Unification of Germany and Italy
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1 Unificatin f Germany and Italy Italy - Backgrund Fragmented Nt a cuntry in mid-19 th Century Many small states Austria dminates nrth Kingdm Natinalism Italy merely a gegraphic expressin Taste f unity under Naplen Cngress f Vienna placed much f Italy under Austrian rule Revlutins f 1830 and 1848 Liberal revlts Attempted unificatin Failed Risrgiment Desire t return t greatness f the past Rman Empire Renaissance - Unificatin Guiseppe Mazzini The Owl The thinker Dreamer Organized Yung Italy 1830s Grup f liberal revlutinaries Students Called fr mass uprising Gal Unity Create a republic Sul f unificatin mvement Spread ideas f unificatin Camill Cavur The Fx The Plitician Prime Minister f Kingdm f Sardinia Under King Victr Emmanuel Sardinia Piedmnt Nice and Savy Wanted t unite Italy under Sardinian leadership Natinalistic Practical 1
2 Refrms Cautius and crafty Did nt trust cmmn man Wanted limited mnarchy Industrialize and mdernize Rads, canals, railrads Ecnmic prtectins Tariffs Imprved finances Imprved agriculture and industry Built up army Freign Plicy Ultimate gal is unity Crimean War Chance t win allies Jined Ottmans, French, & English versus Russians Became friends with Naplen III War versus Austria 1858 France t fight Austria Sardinia t give Nice and Savy t France Magenta and Slferin Victries Very bldy Austria frced t give up Lmbardy Naplen negtiates separate peace Feared threat t Papal states Austria gave up Lmbardy but kept Venetia Makes deals t unify Parma, Tuscany, Mdena, Rmagna jin Sardinia All f Nrthern Italy except Venetia nw united Giuseppe Garibaldi The Lin The Sldier Fiery Emtinal/Natinalistic Red Shirts Gal is t help create unified republic Vlunteer army Italian patrits First gal Drive Spanish Burbns ut f the Kingdm f Tw Sicilies Success 1860 Cmbined Kingdm f Tw Sicilies with Sardinia 2
3 Secnd gal T cnquer Rme and Papal states Stpped by Cavur Feared internatinal rebuke - Final unificatin 1861 Victr Emmanuel is King f Italy 1866 Venetia jins Kingdm f Italy After Seven Weeks War 1870 Papal States jin Kingdm f Italy Ppe Pius IX withdrew t Vatican - Prblems f new Italian state Cnflict between Nrth and Suth Cnflict with the church Cnflict between Mnarchists and Republicans Desire t extend bundaries Germany - German Natinalism Different frm Western Eurpe Less individualistic Mre emphasis n Grup/State - Obstacles t German Unificatin Upper class German Dualism Failure f Revlutins f 1830 and 1848 Attempts at unity Army in need f refrm - Prussia William I Frm Hhenzllern ruling family Authritarian Wanted t break reliance n Junkers German nbility Cnstitutinal Effective bureaucracy Mderate Less repressive Ablished serfdm Public educatin system Strng ecnmy Zllverein Trade unity Industrializing Cal and Irn depsits 3
4 Railrad and telegraph Urbanizaing New territry gained in Cngress f Vienna Silesia 1740 Pland 1770s and 1790s Partitins f Pland Rhineland 1815 Hmgeneus ppulatin Almst entirely German and prtestant - Ott vn Bismarck Persnality Junker Did nt care what peple thught Unfrgiving Practical Opprtunist Military demeanr Plitics Ryalist Realplitik Wanted a unified German state dminated by Prussia Nt demcratic Did nt want pwerful parliament Disliked scialism and individualism Frce Austria ut f cnfederatin End German dualism Ends justify the means Legality nt an issue Pwer is mst imprtant D whatever it takes t accmplish gals Shrewd Cnservative Stressed duty, rder, service, fear f Gd Did nt trust the west State supreme Becmes Chancellr Chief Minister Irn Chancellr Expanded army Ignred cnstitutin Cllected tax withut cnsent f legislature - Bld and Irn Wars f Unificatin Schleswig-Hlstein 1864 Danish prvince Prussia frmed alliance with Austria Austria wuld get Hlstein Prussia wuld get Schleswig 4
5 Began war and defeated Dance Disagreement abut brders Seven Weeks War 1866 Prussia versus Austria Prussia wn easily Austria frced t give Venetia t Italy Hlstein t Prussia Nrth German Cnfederatin frmed Led by Prussia Did nt include Austria r suthern Cathlic states- Franc-Prussian War Backgrund Fur Suthern German states nt part f Nrth German Cnfederatin Cathlic Clsely tied t France Bismarck wanted them Bismarck lked fr an excuse fr war with France Appeal t German natinalism f suth EMS Telegram Spanish thrne vacant Thrne ffered t Hhenzllern family France upset Feared being surrunded by Germans Hhenzllerns decline ffer France still upset Demanded assurance future ffers wuld als be declined King Wilhelm sent telegram t Bismarck describing incident Bismarck altered and published telegram Bth sides felt insulted Led t war War France lst quickly Lasted nly six mnths Outnumbered Prly prepared Incmpetent fficer crps Inferir weapns Treaty f Frankfurt France paid indemnity France vwed revenge Alsace and Lrraine t Prussia Suthern German states jined German Cnfederatin Effectively German Empire 1871 Wilhelm named Kaiser King Natinalistic Strng cnfident army Grwing ppulatin and industry 5
6 6
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