What defined Canada in the early 1900s, and what attitudes and expectations did Canadians have for the century ahead?

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 1 Canada at the Turn of the Century: A Different Canada Timeframe: Guiding Question: Society and Manners: (Notes 1 of 3) What defined Canada in the early 1900s, and what attitudes and expectations did Canadians have for the century ahead? - Canada still heavily influenced by attitudes of Victorian ; high moral strictness. - Expected to attend church, supported Britain and, believed in honour, virtue and duty. - trying to solidify their rights/position in society. - They fought to address social problems of the day ( ), and fought for right to vote ( ). - Women had few rights over property or children, not considered persons under the law (unless committed a ), salary property of her husband, divorce was rare. - Canadian art and literature sentimental; expressed preference for life, simple values, and happy endings. - Lucy Montgomery (Anne of Green Gables), Pauline Johnson, Emily Carr. - Leisure activities for Canadians were primarily activities such as running, cycling, rowing, swimming, and tobogganing. Still a British Nation: - Canada was a British colony. Canada had own government but still depended on Britain to resolve its with other (ie. The Alaska Boundary Dispute). - Most English-speaking Canadians to be British subjects; called. - French-speaking Canadians did NOT support British Empire; called. - Saw themselves as Canadiens rather than British subjects, believed Canada should have and be totally independent from Britain. - rights also creating a divide between English and Frenchspeaking Canadians.

2 Canada s Changing Population: (Notes 2 of 3) - Wilfrid became the seventh Prime Minister of Canada in He realized that for Canada to prosper, it needed more people, especially in the. - Government launched advertising campaign; targeted and Europeans. - Homesteaders could buy hectares of land for $10; had three years to build a house and begin cultivating the land. - Most Canadians were, did not welcome ethnic change, disliked outsiders. - As a result, many newcomers to Canada experienced discrimination and prejudice. - Eastern Europeans (Ukrainians and Polish) targeted in the Prairies. - Many Chinese,, and South Asian immigrants suffered from discrimination and racism in British Columbia. - The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 was an attempt by federal government to immigration from Asia. - Under Act, every Chinese immigrant had to pay a tax of $50 upon arrival. - Canada s peoples also facing trying times during this period. - Federal government made attempts to these groups through development of residential schools, reserves, and enforced farming. - Forced into to free up land for settlers and immigrants from Europe. - Policy of assimilation had been in place since 1871, and by early 1900s the populations of Aboriginal peoples were.

3 An Economy Transformed: (Notes 3 of 3) - Canada s economy based around its abundance of resources. - The export of timber, wheat, and minerals contributed to the economic in the early 1900s. - In early 1900s, hydroelectric power stations built to provide power to Canada s factories. Arrival of electricity was an enormous boost. - Electrical power bigger and better higher levels of production more jobs. - Most manufacturing set toward natural resources or providing tools and equipment for farms and homes. - With increase in jobs came increase in for consumer goods. - Canada Dry, Shredded Wheat, Palmolive soap, Heinz ketchup, telephones, automobiles. - Corporations grew larger during this period of industrial expansion. - With little competition, employers could set high prices for goods and pay low wages to workers. - Trade began to form as a result. Pressed for better pay, reduced hours of work, and better safety conditions.. - In 1910, a series of failures led to collapse in stock market. Ended two decades of rapid growth. - By 1914, Canada was in a. Industries cut back on production; many unemployed. The First World War ( ) would help to bring Canada out of this recession. - Growing industry/economy led to (rural urban OR farm city). - These growing cities filled with contrast of rich and poor. - Cities offered, cultural and opportunities. However, widespread problems.

4 CHAPTER 2 Canada and the First World War Timeframe: Guiding Question: What effect did Canada s participation in the First World War have on Canadian society and its status as a nation? Causes of the First World War: (Notes 1 of 7) - Powerful countries practised ; fought to conquer weaker nations so they could exploit land and resources. - A result of, countries looked to expand empires. - Germany was struggling to establish itself as an imperial power. - Imperialism. War seen as acceptable way to resolve conflicts. Countries began building their military resources to protect interests and intimidate each other. - Arms race developed between Britain, Germany, and. - At the same time, another power struggle occurring between, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire over a valuable region called the. - These intense rivalries in Europe resulted in a series of. - Triple was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. - Triple (Allies) consisted of France, Britain, and Russia. - Alliances formed to reduce threat of war but had opposite effect. Why? - Threat of also proved grounds for war. Conquered countries sought independence. - A nationalistic group in the Balkans called the Black Hand would start a chain reaction by Austro-Hungarian prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie. ***Optional: - Black Hand (Serbian) had support. Thus also support of Britain and France. (Triple Entente) - Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) had support of Germany. (Triple Alliance)

5 Canada s Response to the War: (Notes 2 of 7) - Canada had become political union in 1867, but still controlled foreign policy. - As a result, when Britain declared war, Canada at war. - Most Canadians supported war out of strong patriotic feeling for Britain and the Empire. - Prime Minister Borden initially offered 25,000 troops but more than Canadians volunteered in the first month. - Many signed up because of patriotic feeling, thought war would be short, or were unemployed and needed money. - Not all volunteers welcomed. considered too frail and too emotional. peoples not accepted initially. Reluctant to take African and Japanese Canadians. - Women who did join worked as and drivers. Minorities did join but few were promoted, despite serving their country well. - National identity emerges as a result of war. - Before war, Canada was a patchwork of regions. Few and connections existed. - Wartime training brought Canadians together. - The army formed by these volunteers was known as the Canadian Force (CEF). - Initially CEF was to be integrated into the British units but ended up maintaining its independence and fighting as a separate unit. - This contributed greatly to growing sense of national identity. - War Act introduced in by Borden in 1914 to help meet the demands of the war. - Gave federal government power to directly in the economy to control, manufacturing,, and agricultural production. Also had power to limit freedom of Canadians.

6 The War on Land: (Notes 3 of 7) - The First World War was structured around Germany s Plan; a two-front war with Russia in the east and France in the west. - Why didn t the Schlieffen Plan work for Germany? - A planned war of -speed turned into an exhausting, gruelling stalemate of warfare. - Trenches presented horrible conditions; cold, damp, muddy,, rat-infested. - New technologies powerful but unproven and not fully understood. (Machine guns, artillery guns, bombs, armoured tanks) - Many commanders failed to understand how new technologies demanded new. As a result, engaged in a war of. The War in the Air: - still a new invention at time of the War; very dangerous. - At beginning of war, pilots flew alone in doing aerial. - Planes armed shortly after and aerial became common. - When a pilot could prove he had shot down five enemy aircraft, he became an. The War at Sea: - The Naval Service Act of 1910 authorized the building of Canadian warships. - The ships were under Canadian control but were turned over to if war broke out. - Although Canada s navy was small and unable to contribute much to the war effort, Canada s marine played a significant role in the war by doing the dangerous work of ferrying munitions and food to Britain. ***Question: How did the German U-boats (submarine) contribute to the United States entering the war in 1917?

7 Major Canadian Battles: (Notes 4 of 7) - The first division of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) arrived in France in The Second Battle of Ypres - Some of battles of early war fought in and around the Belgian town of Ypres French and Canadian troops were blinded, burned, or killed when Germans used gas (outlawed). - Battle continued for a month; more than Canadians were killed, wounded, or captured. The Battle of the Somme - In July 1916, the launched a massive attack against a line of trenches near the Somme River in France. - The battle lasted 5 months; there were more than 1.25 casualties, 24,000 among them. - Despite heavy losses, Canadian troops distinguished themselves and were brought in to lead future assaults. The Battle of Vimy Ridge - In 1914, Germans took control of Vimy Ridge, a key position near the Somme. - point gave a clear view of surrounding countryside, supply routes, and enemy. - For two years, British and French troops made unsuccessful attempts to get it back. - In 1916, Lieutenant-General Julian led Canadian troops to a stunning victory, gaining more ground, taking more prisoners, and capturing more artillery than any previous British offensive in the entire war Canadians killed, wounded. Passchendaele - Canadian General Arthur asked to lead CEF and retake town of Passchendale. - Canadians captured Passchendale but victory resulted in more than 200,000 casualties on each side, including more than Canadians.

8 The Home Front: (Notes 5 of 7) - Canada and many of its citizens committed to supporting war effort. - factories started building ships, airplanes,. - The production and export of Canadian goods reached record highs. - Canadian economy during war. However, controls frustrated many Canadian workers. - By 1918, war effort costing Canada about $2.5 million. Bonds, honour rationing, tax, and a corporate tax were launched to cover these costs. - However, did not raise enough; had to borrow money from other. - Canadians bombarded with to gain their support of the war. - What is negative/bad about propaganda? - War effort provided opportunities for. Increased industrial production created a demand for labour; access to higher jobs. - Without women s efforts on the home front, Canada s wartime economy would have. - Their wartime contributions combined with the efforts of suffragists across the country won them the right to in many provinces Manitoba, Alberta and ; Ontario and British Columbia; right to vote in elections. - On December 6, 1917, the Explosion occurred. It devastated Halifax s harbour, levelling much of the city, killing more than 2000 people, and injuring 9000 people.

9 The Conscription Crisis: (Notes 6 of 7) - By 1917, thousands of Canadian men had been killed and many thousands more seriously injured. Not enough to replenish Canadian forces. - Borden had promised no. However, clearly needed more men. - In 1917, Borden introduced the Military Act, which made enlistment. - Exemptions for the disabled, the, those with essential jobs or special skills, and objectors. - Conscription faced strong opposition in. - descendants did not have patriotic connection to war because most were generations removed from their ancestors. Saw themselves as. - They saw the Military Service Act as a means of forcing them to fight in a war that had no connection to them. - Created a further divide between Francophones and. - There was also a labour movement that strongly opposed conscription. - farmers opposed conscription because needed their to work the farm at home. - Industrial workers felt they were already contributing to the war effort and did not want to give up their jobs to fight in Europe. - Strong opposition to conscription weakened Borden s position and chances of winning the next. - Forced Borden to pass the Military Act and the Wartime Act to ensure his government won the majority of votes. - Despite Borden s victory in the election, conscription debate did not subside. occurred in Quebec. - Nevertheless, conscription took place. 401,882 men called up; 125,000 were enlisted; reached France before the end of the war.

10 The End of the War / Canada After the War: (Notes 7 of 7) - The United States entry into the war and success achieved during the Days Campaign led to the end of the war. - Canadian troops won important battles at Arras,, and Valenciennes during the campaign. - An, or truce to end the war, on the Western Front was signed in a railway car in at 5:00am on November 11, The war was to stop at am. - Leaders of the Allies met in 1919 at the Peace Conference. A number of were signed that defined new and compensation for losses suffered during the war. - This was a significant event for Canada because we had earned our own at the conference; separate from Britain. - For the first time, Canada gained international recognition as an nation. - Treaty of signed at the conference. This document laid out the of peace between Germany and the Allies. - Under treaty, Germany had to accept responsibility for starting war, give up gained territory, pay war totalling approx. $30 billion, surrender its navy, reduce its army, and were forbidden to with Austria. - The Treaty of Versailles also included the formation of the League of. - Most Canadian soldiers returned to Canada in early Came home to find no steady for veterans, no special services for those wounded in war, and few. - Aboriginal soldiers disappointed to return home to prejudice and even less support than other veterans of the war. - To make matters worse, Flu of 1918 swept across Canada killing approx. 50,000 Canadians.