the South China Sea as a
More informationEast Asian Maritime Disputes and U.S. Interests. Presentation by Michael McDevitt
East Asian Maritime Disputes and U.S. Interests Presentation by Michael McDevitt Worlds top ports by total cargo 2012 1. Shanghai, China (ECS) 744 million tons 2. Singapore (SCS) 537.6 3. Tianjin, China
More informationChapter 1 The Cold War Era Political Science Class 12
CHAPTER 1 THE COLD WAR ERA 1. The Background 10x10 Learning TM Page 1 2. Significant Features of the Cold War. Questions at the end of the Chapter: 1. Which among the following statements about the Cold
More informationOverview East Asia in 2010
Overview East Asia in 2010 East Asia in 2010 1. Rising Tensions in the Korean Peninsula Two sets of military actions by the Democratic People s Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) heightened North-South
More informationFaculty of Political Science Thammasat University
Faculty of Political Science Thammasat University Combined Bachelor and Master of Political Science Program in Politics and International Relations (English Program) www.polsci.tu.ac.th/bmir E-mail: exchange.bmir@gmail.com,
More informationand the role of Japan
1 Prospect for change in the maritime security situation in Asia and the role of Japan Maritime Security in Southeast and Southwest Asia IIPS International Conference Dec.11-13, 2001 ANA Hotel, Tokyo Masahiro
More informationTHE NEXT CHAPTER IN US-ASIAN RELATIONS: WHAT TO EXPECT FROM THE PACIFIC
THE NEXT CHAPTER IN US-ASIAN RELATIONS: WHAT TO EXPECT FROM THE PACIFIC Interview with Michael H. Fuchs Michael H. Fuchs is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and a senior policy advisor
More informationWith great power comes great responsibility 100 years after World War I Pathways to a secure Asia
8 th Berlin Conference on Asian Security (BCAS) With great power comes great responsibility 100 years after World War I Pathways to a secure Asia Berlin, June 22-24, 2014 A conference jointly organized
More informationThis document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.
This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title U.S.-Philippines relations post September 11 : security dilemmas of a front-line state in the war on
More informationGEN Iwata Speech Draft at CA EX 2014
GEN Iwata Speech Draft at CA EX 2014 - JGSDF efforts for stabilization of the Asia-Pacific Region - General Morrison, Chief of the Australian Army, and distinguished guests gathered here today, [Introduction]
More informationWhat is new in Russia s 2009 national security strategy?
Eastern Pulse 6(21) Centre for Eastern Geopolitical Studies www.cegs.lt - 25 June 2009 What is new in Russia s 2009 national security strategy? The new strategy provides little substance and is rather
More informationTara Davenport Research Fellow Centre for International Law
Maritime Security in Southeast Asia: Maritime Governance Session 3 Provisional Arrangements of a Practical Nature: Problems and Prospects in Southeast Asia Tara Davenport Research Fellow Centre for International
More informationNational Security Policy. National Security Policy. Begs four questions: safeguarding America s national interests from external and internal threats
National Security Policy safeguarding America s national interests from external and internal threats 17.30j Public Policy 1 National Security Policy Pattern of government decisions & actions intended
More informationTest Bank. to accompany. Joseph S. Nye David A. Welch. Prepared by Marcel Dietsch University of Oxford. Longman
Test Bank to accompany Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation Joseph S. Nye David A. Welch Prepared by Marcel Dietsch University of Oxford Longman New York Boston San Francisco London Toronto Sydney
More informationAdam Liff Assistant Professor of East Asian International Relations, Indiana University
Video Transcript for Contemporary Security Challenges to Japan Online at http://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/multimedia/contemporary-security-challenges-japan Adam Liff Assistant Professor of East Asian International
More information1. Introduction. Michael Finus
1. Introduction Michael Finus Global warming is believed to be one of the most serious environmental problems for current and hture generations. This shared belief led more than 180 countries to sign the
More informationCHAIRMAN S STATEMENT ON THE FOURTH ASEAN DEFENCE MINISTERS MEETING-PLUS (4 TH ADMM-PLUS) MANILA, 24 OCTOBER 2017
CHAIRMAN S STATEMENT ON THE FOURTH ASEAN DEFENCE MINISTERS MEETING-PLUS (4 TH ADMM-PLUS) MANILA, 24 OCTOBER 2017 1. The Fourth ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting-Plus (4 th ADMM-Plus) was held on 24 October
More informationTHE GAMING AMONG CHINA, THE PHILIPPINES AND THE US IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTES
THE GAMING AMONG CHINA, THE PHILIPPINES AND THE US IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTES XINHUI ZHONG Master Thesis, June 2013 Supervisor: Peer Møller Christensen Development and International Relations, Aalborg
More informationI. Background: An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is an area of water a certain distance off the coast where countries have sovereign rights to
South China Seas Edison Novice Committee I. Background: An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is an area of water a certain distance off the coast where countries have sovereign rights to economic ventures
More informationREALISM INTRODUCTION NEED OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
REALISM INTRODUCTION NEED OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS We need theories of International Relations to:- a. Understand subject-matter of IR. b. Know important, less important and not important matter
More informationASEAN 2015: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
ASEAN 2015: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Dr. Wilfrido V. Villacorta Former Philippine Ambassador and Permanent Representative to ASEAN; Former Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN PACU ASEAN 2015 SEMINAR,
More informationEMERGING SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NATO S SOUTH: HOW CAN THE ALLIANCE RESPOND?
EMERGING SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NATO S SOUTH: HOW CAN THE ALLIANCE RESPOND? Given the complexity and diversity of the security environment in NATO s South, the Alliance must adopt a multi-dimensional approach
More informationTrans-Pacific Trade and Investment Relations Region Is Key Driver of Global Economic Growth
Trans-Pacific Trade and Investment Relations Region Is Key Driver of Global Economic Growth Background The Asia-Pacific region is a key driver of global economic growth, representing nearly half of the
More informationTrade and Security: The Two Sides of US-Indian Relations
Trade and Security: The Two Sides of US-Indian Relations New Delhi is a valuable partner to Washington on one but not the other. Allison Fedirka August 13, 2018 Trade and Security: The Two Sides of US-Indian
More informationThe Nomocracy Pursuit of the Maritime Silk Road On Legal Guarantee of State s Marine Rights and Interests
Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering 6 (2016) 123-128 doi 10.17265/2159-5879/2016.02.007 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Nomocracy Pursuit of the Maritime Silk Road On Legal Guarantee of State s Marine Rights
More informationImplications of the Indo-US Growing Nuclear Nexus on the Regional Geopolitics
Center for Global & Strategic Studies Implications of the Indo-US Growing Nuclear Nexus on the Regional Geopolitics Contact Us at www.cgss.com.pk info@cgss.com.pk 1 Abstract The growing nuclear nexus between
More informationArticles Lecture. Week Three
Articles Lecture Week Three WHAT DID THE ASEAN DEFENSE CHIEFS MEETING IN SINGAPORE ACHIEVE? MAIN POINTS South China Sea disputes to terrorism, with Islamic State continuing to pose a challenge to the region
More informationAP Government Policy Makin y g Text Ch Chapt 1 er 5 15
AP Government Policy Making Text Chapter 15 Policy Making and Public Policy 5-15% A. Policy making in a federal system B. Formation of policy agendas C. Role of institutions in policy enactment D. Role
More informationJapan s Position as a Maritime Nation
Prepared for the IIPS Symposium on Japan s Position as a Maritime Nation 16 17 October 2007 Tokyo Session 1 Tuesday, 16 October 2007 Maintaining Maritime Security and Building a Multilateral Cooperation
More informationEconomic Diplomacy in South Asia
Address to the Indian Economy & Business Update, 18 August 2005 Economic Diplomacy in South Asia by Harun ur Rashid * My brief presentation has three parts, namely: (i) (ii) (iii) Economic diplomacy and
More informationASEAN Cooperation in Maritime Security Focusing on the ASEAN Ministers Meeting in August 2017
ASEAN Cooperation in Maritime Security Focusing on the ASEAN Ministers Meeting in August 2017 Tomotaka Shoji Head, America, Europe, and Russia Division, Regional Studies Department The Association of Southeast
More informationClimate Change, Migration, and Nontraditional Security Threats in China
ASSOCIATED PRESS/ YU XIANGQUAN Climate Change, Migration, and Nontraditional Security Threats in China Complex Crisis Scenarios and Policy Options for China and the World By Michael Werz and Lauren Reed
More informationVISIONIAS
VISIONIAS www.visionias.in India's Revitalized Look at Pacific and East Asia Table of Content 1. Introduction... 2 2. Opportunities for India... 2 3. Strategic significance... 2 4. PM visit to Fiji and
More informationChapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization
Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization Chapter 5: Internationalization & Industrialization... 1 5.1 THEORY OF INVESTMENT... 4 5.2 AN OPEN ECONOMY: IMPORT-EXPORT-LED GROWTH MODEL... 6 5.3 FOREIGN
More informationPublic Goods Supply on Korean Peninsular 1. Zhang Jingquan. Professor, Northeast Asian Studies College, Jilin University
Public Goods Supply on Korean Peninsular 1 Zhang Jingquan Professor, Northeast Asian Studies College, Jilin University As we know, the scarcest resource on Korean Peninsular is security. However, what
More informationInternational Political Science Association (IPSA) July 23-28, Draft Paper Outline-
International Political Science Association (IPSA) 24 th World Congress of Political Science July 23-28, 2016 -Draft Paper Outline- A Comparison of Realist and Critical Theories: A Case of the US-Saudi
More information2. Realism is important to study because it continues to guide much thought regarding international relations.
Chapter 2: Theories of World Politics TRUE/FALSE 1. A theory is an example, model, or essential pattern that structures thought about an area of inquiry. F DIF: High REF: 30 2. Realism is important to
More informationJoint Statement of the 16th ASEAN-China Summit on Commemoration of the 10th Anniversary of the ASEAN-China Strategic Partnership
Joint Statement of the 16 th ASEAN-China Summit on Commemoration of the 10 th Anniversary of the ASEAN-China Strategic Partnership ----------------------------------- WE, the Heads of State/Government
More informationPOST COLD WAR U.S. POLICY TOWARD ASIA
POST COLD WAR U.S. POLICY TOWARD ASIA Eric Her INTRODUCTION There is an ongoing debate among American scholars and politicians on the United States foreign policy and its changing role in East Asia. This
More informationAssessing China s Land Reclamation in the South China Sea
Assessing China s Land Reclamation in the South China Sea By Sukjoon Yoon / Issue Briefings, 4 / 2015 China s unprecedented land reclamation projects have emerged as one of its key strategies in the South
More informationPLENARY SESSION FIVE Tuesday, 31 May Rethinking the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) in the Post-Cold War Era
PS 5 (a) PLENARY SESSION FIVE Tuesday, 31 May 2011 Rethinking the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) in the Post-Cold War Era by HASJIM Djalal Director Centre for South East Asian Studies Indonesia
More informationCHINESE NATIONALISM AND THE MORAL INFLUENCE. Sun Tzu Explains China s Shaping Operations in the South China Sea
In the past two weeks, Filipino President Duterte has agreed to 13.5 billion dollars in trade deals with China, softened his country s claims to Scarborough Shoal, and called for the expulsion of U.S.
More informationKeynote Speech by H.E. Le Luong Minh Secretary-General of ASEAN at the ASEAN Insights Conference 11 September 2014, London
Keynote Speech by H.E. Le Luong Minh Secretary-General of ASEAN at the ASEAN Insights Conference 11 September 2014, London Mr Michael Lawrence, Chief Executive, Asia House Excellencies, Distinguished Guests,
More informationGlobal Affairs (GLA) Global Affairs (GLA) Courses. Global Affairs (GLA)
Global Affairs (GLA) Correction to GLA 2603: Credit cannot be earned for both GLA 2603 and POL 2603. Global Affairs (GLA) Courses GLA 1013. U.S. in the Global Arena. (3-0) 3 Credit This course assists
More informationCoalition Building in ASEAN. Orlando S. Mercado, PhD
Coalition Building in ASEAN Orlando S. Mercado, PhD OUTLINE Present issues concerning ASEAN (focus on South China Sea issue) ASEAN Way evolution, changes, current mechanisms ASEAN Way: a stumbling block
More informationTHE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS. US HISTORY Chapter 15 Section 2
THE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS US HISTORY Chapter 15 Section 2 THE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS CONTAINING COMMUNISM MAIN IDEA The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any nation resisting communism; The Marshal Plan aided
More informationReading Essentials and Study Guide Independence and Nationalism in the Developing World
Reading Essentials and Study Guide Independence and Nationalism in the Developing World Lesson 1 South and Southeast Asia ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How can political change cause conflict? How can political
More informationtrade, interdependence, and security
strategic asia 2006 07 trade, interdependence, and security Edited by Ashley J. Tellis and Michael Wills Regional Studies Strategic Dimensions of Economic Interdependence in Southeast Asia Donald E. Weatherbee
More informationSoutheast Asia. Overview
Southeast Asia Overview SE Asia, For many years, has been somewhat ignored by the West (especially the USA) Reasons- issues with Russia, China, Middle East, South Asia, and Vietnam Recent events have brought
More informationSOCHI DECLARATION of the ASEAN-Russian Federation Commemorative Summit to Mark the 20 th Anniversary of ASEAN-Russian Federation Dialogue Partnership
Final SOCHI DECLARATION of the ASEAN-Russian Federation Commemorative Summit to Mark the 20 th Anniversary of ASEAN-Russian Federation Dialogue Partnership Moving Towards a Strategic Partnership for Mutual
More informationCounteracting Chinese Hegemony in the South China Sea
Perspective Counteracting Chinese Hegemony in the South China Sea Matthew Baker August 2012 Key Facts The South China Sea potentially holds vast Natural Gas reserves: The EIA estimates that total gas resources
More informationIS CHINA S SOFT POWER DOMINATING SOUTHEAST ASIA? VIEWS FROM THE CITIZENS
Briefing Series Issue 44 IS CHINA S SOFT POWER DOMINATING SOUTHEAST ASIA? VIEWS FROM THE CITIZENS Zhengxu WANG Ying YANG October 2008 International House University of Nottingham Wollaton Road Nottingham
More informationHSX: REGIONAL POWERS ATTAINING GLOBAL INFLUENCE
HSX: REGIONAL POWERS ATTAINING GLOBAL INFLUENCE June 2017 CONTEXT! There is some dispute over what exactly constitutes a regional power; generally speaking, however, a regional power is a state that enjoys
More informationMAINTAINING A SMALL STATE S STRATEGIC SPACE: OMNIDIRECTIONAL HEDGING
MAINTAINING A SMALL STATE S STRATEGIC SPACE: OMNIDIRECTIONAL HEDGING By Olli SUORSA International Studies Association Hong Kong June 10, 2017 INTRODUCTION According to the realist logic, great powers shape
More informationPolicy Recommendation for South Korea s Middle Power Diplomacy: Maritime Security Policy
Policy Recommendation for South Korea s Middle Power Diplomacy: Maritime Security Policy Min Gyo Koo Seoul National University March 2015 EAI MPDI Policy Recommendation Working Paper Knowledge-Net for
More informationThe Asia-Pacific as a Strategic Region for the European Union Tallinn University of Technology 15 Sep 2016
The Asia-Pacific as a Strategic Region for the European Union Tallinn University of Technology 15 Sep 2016 By Dr Yeo Lay Hwee Director, EU Centre in Singapore The Horizon 2020 (06-2017) The Asia-Pacific
More informationIndonesia and East Asia
Indonesia and East Asia September 18, 2013 H.E. Dr. Marty Natalegawa Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia Dr. Natalegawa delivered his lecture on Indonesia and East Asia at a Special Event
More informationWhy NAM is Needed be press.docx
From the SelectedWorks of Vivek Kumar Srivastava Dr. Fall October 8, 2016 Why NAM is Needed be press.docx Vivek Kumar Srivastava, Dr. Available at: https://works.bepress.com/vivek_kumar_srivastava/24/
More informationASEAN as the Architect for Regional Development Cooperation Summary
ASEAN as the Architect for Regional Development Cooperation Summary The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has played a central role in maintaining peace and security in the region for the
More informationThe strategic environment of the Asia Pacific region : addressing the challenges ahead
August 8, 2013 The strategic environment of the Asia Pacific region : addressing the challenges ahead Ladies and gentlemen, Good afternoon I am delighted to be here today, and would like to thank Mr Jennings
More informationTHE HABIBIE CENTER DISCUSSION REPORT. 1 st Ambassador Seminar Series. U.S. Foreign Policy towards ASEAN
THE HABIBIE CENTER DISCUSSION REPORT 1 st Ambassador Seminar Series U.S. Foreign Policy towards ASEAN The Habibie Center, Jakarta January 20, 2016 INTRODUCTION JAKARTA On Wednesday, 20 January 2016, The
More informationTHE ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIES: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
2nd Kyoto Seminar on Sustainable Growth in the Asia Pacific Region Kyoto, 25 26 October 2007 THE ASIA PACIFIC ECONOMIES: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Prof. Dr. Norma Mansor Faculty of Economics and Administration
More informationTASC Social Studies Sample Test Items
TASC Sample Test Items This chart is the stimulus for Items 1 and 2. The chart lists some examples of international organizations and their functions. The use of charts in social studies allows students
More informationEssentials of International Relations Eighth Edition Chapter 3: International Relations Theories LECTURE SLIDES
Essentials of International Relations Eighth Edition Chapter 3: International Relations Theories LECTURE SLIDES Copyright 2018 W. W. Norton & Company Learning Objectives Explain the value of studying international
More informationChina and ASEAN: Together for a Shared Future in the New Era H.E. Mr. HUANG Xilian Ambassador of People's Repubulic of China to ASEAN
China and ASEAN: Together for a Shared Future in the New Era H.E. Mr. HUANG Xilian Ambassador of People's Repubulic of China to ASEAN A New Era for China-ASEAN relations Three aspects of this topic: 1.
More informationReforms, Growth Move Ahead
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 JCER/Nikkei Consensus Survey on Asian Economies April 10, 2017 Reforms, Growth Move Ahead Diversified,
More information