1. In 1914, combined to drag Europe into a world war. 1. Among the powers of Europe, nationalism caused a desire to.

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1 Name Class Period Chapter 11: World War I (The Great War) and Beyond Lecture Notes Section 1: From Neutrality to War (pages ) I What Caused World War I? A What caused World War I, and why did the United States enter the war? 1 In 1914, combined to drag Europe into a world war 2 The United States attempted to remain but abandoned its long tradition of staying out of European conflicts B In 1914, five factors made Europe a powder keg ready to explode C Nationalism, or devotion to one s country, caused tensions to rise 1 Among the powers of Europe, nationalism caused a desire to 2 Some felt and questioned the loyalty of ethnic minorities 3 Social Darwinists applied the idea of to nations D Economic competition for trade and colonies increased nationalistic feelings 1 Economic caused a demand for in Africa, the Pacific islands, and China 2 Alliances provided a that made some leaders E Militarism, combined with nationalism, led to an 1 Nations, including machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks, submarines, and airplanes F On June 28, 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Archduke, Francis Ferdinand 1 The assassination that drew into a bloody conflict II The Fighting Begins A Europe s alliance system caused the conflict to, creating two main combatants 1 Allied Powers included 2 Central Powers included 1

2 B Germany invaded, a country, to attack 1 The German advance was stopped about 2 The war bogged down as both sides dug a long series of, creating the C The era s deadly defensive weapons made attacks and and a quickly developed 1 Neither side could overcome the other s defenses, III Wilson Urges Neutrality A As the war dragged on in Europe, President Wilson urged Americans to remain 1 The United States had a long tradition of 2 Yet one-third of Americans had been 3 Many Americans one side or the other B US public opinion fell into three main groups 1 -favored of the war 2 -favored on the Allies side 3 -wanted the US to, but not fight IV Neutrality Gives Way to War A Early in the war, the British navy had set up a 1 Britain s goal was to contraband goods 2 In defiance of international law, Britain also, such as food and gasoline, from reaching Germany 3 Germany responded by trying to B German U-boats torpedoed ships bound for Britain 1 On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British passenger ship off the coast of Ireland, killing many Americans C Americans were angry about the Lusitania Germany failed to keep its 1 President Wilson still wanted, but he began to for the possibility of war 2 In 1916, Congress the army and more warships D Two events in 1917 led President Wilson to ask Congress to declare war on the Central Powers 2

3 1 The was intercepted In this telegram, tried to forge an with against the United States 2 Germany returned to a policy of, sinking any ship headed for Britain E On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war against Germany, saying 1 Congress responded with a declaration of war on April 6, and the World War I Section 2: The Home Front (pages ) I America Mobilizes for War A For the first time, the played a role in Americans, taking on new powers to 1 The war required, but it also brought new B In 1917, the United States needed to increase the size of its army 1 President Wilson called for 2 Congress passed the 3 More than 4 million US soldiers were sent to C The federal government took control of the wartime economy 1 The Council of National Defense created federal agencies to oversee 2 Bernard Baruch headed the War Industries Board (WIB), which regulated 3 The Food Administration, led by Herbert Hoover, D The War Industries Board encouraged factories to increase output 1 Similarly, the encouraged farmers to produce more food 2 Women entered the to help the war effort E The Committee on Public information (CPI) encouraged public support for the war 1 Headed by George Creel, the CSI distributed millions of pamphlets and sent out thousands of press releases 2 CPI materials and stressed the enemy s cruelty II Opposition and Its Consequences A Not all Americans supported the war 1 The draft was, and some men refused to for it 2 were supposed to be exempt from the draft 1 In practice, however, this exemption was widely by local draft boards 3

4 B Some women also opposed the war 1 Jeannette Rankin, a and the only woman in Congress, voted against the war 2 formed Women s Peace Party and Women s International League for Peace & Freedom C The government passed laws to discourage dissent 1 The gave postal authorities power to ban newspapers or other printed materials that could incite 2 In 1918, the outlawed speech that went against the government or the military 3 Congress enacted laws that imposed and on anyone who interfered with the war effort D Support of the Allies and anger at Germany caused a backlash against German Americans 1 Some schools stopped teaching the language 2 People stopped to music by German composers 3 They called hamburgers and Dachshunds E Occasionally, hatred of the German enemy boiled over into against German Americans III The War Changes American Society A The war presented new opportunities to African Americans 1 367,000 served in the military 2 In the, more than a million African Americans moved, hoping to escape B Women embrace new opportunities 1 As men entered the armed forces, many women moved into the workforce 2 Some joined the or the American Women s Hospital Service and went overseas 3 By their efforts and sacrifices during the war, women convinced President Wilson to Section 3: Wilson, War, and Peace (pages ) I America Gives the Allies the Edge A When the United States entered World War I in the spring of 1917, the war was at a deadly, bloody stalemate along the Western Front 1 The American entry into the war would play a B When the United States entered the war in 1917, Germany, hoping to win the war before American troops could make a difference 4

5 1 of British and American ships, protected by warships, provided better safety at sea C Several factors gave the Central Powers an advantage on land 1 The Allies were from years of fighting 2 was torn apart by at home 3 Communists gained control of Russia, and their leader signed a treaty with Germany in 1918, ending Russian involvement in the war 4 The closing of the allowed Germany to send more troops to the D In the spring of 1918, Germany began an all-out offensive on the Western Front 1 The attacks threatened to break through and open a path to Paris 2 More American soldiers began to arrive, and US troops carried more of the of fighting E General John J Pershing turned millions of untrained American men into soldiers, then led them in France 1 The arrival of American soldiers gave the Allies a military advantage 2 They fought bravely in many battles 3 By the end of the war, 13 million Americans had served More than 50,000 of them died F By the fall of 1918, the German front was collapsing 1 Many German and Austro-Hungarian soldiers 2 On November in Compiegne, France G The war took a huge toll on those involved 1 Nearly Allied soldiers and Central Powers soldiers were killed in the fighting 2 In addition, died during the conflict II Wilson Promotes Peace without Victory A He met with European leaders and presented a 1 Wilson s vision of a was grounded in the idea of peace without victory B Wilson s Fourteen Points made specific proposals to promote future peace: 5

6 1 Practice open 2 Allow freedom of the 3 Encourage trade 4 Reduce 5 Scale back 6 Encourage of nations 7 Establish a III Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference A European leaders did not share Wilson s vision of B They wanted for war damages C They also wanted to protect European and expand their countries territories IV America Rejects the Treaty A One by one, Wilson s Fourteen Points were rejected, leaving only the League of Nations 1 The League of Nations was an organization where countries could come together to 2 Wilson s proposal to create a League of Nations was added to the B The Treaty of Versailles redrew the map of Europe and broke up the C Wilson returned to face a hostile Senate, where two groups opposed the treaty 1 The, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed the treaty as written but were willing to negotiate changes 2 The were who opposed the League of Nations D Wilson was unwilling to compromise on the treaty 1 On a speaking tour to promote the in September 1919, Wilson became ill and suffered a stroke 2 As he lay near death, the Senate voted, to ratify the Treaty of Versailles Section 4: The Effects of War (pages ) I America Adjusts to Peace A The Treaty of Versailles produced an Its left Germany with a strong desire for, while threatened worldwide revolution In the United States, the horrors of the war and the fear of led people to question the nation s role in the world B The transition to peace was made more difficult by a deadly pandemic that began in The killed 550,000 Americans and more than 50 million people around the world C Economic troubles also caused problems in the United States 1 A, or, occurred after the war 2 Many and lost their jobs to returning soldiers 3 Tension over jobs and housing led to in some cities 6

7 4 Scarcity of consumer goods and high demand caused, or rising prices D Because rising prices made it harder to make ends meet, inflation caused labor unrest 1 Many for higher pay and shorter workdays 2 In 1919, more than 4 million workers went on strike 3 The workers succeeded in some strikes, but lost far more Some strikes turned II The Red Scare A Several events combined to create the first Red Scare in the United States 1 Violent strikes 2 The emergence of the 3 A series of targeting and B One mail bomb was sent to Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer, who launched the in Police thousands of people 2 Some were ; others were simply 3 Hundreds of people were without a trial C The American Civil Liberties Union ( ) formed in 1920 to protect people s rights and liberties III Red Scare A Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian charged with murder committed during a robbery in Massachusetts 1 Witnesses claimed the robbers 2 Despite little real evidence against them, Sacco and Vanzetti were B Many scholars and politicians believed that the men died because of their IV America Embraces Normalcy A In the 1920 presidential election, Republican Warren G Harding based his campaign on a call for, a return to a 1 Voters rejected President Wilson s 2 Harding won the in a landslide 3 also won control of Congress B After World War I, a new world order emerged 1 The German and Russian 2 The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were 3 The United States became the world s economic center and largest nation 7

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