Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes

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1 Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes Canadian Identity and Autonomy World War I battles, especially Vimy Ridge our own seat at the Paris Peace Conferences Chanak Crisis, 1922 Halibut Treaty, 1923 King-Byng Crisis, 1926 Imperial Conference, 1926 (Balfour Report) Statute of Westminster, 1931/British Commonwealth of Nations Branch plants CBC CRTC National Film Board (NFB) Massey Commission Canada Council effects of WWII new flag Canada s International Role CIDA NATO NORAD NGOs Vietnam War Foreign Investment Review Agency/FIRA Free Trade Agreement/FTA/NAFTA World War I Battles, especially Vimy Ridge Battle of Ypres February 1916 i. Germans released Cl 2 gas ii. 1 st proving ground for Canadians iii Canadian casualties 2000 deaths iv. 1 st time for trench warfare v. Flanders Fields written here Battle of Somme July 1916 ( Somme, France) i. Allies attacking German trenches 1. attempts to end stalemate ii. led by British General Sir Douglas Haig iii. 1 st time allies used tanks iv. Attrition tactics used v. 90% of Newfoundland Regiment hurt or killed deaths Battle of Vimy Ridge April 1917 (France) Considered to be Canada s greatest victory in WWI. It brought great recognition to the exploits of the Canadian Corps and for many soldiers it increased their sense of pride in Canada as a nation. i. Second attempt of attaining strategic German point by Allies ii. 1 st time all four Canadian divisions fought together Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 1

2 iii. Led by British commander Julian Byng 1. later became Governor General iv. tactics of machine guns, shells & artillery 1. some fighter aircraft v France gave Vimy Ridge to Canada Battle of Passchendaele i. Heavy rains caused tanks to get stuck in mud 1. field became a swamp ii. General Currie argued Passchendaele could not be taken 1. General Haag ordered attack iii. Canadians took over the town until reinforcements came 1. only one in five Canadians survived a died iv. Only seven kilometres was gained Canadian Performance i. CEF fought as separate unit Canadian Expeditionary Force: volunteer army formed in 1914 after the outbreak of war. Originally one division, it grew to 4 infantry divisions plus artillery and all the necessary support services (medial, transport, etc.) By 1917 it was known as the Canadian Corps. ii. By % of British Air Force pilots were Canadian 1. Famous Canadian Roy Brown a. Shot down Baron Von Richthofen i. German responsible for shooting down most enemy planes b. Billy Bishop i. Canada s top wartime ace 1. shot down 72 enemy planes Our own seat at the Paris Peace Conferences Following WWI, Canada was given a seat at the Paris Peace Conference i. Meeting to discuss world issues 1. prevention of war ii. Canada gained independence on the world stage 1. first step away from Britain 2. first independent say in international affairs iii. Later this led to the development of the League of Nations Chanak Crisis Mackenzie King wanted to avoid war i. Refused to support Britain when it announced plans to invade Turkey ii. Britain felt Canada had to support them iii. King told Britain that it was Canadian s parliaments decision to make iv. Crisis passed before decision could be made Mackenzie King s refusal was an indication that Canada would no longer support the British in conflicts that had no impact on Canada. Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 2

3 Halibut Treaty Signed its own Halibut fishing treaty with the United States i. First time Canada signed treaty without Britain s consent King - Byng Crisis minority government i. Scandal in public officials involved in illegal activities ii. King lost support in parliament iii. Conservative opposition called for a motion of censure 1. vote of strong disapproval = vote of non-confidence 2. King would have to resign iv. Byng would not allow King to dissolve parliament for an election 1. King resigned v. Arthur Meighen (Conservative Leader) formed government 1. defeated within a few days vi. Byng had to hold another election 1. King won a. Following he claimed that Byng threatened the Constitution and Canada s independence 2. Demonstrated that the Prime Minster held more power than the Governor General Imperial Conference (Balfour Report) 1926 & Statute of Westminster, British Commonwealth of Nations Greatest progress towards independence i. Dominions of British Empire requested formal recognition of the freedom to govern themselves ii. Lord Balfour and a committee examined the request 1. supported the dominions iii Balfour Report became the Statute of Westminster 1. turned the British Empire into the British Commonwealth 2. BNA Act remained in Britain (Constitution) a. No amending formula could be agreed on 3. Judicial Court of Appeal remained in Britain until 1949 Branch Plants Businesses that are owned and controlled by companies outside of the country o But operate within the country 1921 British influence on Canadian economy declining (Britain s War time debt) o US emerged as economic leader Increased investment in Canada o British investors granted loans to Canadian investors Americans invested directly in resource sector Bought out Canadian firms Began exerting a huge influence on Canadian economy and culture Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 3

4 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) 1932 Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission formed o Regulate airwaves in Canada o Changed later to the CBC Regulated private radio & had say for private stations limitations o Board of Broadcast Governors Regulated all stations Private & public Canadian Radio- Television and Telecommunications (CRTC) 1968 regulated amount of foreign material broadcast over airwaves o Imposed rules requiring Canadian content National Film Board 1939 Created short documentaries and short informational films o Made Canadians feel like they were part of the war Massey Commission 1949 investigated state of Canadian culture o Said Canada needed to be protected from American influence o Recommended NFB be strengthened o Government be involved in funding universities and the arts Canada Council o 1957 awarded grants to writers, artists and theatres New Flag Lester Pearson believed that Canada should cut symbolic ties with Britain o New Flag o Please French Unite the two societies Created in Feb.1965 o Flag debate CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency) Created in 1968 to oversee assistance to developing countries NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Created in 1949 Designed for neutral defence o Members agreed that an attack on any one member would be assumed an attack on all members Canada, U.S, Britain & Western Europe NORAD (North American Air Defence Agreement) Established in 1957 o Included Canada and the US o Included radar stations set up to detect Soviet planes or missiles Three lines constructed in Canada s North Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 4

5 Canada contributed $300 million To meet the possible threat of Soviet attack on America NGO s = non-governmental organization A special interest group o United Way, The Canadian Red Cross, Doctors without Borders, Oxfam and the Western Canada Wilderness Committee Work internationally providing services and lobbying governments to change unfair policies Vietnam War Vietnam was divided into North (communist) & South (democratic --> dictatorship) North supported by China & Russia South supported by the US Americans felt that if the south should fall to communism then other Asian states would fall to it o American involvement in the war was called a client war o Americans fought on behalf of South Vietnam o First time War was documented Caused a giant loss of support in Americans Large immigration in Canada (draft dodgers) The significance of the war was that the two superpowers (US & Russia) avoided a direct military confrontation by fighting through other countries Major Conflict of the Cold War The last four years of the war, Americans wanted to bomb Vietnam into submission o Many bombs dropped on North Vietnam The amount of bombs dropped was more than that of the entire WWII 1973 ceasefire was reached 1973 last American troops left Vietnam South Vietnam was dominated by communist North Canada was vocal about its disagreement with American policies concerning the Vietnam War Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA) Created 1973 by Trudeau government To approve the establishment of any new foreign companies in Canada o Purpose to target American investment and protect Canadian industries Free Trade Agreement (FTA) (NAFTA) FTA Agreement signed between Canada (Mulroney) & US (Ronald Reagan) o Removed tariffs on goods crossing the border o Opened Canada to US investment and vice-versa NAFTA 1992 (signed) (effect) o Between US, Canada & Mexico Those in favour: Improves Canada s economy Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 5

6 Those against: Increased trade with US o Increase in American investment Number of Canadian jobs lost to relocation of companies o Mexico cheaper, lower labour/ environmental laws o FT was not successful during Mulroney s term because Canada was experiencing a recession American & Canadian political and economic fortunes linked Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 6

7 Changes in attitudes toward First Nations people Indian Act of 1876 status Indians assimilation Residential Schools Aboriginal Rights cut-off lands Revisions to Indian Act, 1951 Aboriginal Right to Vote 1960 Berger Commission Aboriginal Self-Government Assembly of First Nations Oka Standoff Delgamuluukw Ruling/Aboriginal Title Nisga a Land Claim comprehensive claims/specific claims Indian Act of 1876: - regulated movement and lives of Aboriginal peoples - helped to enforce assimilation - banned the potlatch - provided schools, medical care, hunting and fishing rights, and annual treaty payments to Aboriginals - Gave Special Status to aboriginal peoples - Treated natives like children - Denied the right to take up land, and denied the right to vote - To gain the right to vote, aboriginals must give up their Indian status Status Indians: Those who have legal rights under the Indian Act. They have rights under treaties, or, where no treaties have been signed, rights as registered Indians. Assimilation: Canadian government hoped to have Aboriginal peoples adopt the same culture, and especially become the same as European Canadians. Residential Schools: System administered by protestant and catholic missionaries across the country to educate Aboriginal children in Canadian culture (see Assimilation). Children were often physically, sexually and emotionally abused. Cut-off lands: Large tracts of land had been set aside as reserves for Aboriginal people The federal government took land from the reserves without the consent of Aboriginal bands involved Aboriginal leaders wanted their claims to the land recognized by the federal government o In 1906, Joe Capilano (a chief of the Squamish people), made the long journey to London, England, to present a land claim petition to King Edward VII. o Several years later, the Allied Tribes of British Columbia appealed the federal government s actions. Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 7

8 The Allied Tribes claimed that cut-off land was contrary to the Indian Act (which regulated relations between the federal government and the Aboriginal peoples) o The Federal government responded by changing the Indian Act so that Aboriginal consent was not required for the transfer of reserve lands. Revisions to Indian Act, Native children allowed to attend public schools Aboriginal Right to Vote the natives were given the right to vote in federal elections The White Paper, 1969 Proposed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Indian Affairs Minister Jean Chretien, it was intended to address the issues facing aboriginal people living in Canada. It proposed the abolition of reserves and an end to special status for treaty Indians. The idea was that equality was necessary for a solution to the problems of Indians, and that special status had been the major cause of difficulties. The National Indian Brotherhood was formed to represent status Indians, and the Native Council of Canada was created to represent non-status Indians and Metis to fight the White Paper. It was withdrawn in Berger Commission: Recommended that construction of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline be suspended for ten years pending in an in depth environmental study and negotiations with the Aboriginal people about financial compensation self government and other issues. Aboriginal Self-Government: The right of a colony or cultural group to define the structure, laws, and policies that will govern its own affairs. Aboriginal Rights: became more recognized, and aboriginal people began to submit more land claims Assembly of First Nations: Formed in 1980, it was used to represent the Aboriginal People s dealings with the federal government. Passed bill C-13 which gave Aboriginal band councils the right to decide who lived on Aboriginal reserves. Oka Standoff: The Oka town council decided to expand a golf course into a land that Mohawks at a nearby reserve considered sacred. The Mohawk warrior society decided to stop construction by blockading the land. On July 11 th 1990, gunfire broke out and one police officer was killed. Police blockaded the reserve. This was a demonstration that Canada s First Nations were willing to fight for their rights. Aboriginal Title: Delgamuluukw Ruling Aboriginal people had land claims over their tracts of land in British Columbia. BC was unique in Canada in that only a few First Nations on Vancouver Island had negotiated land treaties. In 1993, the Nisga a won a partial victory when some justices of the Supreme Court of Canada acknowledged that the concept of Aboriginal title (right to land) did indeed exist. Two neighbouring nations, the Gitksan and the Wet suwet en, took their land claim to court. Their claim became known as the Delgamuluukw case. Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 8

9 In 1998, ruling on the Delgamuluukw case, the Supreme Court of Canada defined Aboriginal Title. o It ruled that Aboriginal people could claim ownership of land if they can prove that they occupied the land before the Canadian government claimed sovereignty, and that they occupied it continuously and exclusively. This was a landmark ruling that would have application in other parts of Canada. Nisga a Land Claim In 1887, the Nisga a, the original occupants of the Nass Valley in the northwest, began asserting their land rights. In 1912, they became the first group to make a land claim against the Canadian government. Even when the Indian Act made it illegal for them to raise funds for land claims, they continued their struggle In 1993, the Nisga a won a partial victory when some justices of the Supreme Court of Canada acknowledged that the concept of Aboriginal title (right to land) did indeed exist. In the mid-1990 s, the governments of Canada and BC decided that the time had come to settle rather than dispute the Nisga a claims. In 1996, the Nisga a also won the right to develop their own municipal government and policing. o The government offered to pay the Nisga a $190 million over fifteen years. In compensation for lost land. The Nisga a agreed to become taxpayers, giving up their tax-exempt status under the Indian Act. In the closing days of 1999, the Parliament of Canada passed the Nisga a deal over the strong objections of the opposition Reform Party. The treaty was given royal assent. Comprehensive/Specific Claims Aboriginal land claims have been of two types. o Specific claims Have arisen in areas where treaties between Aboriginal peoples and their federal government have been signed, but their terms have not been kept. For example, the agreed-upon size of a reserve may have decreased as land was taken away for the building of a highway or other development. o Comprehensive claims These have questioned the ownership of land in large parts of Canada that were never surrendered by treaty Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 9

10 French vs English Canadians Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, 1963 Official Languages Act, 1969 October Crisis, 1970 FLQ War Measures Act Bill 22, 1974 Bill 101, 1977 Bloc Quebecois/Parti Quebecois Referendum, 1980 Sovereignty Association Meech Lake Accord Distinct Society Charlottetown Accord, 1992 Referendum, 1995 Clarity Bill, 1995 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism 1963 Appointed by Lester Pearson to investigate some solutions for the French to feel more home in Canada The commission recommended that Canada become officially bilingual 1964 Pearson suggested a new flag old one too British o Many Canadians opposed Official Languages Act 1969 Trudeau acted on the advice of the Bilingualism and Biculturalism and passed this act Made Canada an official bilingual country Now mandatory to have federal services in both languages o Many Canadians embraced idea enrolled kids into French emersion courses o Western Canadians upset felt like French was being forced upon them October Crisis FLQ: October 5 kidnapped James Cross, a British diplomat In exchange for Cross release made many demands such as the release of several FLQ members serving prison sentences for previous crimes Federal and Quebec authorities agreed to most demands, refused to release prisoners October 10 Quebec labour minister Pierre Laporte - kidnapped by FLQ Trudeau asked parliament to impose War Measures Act October 16 federal troops sent to patrol streets of Ottawa and Montreal hundreds of pro-separatist Quebeckers were arrested 1 day later body of Pierre Laporte found in trunk of car 2 months later Cross found in exchange for return, the FLQ were offered a safe passage to Cuba Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 10

11 War Measures Act: Under the act civil rights were suspended Anyone can be arrested and detained without being charged with an offence Membership in the FLQ became a crime Bill Passed by the Bourassa government making French the official language of Quebec and limiting the teaching of English in schools and use of English in business Bill 101 Passed by the Lévesque government made Bill 22 more strict couldn t have any signs in English Referred to as the Charter of the French Language All employees of the Quebec government would have to perform their work in French Children of immigrants would be required to attend French schools Quebec used the notwithstanding clause to override a 1989 Supreme Court decision that declared Bill 101 unconstitutional Bloc Quebecois/ Parti Quebecois 1976 Quebec voted for the P.Q for their provincial government Lévesque promised if the vote was for P.Q it automatically meant separation He held a referendum before making any moves towards independence Passed Bill 101 Referendum 1980 Lévesque called a referendum as he promised He asked Quebeckers to vote yes to give his government a mandate to negotiate a new agreement with Canada based on the sovereignty association Proposed Quebec become politically independent still maintain close economic association with Canada Trudeau negotiate new constitution - no side wins 60 percent voted no Quebeckers wanted a constitution where Quebec was equal partner in confederation & a distinct society Sovereignty Association A proposal by Quebec nationalists that Quebec have political independence yet retain close economic ties or association with Canada 40% voted yes Meech Lake Accord 1987 all 10 premiers met at Meech Lake to include Quebec in the constitution Mulroney s way of creating constitutional harmony Distinct Society: Quebec wanted to be referred to as a distinct society French speakers in Quebec wanted to be known as something other than Québecois Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 11

12 This worried English Canadians and Aboriginals felt that the French-speaking Quebeckers shouldn t have any special recognition unfair Aboriginal leader Elijah Harper refused to sign the accord Parts of the proposed Accord: o distinct society o 3 of the 9 supreme court judges were to come from Quebec o Any amendments to the constitution would need to be agreed to by all 10 provinces o Provinces could choose to opt out of federal funding o Quebec would be able to control its own immigration Charlottetown Accord 1992 the amending of the constitution came again All leaders met in Charlottetown to reach a new agreement Made provisions for aboriginal self-government, senate reform, universal health care, workers rights, and environmental protection Aka Canada Round included a Canada Clause as well as the distinct society clause for Quebec Only 4 of the 10 provinces agreed felt that the provisions were too large and daunting Referendum Jacques Parizeau premier and leader of the PQ held another referendum for Quebec s sovereignty The non side won 50.6% Parizeau resigned and was replaced by Bouchard Bouchard had every intention of calling another sovereignty referendum, but only if they were going to win Clarity Act 1999 Passed by the Canadian government, it stated that in any future referenda, Quebec must ask a clear question and win a clear majority Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 12

13 Intolerance/Changes to Immigration Policies Head Tax, 1885 Chinese Exclusion Act, 1923 internment of Japanese Canadians, WWII Post WWII Immigration Point System, 1967 Multiculturalism Act, 1971 Canadian Multiculturalism Act, 1987 Citizenship Act of 1976 Immigration Act of 1976 Head Tax, 1885 The head tax is the fee that Chinese immigrants were required to pay after the Chinese Act was passed in 1885 when they entered Canada. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1923 This act effectively prevented Chinese people from immigrating to Canada. It was not repealed until Internment of Japanese-Canadians in WWII After Japan joined the war, many Canadians didn t feel safe around Japanese-Canadians Japanese invasion of Hong Kong on Christmas Day, 1941 made matters worse, as Canadian soldiers were stationed there Government and RCMP did not think that the Japanese were a threat, but the public were absolutely convinced that they were dangerous Government caved to pressure Early 1942, under the War Measures Act, all Japanese-Canadians were voluntarily asked to come to relocation centres 22,000 Japanese-Canadians in Canada, 750 showed up, rest brought by force Families separated, most were interned and others sent to Manitoba or Alberta to work on farms. This allowed them to stay with their families January 1943, government passes Custodian of Aliens Act, which allowed interned Japanese property was confiscated and sold 1945, when war ends, Japanese offered to either repatriate to Japan or settle to the east of the Rockies, permanently 1947, government cancels repatriation order due to public pressure (Notice the irony here? This whole mess was started AND ended by public pressure) 1988, government apologizes and gives all people affected and still living $21,000 in compensation Post WWII Immigration Many refugees came to Canada after the war because they could not return home Almost 2.5 million people immigrated to Canada between 1945 and 1967 Unlike previous waves of immigrants, who worked on farms when they got here, most of the ones this time settled in cities Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 13

14 Massive demand for housing created massive suburbs, where many city dwellers moved Most of these immigrants were European. Point System 1967 In 1967, legislation made Canada s economy officially colour-blind Canadian economy required people with training and specific skills so immigrants were chosen by a point system based on education and employment prospects, fluency in English or French (racial background no longer a factor), must also submit to a medical test Applicants must have 67 out of 100 points Multiculturalism Act 1971 There had been restrictive immigration- only white immigrants Other immigrants did arrive but very view and faced many hardships regulations removed on Asian, African and other immigration Trudeau made multiculturalism an official policy Encouraged different ethnic groups to express cultures- activities organized around the country (festivals, games, food) - to prevent racism Citizenship Act of Trudeau implemented Citizenship Act Eliminated gender discrimination, granted citizenship to children of overseas marriage when mother was Canadian (previously granted when father was Canadian) Require adequate knowledge of one of two official languages of Canada before an immigrant could become a citizen Canadian Multiculturalism Act s- immigrants with money and business skills encouraged to create jobs by investing money (major increase in Asian immigration) Act created to recognize all Canadians as full and equal participants in Canadian society (all immigrants keep identity and take pride in ancestry) Department of Multiculturalism and Citizenship- promote multiculturalism in all areas of government policy Some supported it because it strengthened national unity and allowed immigrants to feel more at home and welcome Others felt that everyone had their own identity (favoured assimilation) Immigration Act of 1976 Refugees had to be considered for their ability to adapt and resettle in Canada, not just from the perspective of their need for protection. These restrictions on refugee claims came about as a result of the huge backlog of refugee claims, and the increasing number of people filing fraudulent claims. However, despite these attempts, the backlog mounted, and fraudulent claims increased. Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 14

15 Immigration Act of 1978 In 1978, the federal government passed a new Immigration Act, which reduced barriers to immigrants and gave the provinces a new role in immigration policy. Quebec now had the ability to ensure that new immigrants would be able to adapt to its francophone culture. New immigrants were welcome regardless of colour, religion, or country of origin. The Immigration Act of 1978 created three categories of immigrants: the family class (relatives who were sponsored by exiting Canadian citizens), refugees, and independents (people seeking improved living conditions). Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 15

16 Changes in the roles of women/attitudes toward women suffragists Nellie McClung Famous Five Agnes McPhail Emily Murphy Persons Case Charter of Rights and Freedoms Royal Commission on the Status of Women, 1967 Irene Murdoch Suffragists People who advocated that women should have the right to vote Nellie McClung Well-known suffragist who campaigned for women s rights. She was from Manitoba as a result, Manitoba was the first province that granted women the right to vote. Famous Five Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Louise McKinney and Irene Parlby Addressed supreme court about persons case (see below) Agnes McPhail First woman to be elected into the House of Commons Won her riding in 1921 election Was appointed to the senate in 1954, but died before appointment was fulfilled Emily Murphy First female judge in British empire (magistrate in Alberta) Led the persons case when she was challenged that women were not persons under the law Persons case Emily Murphy s title was challenged on the basis that only a person could hold a seat in office and women weren t considered persons The supreme court of Alberta ruled that she was allowed to be a judge The famous five challenged P.M. King to appoint a woman senator to clarify the definition of persons Supreme court of Canada decided that women were not persons under the constitution Famous five appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain; they declared that the word persons includes members of both sexes Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 16

17 Charter of Rights and Freedoms Under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms women were guaranteed equality = equal pay for work of equal value, the right to apply for certain jobs that had been unavailable to them before i.e. firefighter Became more accepted for women to work outside the home and to have the same careers as men Royal Commission on the Status of Women In response to the pressure from feminists, the government set up the royal commission on the status of women in 1967 It came to these conclusions: -women should have the right to choose to work outside the home -society in general, as well as parents should take some responsibility for children; therefore daycare services should be provided -women should be entitled to paid maternity leave from their jobs -the federal government should do all it can to help overcome discrimination against women in society Irene Murdoch An Alberta farmer who worked along side her husband on their ranch Divorced her husband and claimed a share of the ranch on the basis of her contributions to it, however, the Supreme Court of Canada denied her claim Their claim was based on the grounds that her work was only what was expected from a farmer s wife and not a partnership Canadian feminists were outraged and presented the case to the wider court of Canadian public opinion In 1973, Irene Murdoch was finally granted a payment and her case helped to bring about many changes in family law in the 1970s Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 17

18 Successes and Failures of United Nations General Assembly/Security Council Human Rights Korean War, Suez Crisis, 1956 Gulf War, 1990 peacekeeping Somalia Rwandan genocide, General Assembly/Security Council a. GA provides a forum in which member nations can debate issues of concern i. Each member has a seat and the right to vote on issues ii. Has three powers to use against aggressor nations 1. condemn aggressor through speeches and resolutions 2. use economic sanctions urging members not to trade with aggressor 3. respond militarily by sending in an armed force iii. only had limited success b. SC the body of the UN that is responsible for maintaining peace and security i. Has five permanent members Big Five 1. Britain, France, US, Russia, and China(represented by the gov. in Taiwan until 1971) ii. 10 non-permanent members 2 year term 1. All decisions made need to have consent of nine members a. the Big Five have the power to Veto i. prevented the UN from taking decisive action many times ii. up to 1995 when the Cold War was escalating the veto power was used 78 times and 75 was by the Soviet Union iii. when the permanent members do agree on a course of action, UN can be very powerful 2. Human Rights a. UN wanted to abolish famine and disease to protect Human Rights i. Created World Health Organization ii. UNICEF United Nations Children s Fund iii. International Monetary Fund 1. to stabilize world economy by helping countries that were in debt b. Canada has been big supporter of UN since it s beginning i. aided refugees from war and natural disasters ii. worked on development projects in various countries 1. building schools, dams and roads iii. peacekeepers have been involved in every operation of the UN since 1956 to 1999 Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 18

19 3. Korean War, a. WWII left Korea divided i. North = communist supported by USSR and China ii. South = fragile democracy supported by US iii. War broke out in 1950 when North tried to invade South 1. UN tried to force invaders to retreat a. Most UN force were Americans b. Canada sent thousands of troops and 3 naval destroyers c. Lester Pearson (Canadian Minister of External Affairs) tried to get a cease-fire from all sides d. US was going to use and A-bomb but didn t 2. Cease-fire happened in There has been tension between communist nations and the West 4. Suez Crisis, 1956 a. Suez Canal in Egypt b. Gave Canada an opportunity to take a leading role in the UN c. Canal links Mediterranean and Red seas and is the shortest route between Europe and the Indian Ocean i. Originally owned by British and French investors when built in 1800s ii Egypt s president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, took control of the canal 1. Israel felt threatened a. Britain and France quick to support Israeli invasion of Egypt i. Landed troops in canal zone b. UN SC wanted a cease-fire but it was ignored 2. Soviet Union offered financial aid and missiles for Egypt 3. US was angry b/c no one told them a. Threatened retaliation against Soviet involvement anyways 4. Canada Conservative Party wanted to support Britain a. PM Louis St Laurent (Liberal) refused to support them b. Lester Pearson tried to work out a solution i. said that the UN Emergency Force be sent to the Suez Canal to be mediators between rival armies 1. UN complied and the Force was under the command of a Canadian general ii. Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in this crisis 5. Gulf War, 1990 a. Persian Gulf (Former Yugoslavia and Africa) i. August Iraqi troops invade Kuwait 1. UN told them to withdraw and threatened economic sanctions if the refused 2. US demanded that a military force should be used as a last resort to force the Iraqis out a. Took lead in the force against the Iraqis i. Joined by 27 other countries Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 19

20 ii. January 1991 deadline the UN gave the Iraqis to withdraw (they didn t) 1. US and other countries started bombarding targets from air and sea a. Canada participated with a squadron of fighter bombers, units of the Canadian Army, and Canadian Navy Ships patrolled the Persian Gulf i. Called Operation Desert Storm b. Destroyed Iraq s fighting force and the country s infrastructure c. Technology Changes i. Smart weapons 1. laser guided bombs, cruse missiles (could be launched kms from their targets) d. Victory for US i. President George Bush proclaimed a New World Order 6. Peacekeeping a. New World Order i. UN will have a more active role as a global police force b. Previously the UN was for peacekeeping i. Negotiating settlements and keeping warring factions apart c. Now more peacemaking i. Use force to punish aggression 1. military action would preserve long term peace and security d. US is left to dominate world affairs because it was the only Superpower remaining after the collapse of the Soviet Union 7. Somalia a UN launched Operation Restore Hope i. Somalia (east Africa) had been the victim of civil war and starvation ii. Mainly lead by US but Canada and other countries joined 1. distribute food and other supplies to the local population iii. put Canada s armed forces in a crisis 1. a Somali teenager found on Canadian base camp a. some members of Canadian Airborne Regiment tortured him and beat him to death b. they said that it was a few low-ranking officers that had done this racist crime i. turned out that there had been a high-level attempt to cover it up c. The Airborne Regiment was disbanded in Rwandan genocide, 1994 a. The nation was torn into ethnic rivalries b. France and Belgium sent in troops to control the slaughter c. Some UN peacekeepers were sent i. Commander was Canadian Major General Roméo Dallaire 1. said that the UN needed to sent a huge multinational force to disarm the warring factions 2. plan required speed and US support Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 20

21 a. US was the only country that could provide enough troops at such short notice i. Wasn t a very good response b/c the US was afraid of another defeat as in Somalia d. April 1994 the world found out that there was a huge killing wave and almost 1 million people were killed in a few weeks After the UN failures in all of these situations, people began to question the future of the organization. Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 21

22 Welfare State and Regionalism the Canadian Welfare State Old Age Pensions Act, 1927 Employment Insurance/Unemployment Insurance Medicare Canadian Health Act, 1984 The emergence of regionalism Rowell-Sirois Commission, 1937 Cooperative Commonwealth Federation Regina Manifesto Social Credit Party Union Nationale Party, Quebec transfer payments/equalization payments/equalization programs OPEC National Energy Program (NEP) Reform Party OLD AGE PENSION ACT OF Passed on April Provided a pension of $240 a year for people over 70 - This Developed into Canada s social safety net. - Not a lot of money even in 1927 MEDICARE - Introduced by T.C. Tommy Douglas in Saskatchewan - Introduced a complete Medicare program that allowed all people in the province to seek medical treatment without paying directly out of their own pocket. - Bill finally passed for Medicare in Saskatchewan in 1962 proved to rest of nation that Medicare system was possible - Tommy left politics in 1962 and became leader of NDP - The liberals feared that the NDP might capture votes with a campaign for national Medicare - As a result the liberals added Medicare to their platform. - A bill was created for national Medicare called Medical Care Act which was passed into law in The bill meant the federal and provincial governments would share cost of all medical care by doctors and hospitals for all Canadians money coming from income tax. - Medicare was and is a controversial social program - Medicare is the social program that is valued most by Canadians. - Controversial because it is expensive and difficult to keep up with technology. - Old technology equals more waits and also equals less standard of care. Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 22

23 CANADIAN HEALTH ACT OF 1984 (CHA) - CHA is Canada s federal health insurance legislation - Established guidelines to ensure all Canadians have equal access to medical services (hospital visits, surgeries, family doctors) - Most medical services CHA forbids doctors and hospitals from charging user- fees. - No out of pocket expense to visit hospitals, see doctors, get X-rays - Under CHA, each province receives money from the federal government in form of transfer payment to pay for healthcare. - Each province uses money as they need it - Benefit: homeless or millionaires can get the same medical care when they see a doctor - Problem: the system has become very expensive EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE/ UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE - was known as Unemployment insurance until all members of workforce pay into fund - go government contributions to fund - seasonal work, such as fishing, has special rules for easier EI collection programs as well as unemployment - introduced in 1940 with the Unemployment Insurance Act, giving biweekly payments to those who lost their jobs WELFARE STATE Old Age Pensions Act, 1927: The first old-age pension in 1927, an act of the federal parliament, was jointly financed by federal and provincial governments but administered by the latter, as pensions were considered a constitutional responsibility of the provinces at that time. It paid up to $20 per month, depending on other income and assets, and was available to British subjects 70 years of age and older with 20 years of residence in Canada. A strict means test was applied and was widely regarded as humiliating. Cooperative Commonwealth Federation: Canadian Political Party founded in 1932 in Calgary Alberta by a number of socialist labor groups. In 1944 became the first socialist government in Canada. In 1961 it became the New Democratic Party. Medicare: complete Medicare program that allowed all people in the province to seek medical treatment without paying directly out of their own pockets. Canadian Health Act, 1984: piece of Canadian federal legislation adopted in 1984 which specifies the conditions and territorial health insurance programs must conform in order to receive federal transfer payments under the Canada health transfer Employment insurance: refers to government benefit payments during a period of unemployment. Unemployment insurance: payments made by the government to unemployed people Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 23

24 THE EMERGENCE OF REGIONALISM Rowell-Sirois Commission, 1937: every province ought to have the resources to provide services at the average national level without levying taxes beyond the average national level Social Credit Party: conservative populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform Union Nationale Party, Quebec: was a political party in Quebec, that identified with conservative French-Canadian nationalism, it was created during the great depression and held power in Quebec Transfer payments: direct payments from the governments to other governments or to individuals, it is a mechanism for providing social security, income support, and for alleviating regional disparities Equalization payments: to ensure that every province was able to offer its citizens the same level of services Equalization programs: make direct payments to provincial governments to make it equal OPEC: organization of petroleum exporting countries felt the impact when the cartel decided to raise oil prices dramatically by cutting back on world supply National Energy Program: unilateral attempt by the federal government to achieve 3 objectives, energy security, by which was meant oil self-sufficiency; a redistribution of wealth towards the federal government and consumers; and a greater Canadian ownership of the oil industry. Reform Party: western-based political party that grew out of a coalition of discontented western interest groups, coalition began in 1986 was an attempt to voice western concerns at the national level Regina Manifesto: forerunner of the program of the co-operative commonwealth federation and was adopted at the first national convention of the CCF held in Regina Social Studies 11 Provincial Exam Essay Question Themes 24