Origins and Development of Congress Spring 2016
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1 Origins and evelopment of Congress pring
2 Congressional Historical Eras and Electoral iscontinuities A dawning new era? Critical periods Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform Congressional systems 2
3 (Experimental system) Electoral dynamics Organizational dynamics uring critical period uring cong l system -Elite electorate (Table 3.2) -Feds vs. eps. ules Comms. Party leadership -Floor supreme - previous q developed in the House -Ad hoc select comms. dominate -Loose formal organization Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 3
4 (Transition from Experimental to Antebellum systems) Electorate expands Federalists discredited lavery now an issue Napoleanic Wars end Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 4
5 (Antebellum system) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -Mass electorate -Whigs vs. ems. Committees take agenda control -tandings dominate selects -Van Buren tries to make Congress a partisan organ, but -comm chairs compete w/ peaker -egional divisions complicate peakership selection (next slide) -enate leadership remains weak Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 5
6 Balloting for peaker Candidates receiving votes Cadidates receiving 10 or more votes 20 Number of candidates Year 6
7 Balloting for Clerk Number of ballots Year 7
8 Winning peaker Largest Party Year Cong. Ballots Name, tate Party Name Pct John W. Taylor, NY Adams Adams Andrew tevenson, VA Jackson Jackson Andrew tevenson, VA Jackson Jackson Andrew tevenson, VA Jackson Jackson Andrew tevenson, VA Jackson Jackson John Bell, Tenn. Jackson James K. Polk, Tenn. Jackson Jackson James K. Polk, Tenn. em. emocrat obert M.T. Hunter, VA Whig emocrat John White, KY Whig Whig John W. Jones, VA em. emocrat John W. avis, IN em. emocrat obert C. Winthrop, MA Whig Whig Howell Cobb, GA em. emocrat Linn Boyd, KY em. emocrat Linn Boyd, KY em. emocrat Nathaniel Banks, MA Amer. Opposition
9 The Effect of the Balance ule tylized House tylized enate W (N) lavery N W H (N) lavery N N N N N N N N Gov t Activism Gov t Activism 9
10 The Effect of the Balance ule W (N) lavery N W H (N) Gov t Activism 10
11 (Transition from Antebellum to Civil War ystem outh excluded from national elections Party support highly regionalized Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 11
12 (Civil War ystem) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -ems. v. eps. -em. trength in the outh -ep. strength in the North -Knife-edged partisan margins - eed ules in the House -Parties take control of committee rosters -Appr. devolution -Party polarization -Party strong -Caucus organization in House -teering committee in the enate Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 12
13 2nd dim. dw-nominate (multiply b Ideological divisions th Cong. ( ) PP PP P P PP st dimen. dw-nominate 2nd dim. dw-nominate (multiply b nd Cong. 1st dimen. dw-nominate ( ) 13
14 40th Congress ( ) 70th Congress ( ) 100th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative ensity th Congress ( ) ensity ensity Liberal-Conservative 80th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative ensity ensity Liberal-conservative 50th Congress ( ) 110th Congress ( ) Liberal-Conservative ensity Liberal-conservative 90th Congress ( ) Liberal-Conservative Liberal-conservative 14
15 (Transition from Civil War to Textbook systems) Economic dislocations create Progressive/Populist movements Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 15
16 A Word about enate Elections tate legislative elections often brought about chaotic balloting tories of corruption in enate elections led to Progressive calls for reform ise of third parties gave major parties an incentive to create a duopoly of power 17th amendment: popular election of senators (1914) till parties become more prominent Courtesy of the Berryman Political Cartoon Collection, National Archives and ecords Administration. This image is in the public domain. 16
17 The Process tate election (~ Nov.) Nomination? (~mid-jan.) No Bicameral balloting (2 nd Tuesday of session) Joint ballot Canvass No Yes Bicameral majority? Winner Yes 17
18 % joint ballot elections for enate Joint ballots --- all Pct s s s s s Year term begins General elections pecial elections 18
19 Counterfactual: What If No Popular Elections? 17th Amendment emocratic senators - epublican senators Actual Counterfactual Election year 19
20 Counterfactual: What If Popular Election before 1917? 17th Amendment emocratic senators - epublican senators Actual Counterfactual Election year 20
21 (Textbook system) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -egional support for parties -ems pick up progressives and cities Battles over filibuster prominent in the enate -Comms. dominate legislating & careers -consol. in Party cohesion diminishes -party leaders brokers Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 21
22 egional parties Courtesy of Kenneth C. Martis. Used with permission. 22
23 egional parties Courtesy of Kenneth C. Martis. Used with permission. 23
24 ise of careerism: The House.8.6 Pct Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure
25 ise of careerism.8.6 Pct Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure
26 ise of careerism Pct Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure
27 ise of careerism.8.6 Pct.4 = state HO Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure
28 ise of careerism: The enate 50 Pct Year ata Lowess fit 28
29 enate & House Careerism Compared.8.6 Pct Year enate House 29
30 (Transition from Textbook to Post eform system Anti war sentiment divorces supporters of strong defense from ems. Civil ights movement divorces southern Whites from ems, but reinforces Black affiliation with ems Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 30
31 1974 now (Post eform ystem Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -eps conservative, ems. Liberal -egionalism per se deemphasized Floor proceedings open up -Comms important, but. -Parties resurgent -Leaders more assertive (epublicans esp.) Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform 31
32 Loss of regionalism in parties 80th Congress ( ) 114th Congress (Note the color reverse) Courtesy of Kenneth C. Martis. Used with permission. ource: Historical Atlas of Congressional Parties in the United tates Congress by Kenneth Martis ( ) Kurykh. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see Composition of the House by district (2014 election results). Light red are pick ups by epublicans, Light blue are pick ups by emocrats. se_2014.svg 32
33 40th Congress ( ) 70th Congress ( ) 100th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative 50th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative 60th Congress ( ) ensity ensity Liberal-Conservative Liberal-conservative 80th Congress ( ) 110th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative ensity Liberal-conservative 90th Congress ( ) ensity ensity Liberal-Conservative Liberal-conservative 33
34 ise of Party Unity Voting (Update of Figure 3.4) Pct Year ata Lowess smoothing 34
35 ecline of Conservative Coalition (Update of Figure 3.7) House enate Year 35
36 New Electoral Environment? New Organizational Environment? Election Voters more partisan istricts more partisan Party committees play greater role Organization Party leaders more prominent & partisan Committee membership more partisan Chairs eats Link to finance 36
37 Congressional Historical Eras and Electoral iscontinuities A dawning new era? Critical periods Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook New Partisan Congressional systems 37
38 MIT OpenCourseWare Congress and the American Political ystem I Fall 2016 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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