HISTORY 304 REVIEW PACKAGE

Transcription

1 HISTORY 304 REVIEW PACKAGE CHAPTER 5 The FORMATION OF THE CANADIAN FEDERATION [ ]

2 Theme: TOWARD THE CANADIAN FEDERATION Prior to Confederation, this is how Britain s possessions looked like in N. America: What POLITICAL & ECONOMIC conditions led to the Canadian federation? Politically: - There was MINISTERIAL INSTABILITY in United Canada. The balance of power constantly shifted between the CONSERVATIVES & the LIBERALS. - Neither side could form a MAJORITY government and this meant 10 MINORITY governments in 10 years 2

3 Economically: - The Clear Grits in Canada West demanded REP BY POP [Proportional Representation] in the Assembly. French Canadians opposed this as it would be a danger to their culture and language. - American threat of invasion [MANIFEST DESTINY] - Britain abandoned protectionism and adopted FREE TRADE [forcing the colonies to compete with other countries] - END OF RECIPROCITY TREATY with the U.S in 1864 [leaving the colonies without a trading partner once again] Theme: PHASE I INDUSTRIALIZATION : Where did the CAPITAL [$$$] come from? - Most of the capital came from ENGLAND Where were the INDUSTRIALIZED REGIONS located? - in CITIES like Montreal What types of INDUSTRIES developed? - Shoes & Clothing - Food [flour mills, sugar refineries] - iron and steel factories - Dairy products [mainly butter & cheese] - Railway Construction What were the main ENERGY SOURCES? - Coal - Water power Theme: SOCIAL CHANGES IN QUEBEC : Industrialization led to SOCIAL changes in Quebec: * IMMIGRATION: most came from BRITAIN and settled in Canada West * EMIGRATION: From 1850 to 1900, over ½ million French-Canadians 3

4 emigrated to the USA [called the RURAL EXODUS]. WHY? lack of fertile land in French Canada better pay in US factories mechanization of farms[less need for manpower] SOLUTIONS: Colonization of outlying areas [Lac St. Jean ] Move to Montreal [find factory work] Move to USA [find factory work] * URBANIZATION:By 1900, 36% of Quebec s pop. lived in urban centers. [Urbanization is directly linked to INDUSTRIALIZATION.] WHY? availability of work [& to escape hard farm life] LIVING CONDITIONS IN CITIES? inadequate housing pollution poor sanitation high infant mortality rate high illiteracy rate * UNIONIZATION:By 1890, over 90 unions had been formed. The major weapon used to improve working conditions = STRIKING. WORKING CONDITIONS IN FACTORIES? 10 to 12 hour work days six-day weeks [only off on Sunday s] low wages factories employ women & children and pay them lower wages workers health and security is not a concern for employers 4

5 Theme: THE CONFEDERATION PROJECT What were the STEPS leading to Confederation? - Formation of the GREAT COALITION Brown/Macdonald/Cartier CHARLOTTETOWN conference 1864 QUEBEC conference 1864 [ 72 RESOLUTIONS ] LONDON conference 1867 [ BNA ACT - July 1st, 1867] What were the CHARACTERISTICS of the BNA Act? - 1st four provinces: QUEBEC/ONTARIO/NEW BRUNSWICK/NOVASCOTIA two levels of government: 1] FEDERAL [Ottawa] 2] PROVINCIAL [in each Province] SECTION 91 Federal Powers - Post Office - Currency $$$ - Defense - Trade & Tariffs * * SECTION 92 Provincial Powers - Education - Municipalities - Hospitals - Justice 5

6 Theme: PHASE II INDUSTRIALIZATION : Where did the CAPITAL [$$$] come from? - Most of the capital came from the USA Where were the INDUSTRIALIZED REGIONS located? - in outlying regions [Abitibi, Cote-Nord...] What types of INDUSTRIES developed? - Hydroelectricity - Pulp & Paper - Aluminum What were the main ENERGY SOURCES? - Hydroelectricity Theme: CONSEQUENCES OF CANADA S GROWTH 1. NEW PROVINCES soon came into existence: - MANITOBA : BRITISH COLUMBIA: 1871 [due to promise of railway] - P.E.I.: 1873 [due to having debt wiped out] 2. Purchase of RUPERT S LAND leads to the METIS REBELLIONS: - LOUIS RIEL played a big role in the MANITOBA rebellion [1870] 6

7 - and in the NORTHWEST rebellion [1885] Riel was HANGED; this caused discord between English and French-speaking Canadians The INDIAN ACT [1876] treats Aboriginals as minors with no political rights. They were confined to RESERVES. 3. FEDERAL PROVINCIAL RELATIONS - Provinces defended their areas of jurisdiction from the federal gov t - HONORE MERCIER organizes the 1st inter-provincial conference in 1887 and is the 1st premier to defend PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY Theme: JOHN A. MACDONALD & THE NATIONAL POLICY 1878 WHY did Macdonald implement the NATIONAL POLICY? - due to economic depression [ ] Canada needed a boost. What were the CHARACTERISTICS of the National Policy? 1. INCREASE TARIFFS ON FOREIGN GOODS: Why? To encourage Canadians to buy CANADIAN products. 7

8 2. ENCOURAGE IMMIGRATION: Why? To settle the west, create new markets and defend the land. 3. EXTEND THE RAILWAY NETWORK: Why? To stimulate trade and unify the territory. It took time before the beneficial effects of the National Policy began to be seen in the Canadian economy. As a result, Macdonald s Conservative gov t lost favor and was defeated by WILFRID LAURIER s Liberals in the 1896 election. Theme: THE CONSEQUENCES OF WWI FOR CANADA [ ] How did the war effort impact Canada s ECONOMY? factories and the agricultural industry worked at full capacity to produce: food, clothing and military equipment for the troops. What role did WOMEN play? Women worked in FACTORIES [due to labour shortage]. This gave women: financial independence courage to demand greater autonomy The SUFFRAGETTES helped women get the right to vote in FEDERAL elections in What was the CONSCRIPTION CRISIS ? More troops needed [few volunteers] The Conservative gov t forced CONSCRIPTION [forceful enlistment This divides Canadians: * FRENCH Canadians are opposed [ This is not our war ] * ENGLISH Canadians are for [ We must help Britain ] 8

9 After WWI, what steps enabled Canada to gain AUTONOMY on FOREIGN POLICY? 1919: LEAGUE OF NATIONS Canada asked to be represented as a COUNTRY [not a member of the British delegation] 1919: TREATY OF VERSAILLES Canada participated in the negotiations that ended WWI 1931: STATUTE OF WESTMINSTER This gave almost complete independence to the Dominion of Canada. The British Parliament retained the right to intervene in constitutional matters. Theme: ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE 1920s Canada experienced spectacular economic growth in the 1920s [Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver grew rapidly]: urban population outnumbered rural population pulp & paper industry was booming homes were getting electricity people bought consumer goods [cars, household appliances] The carefree 1920 s came to an abrupt end on OCTOBER 24th 1929 BLACK THURSDAY. WHY? The NY Stock Exchange collapsed which led to: * a worldwide financial and economic crisis * bankruptcies * loss of countless jobs The period from is known as the GREAT DEPRESSION. 9