Origins and Development of Congress Spring 2016
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1 Origins and evelopment of Congress pring 2016
2 Congressional Historical Eras and Electoral iscontinuities A dawning new era? Critical periods Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform Congressional systems
3 (Experimental system) Electoral dynamics Organizational dynamics uring critical period uring cong l system -Elite electorate (Table 3.2) -Feds vs. eps. ules Comms. Party leadership -Floor supreme - previous q developed in the House -Ad hoc select comms. dominate -Loose formal organization Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
4 (Transition from Experimental to Antebellum systems) Electorate expands Federalists discredited lavery now an issue Napoleanic Wars end Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
5 (Antebellum system) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -Mass electorate -Whigs vs. ems. Committees take agenda control -tandings dominate selects -Van Buren tries to make Congress a partisan organ, but -comm chairs compete w/ peaker -egional divisions complicate peakership selection (next slide) -enate leadership remains weak Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
6 Balloting for peaker Candidates receiving votes Cadidates receiving 10 or more votes 20 Number of candidates Year
7 Balloting for Clerk Number of ballots Year
8 Winning peaker Largest party Year Cong. Ballots Name, tate Party Name Pct John W. Taylor, N.Y. Adams Adams Andrew tevenson, Va. Jackson Jackson Andrew tevenson, Va. Jackson Jackson Andrew tevenson, Va. Jackson Jackson Andrew tevenson, Va. Jackson Jackson John Bell, Tenn. Jackson James K. Polk. Tenn. Jackson Jackson James K. Polk. Tenn. em. emocrat obert M.T. Hunter, Va. Whig emocrat John White, Ky. Whig Whig John W. Jones, Va. em. emocrat John W. avis, Ind. em. emocrat obert C. Winthrop, Mass. Whig. Whig Howell Cobb, Ga. em. emocrat Linn Boyd, Ky. em. emocrat Linn Boyd, Ky. em. emocrat Nathaniel Banks, Mass. Amer. Opposition 42.7
9 The Effect of the Balance ule tylized House tylized enate W (N) lavery N W H (N) lavery N N N N N N N N Gov t Activism Gov t Activism
10 The Effect of the Balance ule W (N) lavery N W H (N) Gov t Activism
11 (Transition from Antebellum to Civil War ystem outh excluded from national elections Party support highly regionalized Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
12 (Civil War ystem) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -ems. v. eps. -em. trength in the outh -ep. strength in the North -Knife-edged partisan margins - eed ules in the House -Parties take control of committee rosters -Appr. devolution -Party polarization -Party strong -Caucus organization in House -teering committee in the enate Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
13 Ideological divisions 2nd dim. dw-nominate (multiply b 1st dimen. dw-nominate PP PP P P PP 2nd dim. dw-nominate (multiply b 1st dimen. dw-nominate nd Cong. ( ) 80 th Cong. ( )
14 40th Congress ( ) 70th Congress ( ) 100th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative 50th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative 60th Congress ( ) ensity ensity Liberal-Conservative 80th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative ensity ensity Liberal-conservative 110th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-conservative 90th Congress ( ) Liberal-Conservative Liberal-conservative
15 (Transition from Civil War to Textbook systems) Economic dislocations create Progressive/Populist movements Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
16 A Word about enate Elections tate legislative elections often brought about chaotic balloting tories of corruption in enate elections led to Progressive calls for reform ise of third parties gave major parties an incentive to create a duopoly of power 17th amendment: popular election of senators (1914) till parties become more prominent
17 The Process tate election (~ Nov.) Nomination? (~mid-jan.) No Bicameral balloting (2 nd Tuesday of session) Joint ballot Canvass No Yes Bicameral majority? Winner Yes
18 % joint ballot elections for enate Joint ballots --- all Pct s s s s s Year term begins General elections pecial elections
19 Counterfactual: What If No Popular Elections? 17th Amendment emocratic senators - epublican senators Actual Counterfactual Election year
20 Counterfactual: What If Popular Election before 1917? 17th Amendment emocratic senators - epublican senators Actual Counterfactual Election year
21 (Textbook system) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -egional support for parties -ems pick up progressives and cities Battles over filibuster prominent in the enate -Comms. dominate legislating & careers -consol. in Party cohesion diminishes -party leaders brokers Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
22 egional parties ource: Kenneth Martis, Historical Atlas of Congressional Parties in the United tates Congress
23 egional parties
24 ise of careerism: The House.8.6 Pct Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure 3.5
25 ise of careerism.8.6 Pct Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure 3.5
26 ise of careerism Pct Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure 3.5
27 ise of careerism.8.6 Pct.4 = state HO Year ata Lowess fit Update of Figure 3.5
28 ise of careerism: The enate 50 Pct Year ata Lowess fit
29 enate & House Careerism Compared.8.6 Pct Year enate House
30 (Transition from Textbook to Post eform system Anti war sentiment divorces supporters of strong defense from ems. Civil ights movement divorces southern Whites from ems, but reinforces Black affiliation with ems Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
31 1974 now (Post eform ystem Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamics ules Comms. Party leadership -eps conservative, ems. Liberal -egionalism per se deemphasized Floor proceedings open up -Comms important, but. -Parties resurgent -Leaders more assertive (epublicans esp.) Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Post-eform
32 Loss of regionalism in parties 80 th Congress ( ) (Note the color reverse) 114 th Congress ( ) ource: Martis atlas Composition of the House by district (2014 election results). Light red are pick ups by epublicans, Light blue are pick ups by emocrats. se_2014.svg
33 40th Congress ( ) 70th Congress ( ) 100th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative 50th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative 60th Congress ( ) ensity ensity Liberal-Conservative 80th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-Conservative ensity ensity Liberal-conservative 110th Congress ( ) ensity Liberal-conservative 90th Congress ( ) Liberal-Conservative Liberal-conservative
34 ise of Party Unity Voting (Update of Figure 3.4) Pct Year ata Lowess smoothing
35 ecline of Conservative Coalition (Update of Figure 3.7) House enate Year
36 New Electoral Environment? New Organizational Environment? Election Voters more partisan istricts more partisan Party committees play greater role Organization Party leaders more prominent & partisan Committee membership more partisan Chairs eats Link to finance
37 Congressional Historical Eras and Electoral iscontinuities A dawning new era? Critical periods Experimental emocritizing Civil War Textbook Congressional systems New Partisan
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