What is a migrant? North African migrants on Lampedusa island

Transcription

1 Migratin Part I Give me yur tired, yur pr, Yur huddled masses yearning t breathe free, The wretched refuse f yur teeming shre. Send these, the hmeless, tempest-tssed, t me: I lift my lamp beside the glden dr. Emma Lazarus inscribed n the Statue f Liberty

2 What is a migrant? Besides fertility and mrtality, migratin is the third demgraphic cmpnent that determines the size and structure f a ppulatin. Migratin is mre cmplex than the ther tw cmpnents, because it invlves mvement ver time and space, ften acrss internatinal brders, and it can ccur repeatedly. An internatinal migrant is defined as any persn wh changes his r her state f usual residence. An internatinal migrant wh changes his r her place f usual residence fr at least ne year is defined as a lngterm migrant. Nrth African migrants n Lampedusa island

3 Measuring Migratin Migrant stcks are the ttal number f internatinal migrants present in a given state at a particular pint in time wh have ever changed their state f usual residence. The migrant stck is measured either by (a) cllecting data n the number f persns wh have lived at least ne year in a state ther than that f their birth (freign-brn) r by (b) cllecting data n the number f persns whse citizenship r legal natinality is different frm that f the state where they live (freigners). The freign ppulatin may include secnd generatin immigrants (children f immigrants), whereas the freign-brn d nt. In general, migrant stck data are a static measure that prvide a snapsht f the number f internatinal migrants present in a given state at a particular pint in time.

4 Measuring Migratin Migratin flws refer t the number f internatinal migrants arriving in a state (immigrants) r the number f internatinal migrants departing frm a state (emigrants) ver the curse f a specific perid. Migratin flw data are a dynamic measure cunting the number f peple crssing internatinal brders, pssibly including thse wh crss several times during a given time interval. In general, immigratin flws are mre accurately measured than emigratin flws and sme states d nt even cllect data n emigrants. While migratin stcks dcument the cumulative effects f internatinal migratin, migratin flws dcument mvements shrtly after they have ccurred, and therefre present a mre up-t-date picture f internatinal migratin.

5 Nt Our State In recent years, states have sught t prmte integrated markets thrugh liberalizatin f trade and investment. At the same time, they have largely ppsed liberalizing migratin plicies. In fact, immigratin plicies acrss the wrld are becming stricter as gvernments attempt t minimize the ecnmic, cultural and security impacts f large mvements f peple between states.

6 Freedm f Mvement

7 Increasing Numbers Despite the reluctance f gvernments t liberalize immigratin plicy, hwever, the number f peple living utside their state f birth is larger than at any ther time in histry. As f 2015, internatinal migrants cnstitute 3.3% f the wrld's ppulatin, the wrld s fifth mst ppulus state if they all lived in the same place. Wmen cmprise slightly less than half f all internatinal migrants. The median age f internatinal migrants wrldwide is 39 years. Mst migrants wrldwide riginate frm middle-incme states, with 43% brn in Asia, 25% in Eurpe, 15% in Latin America and the Caribbean and 14% in Africa.

8 The Histry f Human Migratin The fllwing slides dcument the spatial histry f human migratin. 1. Overview f Human Migratin 2. Out f Africa: Earliest Human Migratins 3. Human Migratin Patterns 4. Migratins t the Americas 5. Eurpean Nelithic Migratins 6. Ind-Eurpean Migratins 7. Jewish Diaspra 8. Bantu Migratins 9. Viking Migratins Sme f the first migrants t Nrth America

9 The Histry f Human Migratin 10.Majr Ppulatin Mvements 11.Wrld Migratin Rutes 12.African Diaspra 13.Eurpean Migratins 14.Trail f Tears 15.African-American Migratins I 16.Glbal Migratins 17.African-American Migratins II 18.Ecnmic Migratins Yun-Fei Ji: The Three Grges Dam Migratin 19.Mst Imprtant Current Migratin Rutes

10 1. Overview f Human Migratin

11 2. Out f Africa: Earliest Human Migratin 200,000 BCE 12,000 BCE Early human migratins and expansins acrss cntinents began 2 millin years ag with the migratin ut f Africa f Hm erectus. This was fllwed by the migratins f ther premdern humans. Hm sapiens ventured ut f Africa arund 100,000 years ag and spread acrss Asia.

12 3. Human Migratin Patterns 100,00 BCE 10,000 BCE The Stne Ages and Early Cultures

13 4. Migratins t the Americas (at least) 14,000 BCE 3,000 BCE Ancient Migratin: Cming t America

14 5. Eurpean Nelithic Migratins 6,300 BCE 4,000 BCE The first mdern humans t migrate t Eurpe were hunter-gatherers. They arrived apprximately 40,000 years ag. The huntergatherers were slwly replaced by new migrants frm the Near East apprximately 9,000 years ag. Nelithic farmers migrated t Eurpe frm the Near East via the islands that dt the Mediterranean Sea between Turkey and Greece.

15 6. Ind-Eurpean Migratins 4,000 BCE 1,000 BCE The early Ind-Eurpeans are identified with warrir pastralists wh built burial munds in the steppes in what is nw suthern Russia and the Ukraine. Abut 6,000 years ag, and cinciding with the taming f the hrse, these Cpper Age peple expanded frm their hmeland in a number f waves, verwhelming the Nelithic farmers f Eurpe, then cnquering Central Asia, India and later the Balkans and Anatlia (Asian Turkey).

16 7. Jewish Diaspra frm 722 BCE When the Assyrians cnquered Israel in 722, they frced the ten tribes t scatter in small grups thrughut the Assyrian empire; these early victims f the dispersin since knwn as the ten lst tribes f Israel - disappeared utterly frm the pages f histry. Diaspra: dispersin frm riginal hmelands

17 8. Bantu Migratins 500 BCE 1000 CE The Bantu Migratins were a series f migratins f the Bantu peple frm the Cng area t present day Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, because f drught, famine and ppulatin increase.

18 9. Viking Migratins 800 CE 1000 CE Fr tw centuries, Nrsemen frm Scandinavia raided thrughut the nrth Atlantic but they als settled in the islands f the nrth Atlantic, the British Isles, Nrmandy, Sicily and in the heart f Russia.

19 10. Majr Ppulatin Mvements The Eurpean clnial perid was the era frm the 16 th century t the mid-20 th century when several Eurpean pwers established clnies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. At first the states fllwed mercantilism designed t strengthen the hme ecnmy at the expense f rivals, s clnies were usually allwed t trade nly with the mther cuntry. By the mid- 19 th century, hwever, the pwerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictins and intrduced the principle f free trade, with few restrictins r tariffs.

20 11. Wrld Migratin Rutes since 1700 Majr migratin flws since the 18 th century are linked with Eurpean clnial expansin and its cntrl f maritime transprt technlgy. Cntinental develpments and settlements in Nrth America and Siberia were clsely linked with the develpment f railway systems.

21 12. African Diaspra The furth majr African diaspra stream (frced migratin), and the ne that is mst widely studied tday, is assciated with the Atlantic trade in African slaves. This trade, which began in earnest in the 15 th century, may have delivered as many as 200,000 Africans t varius Eurpean scieties and millin t the Americas. Racial ppressin and resistance t it are tw f its mst salient features.

22 13. Eurpean Migratins 1800s In the 1800s, 60 millin peple left Eurpe, primarily t "areas f Eurpean settlement" in the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and Siberia. They multiplied rapidly in their new habitats. As a result, by the early 1900s 38% f the wrld s ttal ppulatin was f Eurpean ancestry.

23 As part f Andrew Jacksn's Indian remval plicy, Native American natins were frced t give up their lands east f the Mississippi River and migrate t an area in presentday Oklahma. Native Americans call this jurney the Trail f Tears because f its devastating effects. 14. Trail f Tears

24 15. African-American Migratins One f the several Great Migratins, between 1940 and millin African- Americans left the Suth. The exdus f African-Americans frm cuntryside t city and frm Suth t Nrth fundamentally changed the gegraphic map f black America.

25 16. Ecnmic Glbal Migratins The Glden Age f Capitalism Capitalist firms frm cre states lured immigrants t the cre during the bm years f , hping that they wuld return t the periphery whenever the ecnmic upturn ended. Thse firms have been indirectly inducing mre immigrants t mve frm the periphery t the cre ever since. Multinatinals increasingly relcate utside the cre where labr csts are temprarily cheaper and hire yung labrers there nly t dismiss them after a few years when they becme t expensive, cnverting them int a ready pl fr future migratin.

26 16. Ecnmic Glbal Migratins The Glden Age f Capitalism

27 16. Ecnmic Glbal Migratins The Glden Age f Capitalism The dilemma: If mass migratin can imperil the right t ecnmic security f peple in the hst state (cre), whse (human) rights have pririty? The rights f thse already residing in the cre r the rights f (ptential) immigrants?

28 17. African-American Migratins This was a reverse migratin back t the Suth, particularly t large metrplitan areas. 65% f the natin's black ppulatin grwth tk place in the Suth.

29 18. Ecnmic Migratins 1990s Mves t green states are fr ecnmic purpses and better living cnditins. Gray regins are where mst migrants are frm. Red arrws are high-skilled individuals ging t states fr higher wages. Brain drain is a prblem. Blue arrws represent less qualified individuals lking fr better living cnditins. Many Hispanics are migrating t the US. Nrth African ppulatins are ging t Eurpe fr a better life. Withut inflws f migrants, Eurpe wuld have experienced a ppulatin decline between 1995 and Mst f the migrants frm Africa are lwskilled and migrating because f the cnflicts in Africa.

30 19. Mst Imprtant Current Migratin Rutes The Wrld s Cngested Human Migratin Rutes in 5 Maps Withut migrants, the greying ppulatins in much f the develped wrld wuld already be n the decline tday. That matters fr their fast-changing ecnmies, which increasingly demand either highly skilled wrkers r peple willing t d unpleasant and tiring jbs. If exprting brawn generally makes sense fr a pr state, sending its better brains away may nt. Mst, perhaps all, pr and middle-incme states face chrnic shrtages f skilled wrkers.

31 Current Internatinal Migratin In 2015, there were 244 millin internatinal migrants in the wrld. This figure includes refugees, asylum seekers and ecnmic migrants - anyne wh has crssed a brder, legally r illegally, t escape disaster r persecutin r simply t pursue a better life. And that figure is almst certainly underestimated. Thusands f African migrants fled the vilence in Libya thrugh Niger.

32 Current Internatinal Migratin In 2015, 67% f all internatinal migrants were living in just twenty states. The largest number (47 millin) resided in the US, equal t 19% f the wrld s ttal. Germany and the Russian Federatin hsted the secnd and third largest numbers f migrants wrldwide (12 millin each), fllwed by Saudi Arabia (10 millin). Russia's secnd place is a result f Mscw's strng ties t frmer states f the Sviet Unin, particularly Ukraine and Kazakhstan. In the UAE, internatinal migrants make up a staggering 84% f the ppulatin.

33 Internatinal Migrants as a % f Ttal Ppulatin

34 Number f Internatinal Migrants by Area f Destinatin

35 Drivers f Migratin

36 Reasns Peple Migrate A variety f reasns lie behind migratin. Traditinally, the reasns encuraging an individual t migrate were categrized as push r pull factrs. Glbalizatin has intrduced a third set f mtivatins called netwrk factrs. Mexic t US Migratin

37 Reasns Peple Migrate: Pull Factrs...psitive aspects r cnditins that encurage migrants t mve t a certain place Ecnmic Pull Factrs better ecnmic cnditins, emplyment, etc ability t send remittances (mney migrants send back t their hme states) labr demand

38 Pull Factrs: Remittances

39 Reasns Peple Migrate: Pull Factrs Scial Frces Pull Factrs spread a religin - Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, missinaries (example: Jesuits during Age f Explratin) spread a plitical philsphy such as Marxism, demcracy, etc persnal freedm, t live a certain lifestyle r t hld certain beliefs nt necessarily as the result f persecutin (example: Mayflwer Pilgrims) reunite with family, friends, etc wh have previusly migrated migratin chains - the scial prcess by which immigrants frm a particular twn fllw thers frm that twn t a particular city r neighbrhd, whether in a migrant-hst state r in a new, usually urban, lcatin in the hme state

40 Reasns Peple Migrate: Push Factrs Tuvalu is already experiencing prblems frm sea level rise....negative aspects r cnditins that encurage migrants t leave their hmes Ecnmic Push Factrs verppulatin and its effects such as a lack f jbs, pverty, etc pr medical care primitive cnditins pr climate / envirnmental cnditins such as drught, el Niñ, etc (envirnmental / climate refugees) natural disasters (disaster-induced displacement)

41 Push Factrs: Envirnmental Refugees

42 Push Factrs: Disaster-Induced Displacement

43 Reasns Peple Migrate: Push Factrs Plitical Push Factrs war, invasin, military takever, civil strife, etc refugees and asylum seekers persecutin n ethnic, plitical, religius r ther grunds diaspras prsecutin and/r punishment fr crimes cmmitted plitical fear frced migratin - as a result f enslavement r human trafficking Transmigratin in Indnesia

44 Push Factrs: Wrld Refugees 59.5 millin refugees wrld wide 38.2 millin peple frcibly uprted and displaced within their wn state, knwn as internally displaced peple (IDPs) Syria - wrld s tp surce f refugees state Turkey - state hsting the largest number f refugees 51% f refugees under 18 years ld

45 Netwrk Factrs... nt direct causes f migratin but they d facilitate it brught abut by glbalizatin free flw f infrmatin imprved glbal cmmunicatin faster and lwer cst transprtatin internatinal business trends

46 Cuntervailing Frces... mitigate certain ecnmic factrs leading t migratin brught abut by glbalizatin utsurcing f jbs - jbs can mve t ptential migrants instead f migrants mving t ptential jbs the degree f substitutability between natives and immigrants increased demand fr native wrkers, as immigrants reduce the cst f prductin and utput expands assimilatin

47 cntinued in MIGRATION PART II