People. Austria. Eastern = Brother; Holy Roman Emperor Western = Philip II (son) (+ he got Spanish America) Better deal Charles V went to a monastery

Transcription

1 Peple Austria Charles V - Backgrund f Charles V - Austrian emperr, Hly Rman emperr, Spanish ruler (Carls I) Cathlic - Empire f Charles V LARGEST Hapsburg Empire Austria, Bhemia, Hungary, Hly Rman Empire, Spain, Netherlands, parts f Italy, Spanish America - Prblems fr Charles V: Turks invaded (recurring) Prtestants resented Hapsburg War n the League f Schmalkald Charles V vs. Prtestant states Peace f Augsburg, 1555 Cuius regi eius religi Ruler determines religin Ecclesiastical Reservatin Can t take anymre church prperty - France felt surrunded (bth Cathlic) (recurring) End f Charles V: - Did nt die as king. He RETIRED Eastern = Brther; Hly Rman Emperr Western = Philip II (sn) (+ he gt Spanish America) Better deal Charles V went t a mnastery Maria Theresa - r Very cautius baby steps - Built up; centralized bureaucracy Appinted able ministers Really gd at picking gd peple - Increased taxes Maintained flw f sldiers - Brke cntrl f lcal diets (assembly) - Left Hungary alne Didn t frce Hungary t cnfrm - Wanted t increase prductin Set up tariff unin, f Bhemia, Mravia, Austria Area f free trade Limited guilds Suppressed brigands Refrmed abuses f serfdm 1

2 Jseph II - r Impatient, wanted ttal ablitin f bad cnditins Fast t act - Ttal ppsite f her mther Ablished serfdm Ecnmic refrm Built up prt f Trieste Established an E. India C. Equality f taxatin Equal punishment fr equal crimes Freedm f the press and religin - Religin Imprved civil rights fr Jews including granting nbility Allwed prtestants t becme civil servants Supprted Febrnianism Freedm frm Rman cntrl f the church Increased cntrl ver bishps Suppressed mnasteries Tk sme f their wealth Set up specular hspitals - Administrative refrms Centralized the state Included Hungary under cntrls Est. German as single language f gv t Civil servant Arranged fr training curses Prvided retirement pensins Established efficiency reprts and inspectins Secret plice Established educatin system (primary thrugh University) - F A I L E D; culd nt due it all by himself Oppsitin frm nbles, church, Hungary, and Bel T few middle class t help supprt Lepld (brther) undid mst f the Jseph s refrms Francis Jseph - Last emperr Yung emperr Oppsed t natinalism Knew that he had t make refrms Wanted t save the empire - Refrms: Dual mnarchy Purpse = save empire Divided int Austria and Hungary Dmestic = tw separate cuntries Freign plicy = acted like ne cuntry Wrked frm 1867 thrugh WWI 2

3 Prince Klemens vn Metternich - Leader f the Cngress f Vienna Austrian freign minister Dminated Eurpean plitics fr 30 years Age f Metternich - Principles Status Qu Legitimacy balance f pwer Oppsed natinalism - Issues Carlsbad Decrees Censrship that cntrlled universities - The vice f the cnservatives Great Britain Henry VII - Tudr - Father f Henry the VIII Ruled War f the Rses Henry VII wn the Battle f Bswrth Field Against Richard III Became king Henry VIII - Tudr Ruled Wanted a divrce, but the church wuld nt grant it Established Anglican Church Act f Supremacy Became head f Anglican Church Mary I - r Bldy Mary 300 executed - Married Philip II f Spain Because bth Cathlic Elizabeth I - Ruled Lng successful reign - Did nt pry int men s suls - Plitique Plitical Unity mre imprtant than religin - Lyalty t the mnarchy Never married Virgin Queen - Tk advantage f men - Last Tudr mnarch 3

4 Succeeded by Stuarts James I - Prblems with parliament Very smart Bk smart but nt street smart had n idea what was ging n - Scttish = nt ppular - Divine Right nt ppular with parliament Persecuted Puritans Many Puritans in the Huse f Cmmns Puritans wanted t purify the church - Freign Plicy Tried t ally with Spain Tried t marry ff children t Spanish ryalty Charles I - Cntinued prblems with parliament Frced t sign Petitin f Rights Prvisins N tax withut cnsent f parliament N quartering sldiers during peace N martial law in peace N imprisnment withut a charge Fundatin f English liberty - Tried t rule withut the Parliament Frced t recall Parliament in 1640 Did nt meet unless called by king Lng Parliament Regular meetings At least nce in 3 years Trialed sme f king s advisrs Ablished special curts N taxatin withut cnsent - Executed Oliver Crmwell - Cmmnwealth 1 st half f interregnum Republic Crmwell = leader Cmmnwealth didn t wrk Tried t be t dramatic - Prtectrate 2 nd half f interregnum Dictatrship Crmwell = Lrd Prtectr Beliefs: Supprted religius tleratin fr ALL Prtestants 4

5 Wanted peace and demcracy Unable t accmplish gals Disslved the Parliament Impsed Puritan regulatins Harsh n Irish and Scts Charles II - Ruled The Merry Mnarch - Careful with parliament Very timid Secretly Cathlic desn t say anything Appinted sme Cathlic t public ffice - Secret Treaty with Luis XIV Luis XIV will give mney if Charles II helps with war against Dutch and cnverted - Test Act f 1673 Required all ffice hlders t be ANGLICAN - Habeas Crpus Act f 1679 Arbitrary Arrest illegal Illegal t imprisnment twice fr same crime Illegal t hld in prisn withut trial Significance ne f the basic guarantees f individual rights James II - Originally Anglican but cnverted t Cathlicism Ruled Parliament didn t like James Parliament willing t wait till crwn passes t James daughter Mary Mary = Prtestant James had a sn late in life James III Baptized Cathlic Parliament feared f Cathlic line f kings - Offered crwn t William and Mary James II fled William III and Mary II - Glrius Revlutin bringing back Mary and William Established cncept f Parliament supremacy Parliament gave pwer nt gd - Set up limited mnarchy Right t rule cmes frm the peple - Bill f Rights f 1689: Mnarch culd nt suspend the law N taxatin withut cnsent f Parliament Parliament had t be summned frequency Guarantee right t trial by jury Outlawed cruel and unusual punishment Limited bail 5

6 Queen Victria - Mrals - Prsperity - Slw refrms - Crimean War - Generally in cnsensus - Chartism Petitin mvement f 1840s UMS, salary t MP s, new vting districts, annual parliament, etc. - Army suppressed Irish natinalism - Scial harmny Repeal f Crn Laws 1846 Hard wrk and savings wuld be rewarded - Victrians Cnsensus Capitalist/ self reliant/ psitive ideals Jseph Chamberlain - British statesman Part f Liberal Split Hme rule = wuld cause chain reactin - Never became PM, but very imprtant President f the Bard f Trade Gladstne and Disraeli - Gladstne Ruled alternating 1860 s-1890 s Leader f Whigs Mrals; Victrian Christianity Laissez-Faire Against waste and crruptin Reduce rle f mnarch Against tax incme Oppsed clnizatin T expensive Against gvernment waste Queen Victry = hated him - Benjamin Disraeli Leader f Cnservatives Imperialist Cnstructin f Suez Canal Cngress f Berlin Educatin Get alng well with the Queen Neville Chamberlain - British PM - Cnservative Appeasement f German 6

7 We have achieved peace in ur time Bad reputatin Winstn Churchill - British PM Led Britain thrugh Wrld War II Mderate (cnservative and liberal) plitics Very successful Francis I - r Valis family - Cncrdat f Blgna Challenged church Gave king pwer f appint clergy France Henry II - r Valis family - Wanted t stp the Calvinists Calvinists strengthened and were against the king Treaty f Cateau- Cambresis Ended nging religius war Henry IV - r Burbn King Henry Navarre - VERY POPULAR - Plitique New mnarch Abslute Mnarch Religius Refrms: Switched t Cathlicism t unify the cuntry Paris is wrth the mass Edict f Nantes, 1598 Cathlicism was fficial religin Freedm f wrship Right t est. prtestant churches Came civil rights Rights t frtify twns Prtectin Ecnmic Refrms: Duke f Sully ecnmic advisr First clny (Quebec) Built up bureaucracy Increased ryal treasury (taxes) 7

8 Reduced waste and crruptin Mercantilist Alliance with Prtestant natins Against the Hapsburgs Significance: Ended religius wars Restred stability Strengthened the mnarchy Built up fundatin f the strngest natin Cardinal Richelieu - Advisr f Luis XIII - Made all decisins Tk ver in 1624 Ruled fr 18 years Refrms: Restred pwer f king Weakened nbles Destryed frtified castles Outlawed dueling Great statesman Built up the state Mercantilism Built up verseas trading cmpanies Sld titles f nbility Amended the Edict f Nantes Frced Huguents t give up frtified twns Gt France invlved in 30 Years War - Died 1642 Luis XIII died the next year Luis XIV - VERY LONG REIGN ( ) Ruled fr 72 years Since 5 - MADE France the STRONGEST COUNTRY IN EUROPE Largest ppulatin Mst fertile sil Mst self-sufficient Center f art and culture Wealthiest natin - Plitical principles: Abslutist Divine right I am the state L etat est mi Strng centralized GOVERNMENT Relied n burgeisie = middle class Tk ver in 1661 when Mazzarin (chief, minister, regent) died Frnde 8

9 Rebellin by nbles, but lst trust with Luis - Wars: War f Devlutin Dutch War War n the League f Augsburg War f Spanish Successin - Mercantilist - Built Versailles Rbespierre - Jacbin - Republic f Virtue Equality, Utpia - Reign f terrr (Grand Terrr) T achieve Republic f Virtue Killed all wh didn t agree with him r Republic f Virtue 40,000-60,000 killed - Revlutinary tribunals - Law f Suspects Due prcess flew ut the windw 2 minute trials Peple suspected f being anti-revlutinary were arrested and imprisned Withut gd evidence Similar t (Star Chamber and the Spanish inquisitin) - Levee en Masse All men are eligible fr draft - Law f Maximum Set wage and price cntrls - Revlutinary Calendar - Wrship f the Supreme Being Similar t Deism T weaken the church - Subsistence Cmmissin State culd cnfiscate fd, clthing, war, supplies - Ventse Laws T weaken nbles and help the peasants Cnfiscated prperty f anti-revlutinaries and gave it t the pr - Ablished Slavery Ablished inside France already, but nw in clnies Naplen Ambitius abslute ruler - Battles Cncrdat f 1801 split with church Trafalgar, Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena Trafalgar = French navy destryed - Cnfederatin f the Rhine buffer - Legin f Hnr t reward merit - Peninsular War Spain; huge drain - Grand Army against Russia, lst 9

10 - Elba 1 st exile 100 Days Naplen came back - Waterl Naplen s final defeat St. Helena Naplen s final exile Luis XVIII - Cnstitutinal Charter f 1814 Cnstitutinal mnarch Bicameral legislature Equality Accept Cde Naplen and Cncrdat Suffrage limited t land wners - Amnesty t regicides Burbn Restred after Naplen Cautius and mderate - Brther f previus king Very ld Cnservative Charles X Unppular with urban wrkers and burgeisie Abdicated because he did nt want t becme a cnstitutinal mnarch Brther f Luis XVIII Mre cnservative Censrship Church cntrl educatin Give land back t the nbles July Ordinances Disenfranchised ¾ f the vters Censrship Mre cnservative legislature Led t July Revlutin July Revlutin f 1830 Public utbreak Fighting in the streets Charles X scared and left - Luis Philippe became ruler Luis Philippe Nt an immediate relative July Mnarch Businessman king Wre a business suit, carried and umbrella Accepted charter Relatively liberal Duble the vte - Oppsitin 10

11 Republicans (n king at all) UMS supprters The pr - Victry fr the liberals Dike and the Fld France = dike Fld = liberals in ther natins Luis Naplen III Elected because name is Naplen - President f the 2 nd French Republic 1852 became emperr f 2 nd empire Rebuilding f Paris Ecnmic grwth Crimean War - Franc Prussian War Huge Defeat - 3 rd Republic established Died in exile Len Blum - Scialist - Prime Minister f France , Oppsed t Fascism Wn majrity in Prblems: Strikes Capital flight Cmprmise prgram Tax refrm Shrter wrk week Pay raises Unemplyment benefits Supprted L f N Disarmament Resigned - Calitin brke up Charles DeGaulle - President f France Free French Pltted against Nazis frm Britain Leader Gained plitical influence - Elected president during Algerian Crisis Gave Algeria independence 11

12 Francis Mitterand - French president Lngest serving French president (14 years) POW during WWII Ablished death penalty Pr-west/ Eurpean Unin Supprted cnstructin f Channel Tunnel Chabitatin Jacques Chirac Jacques Chirac - French president Since Nuclear energy Against Gerge W. Bush Prussia/Germany Fredrick William, The Great Electr - One f the electrs f HRE Created a unified Prussian state Built up Prussia by strengthening the army Fredrick II The Great - r Enlightened Mnarch Backgrund/ Beliefs Didn t get alng with father Invaded Silesia (War f Austrian Successin) Brke Pragmatic Sanctin Very ill (prphyria) Studied and argued with philsphes Prtestant/ Lutheran - Devted t his subjects His jb t make peple happy, withut giving up pwer Against rapid change Wise, mderate, reasnable - Administrative refrms 1 st servant f the state Cdified laws Ablished capital punishment Civil service exams Intlerance f Jews - Scial refrms Did little fr serfs Freed serfs n his wn estates, but needed supprts f Junkers Junkers free t deal with serfs in the their wn way Rigid class structure Small middle class 12

13 Pwer f Junkers checked but nt ablished Believed in freedm f speech N successrs Ott Vn Bismarck - Chancellr = chief minister Irn Chancellr - Cnservative Stressed duty, rder, service, fear f gd Didn t trust the West Against: Pwerful parliament Liberalism/ demcracy Scialism Individualism - Realplitik Wanted a unified German state dminated by Prussia Nt demcratic Bld and Irn War and Industry Strng military Manipulated war Franc-Prussian War William I - r German Kaiser Emperr - Wanted t break reliance n Junkers Cnstitutinal Less repressive Mderate Effective bureaucracy Strng ecnmy Zllverein - Cal and irn RR and telegraph Grwing cities Adlf Hitler - Fascist dictatr Third Reich - Brwnshirts Hitler s private army Hitler yuth - Obedience t state - Public wrks Building prgrams Prvided jbs - Nuremburg Laws Jews weren t allwed t intermarry Jews had t wear Star f David n clthes 13

14 Kristalnacht 1938 Night f Brken Glass German gvernment rders t destry Jewish prperty and abuse Jews - Natinal Labr Frnt Hitler s ecnmic plan Organized emplyers and emplyees Unins illegal Strikes illegal Cntrlled prices and wages Cntrlled prductins Cunt Cavur - The Plitician/ Fx - Prime Minister f Kingdm f Sardinia Gal: t unite Italy Sardinian dminance Crimean War T gain allies, realplitik War with Austria Italy success, Naplen III +ally Italy wn territry, united Victr Emmanuel II - King f Sardinia King f Italy Prblems between Nrth and Suth - Prblems with Church Italy Musslini - Fascist dictatr Charismatic, clrful persnality Prmised t restre greatness - 2/3 Law Party with mst vtes given 2/3 f seats Guaranteed Fascist majrity - N self-gvernment Electins frm lists made up Fascists Parliament was pwerless Musslini ruled by decree Musslini is always right Oppsitin parties utlawed Plice state Censrship, Prpaganda - Crprative System/ Syndical State Ecnmic plicy GOAL: Self-sufficiency, increase utput Unins ablished, strikes utlawed Ecnmy divided int 22 crpratin (syndicates) 14

15 - Lateran Treaty Settlement with church Ppe given financial settlement Cathlicism = state religin, church cntrlled educatin, ppe given Vatican City Gave apprval f the church t Musslini - Freign Plicy Right t Empire Fiume, 1924 Albania, 1927 Ethipia, 1935 Haile Selassie leader f Ethipia Begged League f Natins t help - Allied with Hitler Ferdinand and Isabella Aragn and Castile Still ran as separate states - New Mnarchs Philip II Abslute mnarch Religin Very Cathlic Very devted t their faith Spain Inquisitin against the Mrs (Muslims) and Jews Ecnmics Mercantilist Dependent n gld and silver frm New Wrld Spain at its height Backgrund Palace = Escrial = palace/mnastery/ mausleum - Very religius Battle f Lepant Muslims vs. Cathlics Expelled the mriscs and mrans - Married Mary Tudr (Cathlic) - 3 Main Assciates Dutch Revlt Spanish Armada Decline f Spain - Dutch Revlt Religius war in the Spanish empire Did nt like Duke f Alba (Spanish ruler) - Cuncil f Bld = inquisitin - Insurrectin (1572) led by William f Orange 15

16 Suthern prvince backed ut HUGE DRAIN ON SPANISH ECONOMY Dutch Independence: Peace f Westphalia, Spanish Armada (1588) Hated England Because they were prtestant Because England was helping Dutch Because f Sea dgs (Sir Francis Drake) (pirates) - Ecnmic Decline Spain at height under Philip II Price revlutin = inflatin Mnarchy declared bankruptcy 1557 Defaulted n lans Charles II Abslute ruler, but bad at it Habsburg The bewitch - suffered frm insanity Ecnmy slw Freign (French) influence due t lack f leadership Curts gained pwer Francisc Franc Dictatr Fascist/ syndicalism Persecuted minrities (gypsies) Wanted t create a unifrm natin Russia Ivan IV (The Terrible) Autcratic mnarch First ruler t be called tsar (1547) Expanded brders Disregarded Byars Paranid Used terrr v. enemies Thusands killed Including sn Michael Rmanv First Rmanv ruler Abslute mnarch - Time f Trubles

17 - Rmanvs N leadership, warlrds fighting fr pwer Ended when Michael Rmanv became tsar Mikhail I had 10 children Peter the Great Westernizatin Built St. Petersburg Windw t the West - Abslutist Gt rid f Old Believers (ld custms) Appinted the Prcuratr f the Hly Synd Built up Navy State service fr the Byars Mercantilist Great Nrthern War Versus Sweden Gained warm water prts n Baltic Catherine the Great Intelligent and ambitius - Agreed with philsphes (Vltaire ) Invited Didert t Russia - Charter f Rights fr nbles N taxatin fr nbles N gvernment service - Legislative Cmmissin 1767 Traveled arund Russia and reprted t Catherine Merchants received freedm t trade - Expansinist Expanded territry (West and Suth) Expansin break dwn Balance f Pwer - War with Ottman Empire Wn prts n Black Sea Annexed Crimea - 3 partitins f Pland Wn land in West 1772, 1773, 1795 Austria, Russia, Prussia N Pland left wiped ff map - Favred byars Repressed serfs Alexander I Naplenic Wars Brke cntinental system Cngress f Vienna 17

18 Wanted a Hly Alliance - Liberal cnservative Nichlas I Wanted t unify Russia and make it mre pwerful Prblems Decembrist Revlt f 1815 Plish Revlt f 1830 Crimean War Plicies Autcratic Crushed and killed Decembrists and Plish Started censrship and secret plice Restrictins n universities VERY repressive Helped crush liberal revlt in Hungary Results Repressin Led t backward plitical and ecnmic system Grwth f Oppsitin - Ended Crimean War Alexander II Refrmer almst an Enlightened mnarch - Prblems: Inherits backward natin Lacks industry Serf rebellins Liberals demand refrms - Refrms: Emancipatin Edict f 1861 Freed the serfs Eased up n censrship and restrictins n universities Intrduced the jury system Created Zemstvs Lcal legislature Started lcal self-rule N natinal legislature - Results Serfs free but nt cmpletely They lived n Mirs until they had paid f the redemptin payments - Ppulist revlts Rural peasants rganize Mirs established but nt better ff Resent redemptin payments - Assassinated by Peple s Will Liberal grup Wanted faster/mre refrms 18

19 Alexander III Undid everything the father had dne - Actins: Ended refrms Reduced pwer f the zemstvs Censrship and secret plice - Russificatin Frced Russian culture n all nn-russian minrities - Pgrms Attacks n Jews Frmal attacks - Reactinary Unrest cntinued but mved undergrund Large-scale emigratin Many peple in fear Nichlas II - The last czar f Russia - Prblems Unindustrialized Peasants living under very bad cnditins Middle class = n rights Octbrists - Mistakes/ Actins Lst Russ-Japanese War Revlutin f 1905 Demnstratins utside palace Asking fr a Duma/UMS Led by Father Gapn Bldy Sunday Sldier fired n prtestrs Started the Revlutin f Octber Manifest Law issued by Niclas II Gave them the Duma Middle class satisfied and drpped ut f revlt Ended the Revlutin f Peter Stlypin Advisr Helped peasants wn land Assassinated fr being t liberal - Wrld War I Disastrus Lenin Blshevik party leader - Leader f Revlutinary mvement War Cmmunism During the civil war 19

20 T increase prductin Gvernment seized mre pwer Tk cntrl f all industry Cnfiscated grain and war supplies Similar t Ttal War - New Ecnmic Plicy After civil war Lenin agreed t cmprmise with pure cmmunism NEP 1921 Eliminated harsh measures f War Cmmunism Permitted sme capitalism NEP was successful Peple were satisfied Ecnmy was imprving Stalin Dictatr - General Secretary f CPSU - Cllectivizatin f Agriculture Agriculture = weakest Natinalized by the state Kulaks (successful farmers) prtest Failed plicy - Ttalitarianism Gvernment cntrls every aspect f life - 5 year plan Ecnmic plans Heavy industrial utput Lw level cnsumer gds Successful - Purges Millins killed and exiled Mst effective leaders put away, lack f leadership during WWII - Wrld War II Ultimately a success Stalin established sphere f influence in Eastern Eurpe - Irn Curtain Grbachev Mre demcratic - Gals: Build strnger ecnmy Civil freedms Imprve glbal relatinships - Perestrika T imprve the standards f living Better wrker cnditins Law n Cperatives (May 1987) Allwed private wnership f business 20

21 Had certain restrictins - Glasnst Freedm f speech Very radical at the time Allwed mderate criticism Greatly eased cntrl f the press Plitical prisners released - Demcratizatin Multi candidate electins CPSU weakened - Abandned Brezhnev Dctrine Allwed nn-cmmunist gv. in satellite states Berlin Wall falls 1989 Yeltsin President Russian Federatin - Sviet cup Rejected Cup, but wrked ut fr him Yeltsin turns back and frth n Grbachev - Cmmnwealth f independent states Alliance f frmer Sviet republics Ecnmics partners - Shck Therapy Ecnmic refrm Market ecnmy Allws privatizatins N regulatin n prices Results = prices skyrcketed currency devalued Parliament and PM are ppsed - Parliament Sit-in Prtest by members f parliament Because Yeltsin disslved Parliament Yeltsin sent trps Hundreds dead Reputatin hurt - Invasin f Chechnya 1994 Yeltsin sends trps Restre Russian cntrl - Unpredictable Behavir Dwnfall 1998 ecnmic crisis Fired the entire cabinet and PM fr the 4 th time Lied abut his health New Years Eve 1999 Surprise resignatin Appinted Putin Misc. Rulers 21

22 Gustavus Adlphus King f Sweden Lin f the Nrth - Well trained army Musketeers and mbile artillery - One f the greatest generals f all time He died in battle - 30 Years War Wdrw Wilsn American president - 14 Pints Idealistic Wanted t make safe fr demcracy T prevent future warfare Peace Withut Victry Wilsn s speech Allies strngly ppsed Prvisins Self-determinatin Freedm f the seas N punishment - League f Natins Organizatins t prevent future war Only ne that gt passes, US never jined 22