10/15/2015. Ch. 8. Political Parties. Shannon Stapleton/Reuters

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1 Political Parties Ch. 8 Shannon Stapleton/Reuters 1

2 Learning Objectives Identify the functions that political parties perform in American democracy. 8 Determine the significance of party identification in America today. 8.3 Describe how political parties are organized in the United States. Meaning of Party Political Parties 8.1 Team of men [and women] seeking to control governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election (Downs) 2

3 3

4 4

5 5 Tasks of the Parties 8.1 From Public Opinion to Public Policy Parties 1. pick candidates 2. run campaigns 3. give cues to voters (party images) liberal v conservative 4. articulate policies 5. coordinate policymaking Parties, Voters, & Policy: The Downs Model 8.1 Rational-choice theory Political scientist Anthony Downs model Explains actions of voters / politicians weighing costs and benefits of alternatives Most voters are moderate Center of political spectrum Parties seek voter loyalty Position themselves to left & right of center 5

6 FIGURE 8.1 The Downs model: How rational parties position themselves near (but not at) the center of public opinion

7 8.1 How do parties maximize their appeal to voters? 1. Position themselves near political center 2. Lie about their opponents Stake out clear positions to the left or right 4. Make party members sign loyalty oaths 7

8 Party Organization PO Party in Electorate PiE Party in Government PiG The Party in the Electorate No formal membership required Party membership is psychological 8.2 Symbolic images and ideas Citizens think they know what parties stand for Choose parties based on affinity w/ personal preferences More Americans identify as independents 8

9 FIGURE 8.2 Party identification in the United States, Ticket Splitting Voting for one party for one office AND another party for other offices Became the norm 94 in LA county ~70% split ticket 9

10 8.2 More Americans are identifying as Independents, especially People over Minorities 3. Young people 4. Less-educated citizens The Party Organization: From Grass Roots to Washington 8.3 National State Local Local Parties 50 State Party Systems National Party Organizations 10

11 National (3) National Chair National Committee State (2) National Convention State central committees & state conventions Congressional district committees City and county committees Local (4) Precinct and ward committees Activists and volunteers Identifiers and voters Local Parties Once main party organization Party machines Rewarded voters New York & Chicago 8.3 Patronage Jobs for voters & contributors Progressive reforms ended this system Boss Tweed 11

12 Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley 8.3 Walter Bennett/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images The 50 State Party Systems No two exactly alike Some well-funded, some weak Permanent headquarters Provide technical services Open primaries voters are not required to declare party affiliation to participate Closed primaries Registered voters Straight-ticket voting 8.3 Single column or random list of candidates 12

13 The National Party Organizations National convention Meets every four years Writes party platform Formal nomination of candidates National committee 8.3 Operates between conventions Led by national chairperson 8.3 What are the functions of the party s national convention? Write party platform 2. Nominate candidate for president 3. Meet every four years to revise rules 4. All of the above 13

14 Learning Objectives 8.4 Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises Differentiate the various party eras in American history. 14

15 Party Organization PO Party in Electorate PiE Responds to policy views of electorate Elects party-in-gov't Party in Government PiG The Party in Government: Promises & Policy Party in power determines policy Coalitions support parties Most presidents fail to implement campaign promises But they do live up to some of them Party platforms are blueprints

16 Conservatives NDP 16

17 8.4 Which of the following is a campaign promise kept by President Reagan? a. Increase social welfare spending b. Increase defense spending c. Increase the federal deficit d. Increase funding for education

18 Party Eras in American History : The First Party System : Jackson & Democrats Versus the Whigs : The Two Republican Eras : The New Deal Coalition 1968 Present: Southern Realignment & the Era of Divided Party Government Table 8.1 Party platforms, continued on next slide 18

19 Table 8.1 Party platforms, : The First Party System Madison warned against factions Hamilton & the Federalist Party Capitalist support, Northeast Short-lived Ideas of loyal opposition & rotation of power new Jefferson & the Democratic- Republicans Agrarian support, South Torn by factions

20 : Jackson & Democrats Versus the Whigs General Andrew Jackson as leader Democratic-Republicans v. Democratic Party New coalition in election of 1828 Westerners, Southerners, poor whites Broaden suffrage 8.5 Martin Van Buren Theory of loyal opposition Whig Party : The Two Republican Eras 1850s: Slavery dominated politics Split both parties Republicans rose as anti-slavery party Abraham Lincoln & the Civil War Second party realignment Lasted 60 years Democrats controlled the South 1896: Second Republican era Democrats & free silver

21 : The New Deal Coalition Hoover loses to FDR FDR promises New Deal New coalition formed Elements of New Deal coalition Urban dwellers Labor unions Catholics & Jews The poor Southerners 8.5 The Roosevelt realignment 8.5 The Granger Collection, NYC 21

22 FIGURE 8.3 Party coalitions today Present: Southern Realignment & the Era of Divided Party Government Nixon s Southern strategy Support for states rights, law & order, strong military posture Win Southern Democrats

23 FIGURE 8.4 Realignment in the South Present: Southern Realignment & the Era of Divided Party Government 8.5 Republicans did not have Congress New pattern Divided government now normal Dealignment 23

24 8.5 Which events sparked party realignments? 1. Civil War 2. Great Depression 3. Nixon s Southern strategy 4. A & B only 8.5 Learning Objectives Assess both the impact of third parties on American politics & their limitations. Evaluate the advantages & disadvantages of responsible party government. 8 24

25 Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Three types of third parties Cause parties Offshoots of major parties Vehicles for individual candidacies Rarely win office but can affect elections Why only two parties?

26 A successful third party candidate 8.6 Neno Images/PhotoEdit, Inc. 8.6 Why are there only two major parties in the U.S.? 8.6 a. Only two parties are constitutionally allowed b. Two parties fulfill preferences of all voters c. No interest in additional parties d. Winner-take-all elections 26

27 8.6 Why are there only two major parties in the U.S.? 8.6 a. Only two parties are constitutionally allowed b. Two parties fulfill preferences of all voters c. No interest in additional parties d. Winner-take-all elections Understanding Political Parties Democracy & Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern? 8.7 American Political Parties & the Scope of Government 27

28 Democracy & Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern? Responsible party model Distinct governing programs Internal cohesion & commitment Major party must implement program Major party must accept responsibility Party leadership weak in U.S. Blue Dog Democrats Is this good or bad? 8.7 TABLE 8.2 Partisan divisions on key roll call votes during the Bush presidency

29 American Politics & the Scope of Government Not as broad as in Europe Health care example Parties not disciplined Hard to cut spending Not disciplined enough to say no Get more for own constituents 8.7 Discussion Questions 8 How did the modern two-party system develop in the United States? What are party realignments & when have they occurred? What role do parties play in American democracy? 29

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