Effects of Migration: Home State

Transcription

1 Migratin Part II Give me yur tired, yur pr, Yur huddled masses yearning t breathe free, The wretched refuse f yur teeming shre. Send these, the hmeless, tempest-tssed, t me: I lift my lamp beside the glden dr. Emma Lazarus inscribed n the Statue f Liberty

2 Effects f Migratin The effects f migratin are cmplex, bringing bth advantages and disadvantages fr the hme state, the hst state and the migrant. The effects f migratin vary widely and nt all effects, whether gd r bad, will affect all states and migrants. The fllwing slides list a number f effects which may r may nt be relevant in specific situatins. Migrant wrkers in VA T, time has an impact. Shrt-term gains can becme lng-term lsses. Lw-wage wrkers, fr example, might be welcmed during a labr shrtage but extraneus when the shrtage ends.

3 Effects f Migratin: Hme State POSITIVE reduces pressure n jbs and resurces ptential fr increased trade flws remittances frm wrkers an imprtant surce f freign incme (nw ften utstrip freign aid) returning migrants bring savings, skills and internatinal cntacts

4 Effects f Migratin: Hme State POSITIVE ptential return f skilled wrkers reduces ppulatin and density fewer peple t feed and huse returning migrants increase scial expectatins in the cmmunity a Yahi Indian gave up his hunter-gatherer life t live in San Francisc

5 Effects f Migratin: Hme State NEGATIVE a lss f yung, able-bdied, well-educated and therwise ecnmically valuable citizens reduced grwth and prductivity yung peple educated abrad n state-spnsred schlarships but stay in hst state brain drain lss f tax revenue lss f labr may deter inward investment by private rganizatins immigrants regin may suffer frm a spiral decline that is difficult t halt Migratin Hurts the Hmeland

6 Effects f Migratin: Hme State NEGATIVE lwer return frm public investments aging ppulatin and higher death rate lss f yung peple and decreased birth rate lss f yung men creates an unbalanced ppulatin structure divisin f families, scial prblems fr children left behind returning migrants may impse scial cst n cmmunity as supprt mechanisms aren t in place fr them

7 Effects f Migratin: Hme State NEGATIVE marriage rates fall, family structures break dwn yung migrants increase the dependency rati lss f cultural leadership and traditins traditinal scieties threatened lss f thse mst likely t have educatin and skills

8 Effects f Migratin: Hst State POSITIVE a supply f lw-cst labr fr hst states help vercme labr shrtages ften prepared t d unskilled / less desirable jbs sme are highly skilled, gains skilled labr at reduced cst, fill any skills gap that exists labr surplus - thse with skills and educatin fuel the ecnmy influx f new and/r revitalized prviders f lcal services, including services t an aging ppulatin technlgy transfer ptential fr increased trade flws

9 Effects f Migratin: Hst State POSITIVE yunger ppulatin - birth rate increase and death rate decrease multiculturalism / cultural diversity creatin f a multi-ethnic sciety increases understanding f ther cultures csts f retirement can be transferred back t hme state increased tax revenue and pensin cntributins energy and innvatin help lcals develp skills fr wrking internatinally

10 Effects f Migratin: Hst State NEGATIVE higher unemplyment (if unrestricted numbers f in-cmers) depressed wages (seems t be temprary) ver dependency in sme industries n migrant labr, leading t a lack f jbs fr lcals unemplyed Mexicans

11 Effects f Migratin: Hst State NEGATIVE pressure n husing and services - immigrants tend t be less healthy, placing strain n the health service, and they tend t live in lw quality husing welfare issues csts f educating migrant children much f earnings, including pensin payments, is repatriated t hme state scial prblems - resentment and fear tward newcmers, discriminatin, need t integrate diluted natinal identity

12 Effects f Migratin: Hst State NEGATIVE reinfrces dminance f males creatin f segregated ethnic areas language prblems limited skills/educatin in immigrant ppulatin call fr cntrls n immigratin entrenchment f attitudes which may encurage fundamentalism Mst cmmnly spken language by Lndn Brugh

13 Effects f Migratin: Migrant POSITIVE pprtunity as niche prvider f lcal services, including services t an aging ppulatin ability t prvide remittances t family in hme state technlgy transfer better life new skills enhance life prspects increased understanding f ther cultures

14 Effects f Migratin: Migrant NEGATIVE vulnerable t explitatin increased security mnitring integratin difficulties, frictin with lcal peple issues f identity aspects f cultural identity are lst, particularly amng secnd-generatin migrants differing cultural values between generatins issues f adaptatin and assimilatin lack f pprtunity in hme state fr thse mst likely t have educatin and skills family left behind

15 Study: Assessing the Impacts f Migrant Wrkers An Oxfrd Ecnmics research study published by the Department f Emplyment and Learning (DEL) cncluded that migrant wrkers in Ireland had helped maintain an adequate labr supply t fuel the ecnmic bm. The availability f migrant labr seems t have made the difference between sme businesses surviving, r in the case f fd prcessing, nt needing t relcate prductin abrad. The authrs qute a survey f 600 businesses where 31% said that migrants were imprtant in the survival f their rganizatin. This rse t 50% in health and scial care, and agriculture.

16 Study: Assessing the Impacts f Migrant Wrkers In additin, the study indicated that migrants have facilitated grwth in the ecnmy brught benefits t the turism industry thrugh the develpment f new air rutes had a psitive influence n the prductivity r efficiency f lcal wrkers cntributed new ideas and a fresh apprach t firms greater cultural links with develping states that prve useful in grwing internatinal trade The Ecnmic, Labur Market and Skills Impacts f Migrant Wrkers in Nrthern Ireland

17 Study: Analysis f the Impacts f Migratin Study cnducted by The Migratin Advisry Cmmittee (MAC), a British public bdy cmprised f ecnmists and migratin experts that prvide transparent, independent and evidence-based advice t the UK Gvernment n migratin issues. The evidence fr the impact f migrants n emplyment and unemplyment is mixed, with mst studies estimating little r n assciatin between migrant inflws and changes t emplyment. A few studies estimate that migratin is assciated with a reductin in native emplyment. Thse migrants wh have been in the UK fr ver five years are nt assciated with displacement f UK-brn wrkers.

18 Study: Analysis f the Impacts f Migratin The 2011 study reprted the fllwing findings. Wrking-age migrants are assciated with a reductin in lcal emplyment rates during slw ecnmic grwth r during an ecnmic dwnturn, but n such effect is identified at ther times. Thse migrants wh have been in the UK fr ver 5 years are nt assciated with displacement f UK-brn wrkers. Migratin has n impact n average wages, but migratin increases wages at the tp f the wage distributin and lwers wages at the bttm f the wage distributin. The primary negative influences n survey respndents perceptins f their lcal area is the level f scial deprivatin rather than the level f new migratin. Analysis f the Impacts f Migratin

19 Internatinal Migratin and Ppulatin Dynamics The number f internatinal migrants wrldwide has grwn faster than the wrld s ppulatin. Internatinal migratin cntributes significantly t ppulatin grwth in parts f the wrld, and reverses negative grwth in sme areas. The impact f negative net migratin is generally mdest fr states with large ppulatins. Net migratin is prjected t have a significant impact n the size f ppulatins in a number f majr areas. Migratin can cntribute t slwing the lng-term trend tward ppulatin aging. While internatinal migratin can mdify dependency ratis, it cannt reverse the trend f ppulatin aging.

20 Darfur refugees, Sudan, 2004 Trends in Internatinal Migratin War and civil strife cntinue t frce massive refugee migratin in many parts f the wrld. The number f refugees wrldwide is rising t new histric levels. Eurpe s asylum crisis is getting wrse. Migrants fleeing the cnflicts in Syria, Afghanistan and Eritrea will nt be ging hme any time sn and mre will fllw. There has been an increase in the cmplexity, size and changes in the directin f internatinal migrant flws ver time. There has been a large increase in the number f migrants wh mve frm less t mre develped states.

21 Trends in Internatinal Migratin In many mre develped states, the percentage f ppulatin that is freign brn has increased significantly in recent decades and that presents challenges fr the integratin prcess in hst states. Mvements are taking place between states f the Suth (rather than nly Suth t Nrth). There are new ples f ecnmic activity that are grwing very rapidly - fr example China, Brazil, India - prviding an attractin fr migrants. A rising share f internatinal migrants nw lives in high-incme states such as the US and Germany, while a grwing share was brn in middle-incme states such as India and Mexic. (Peple living in lwer-incme states want t mve but mst d nt have the resurces t undertake the jurney.)

22 Trends in Internatinal Migratin A grwing prprtin f wmen are migrating independently as breadwinners fr their families, r are being trafficked and suffering human rights abuses as demand fr labr has becme fcused n dmestic wrk, services, hspitality and sex. Experience has shwn that migratin, when gverned fairly, can make a very imprtant cntributin t scial and ecnmic develpment bth in the hme states and in the hst states.

23 Trends in Internatinal Migratin The glbal war fr talent is intensifying and states will either be aggressive in welcming talented migrants r lse ut. Experts expect an acceleratin in migratin by high-skilled freigners, mstly frm Asia but frm ther regins as well. [Whether r nt the US benefits at all depends n whether Cngress amends immigratin law t increase the number f high-skill and high-incme migrants. A Canadian diplmat recently pleaded, Please dn t cpy ur immigratin laws. Canada wants thse high-skill peple in Vancuver, Calgary, Winnipeg and Trnt.]

24 Trends in Internatinal Migratin Migrants are sending hme mre mney than ever befre. The verall annual flw f remittances has nearly tripled since The share f remittances received by middle-incme states has risen t an estimated 71%. Ttal remittances t lw- and middle-incme states are nearly three times the amunt f freign aid t thse states. The ecnmic imprtance f remittances is larger in prer states. Remittances accunt fr 8% f the grss dmestic prduct in lw-incme states, 2% in middleincme states and less than 1% in high-incme states.

25 Trends in Internatinal Migratin The US has the wrld s largest number f internatinal migrants. But... The freign brn as a share f the ttal ppulatin is still cnsiderably lwer in the US (14%) than in ther majr destinatin states. The rigins f US immigrants have becme mre cncentrated ver time with a larger and larger share cming frm Latin America and the Caribbean (55%). There is an increased apprehensin abut immigratin in hst states: immigrants are scapegats when unemplyment rises, cmpassin fatigue

26 Trends in Internatinal Migratin: Public Opinin US Adults Preferred Plicy tward Illegal Immigrants

27 Trends in Internatinal Migratin Migratin is a critical issue in the natinal plitics and electins f many states. States are retreating frm philsphical differences ver multiculturalism vs acculturatin and increasingly agreeing t fcus n practice... in particular, husing, emplyment and educatin. Trapped in electin cycles, afraid f negative media cverage and singularly lacking in plitical leadership, migratin plicy cntinues t be shrtterm, reactive and ineffective.

28 Trends in Internatinal Migratin: Urbanizatin Ppulatins in less develped states mve t cities in search f wrk and incme. Urbanizatin migratin frm rural areas lack f jbs in cuntryside cities unable t cpe with influx: lack f services, inadequate husing, nt enugh jbs Lags, Nigeria Mumbai, India Mexic City, Mexic

29 Trends in Internatinal Migratin: Urbanizatin Rank City / Urban Area State Ppulatin 1 Tky Ykhama Japan 37,843,000 2 Jakarta (Jabdetabek) Indnesia 30,539,000 3 Delhi India 24,998,000 4 Manila (Metr Manila) Philippines 24,123,000 5 Seul Gyenggi Inchen (Sudgwn) Suth Krea 23,480,000 6 Shanghai China 23,416,000 7 Karachi Pakistan 22,123,000 8 Beijing China 21,009,000 9 New Yrk City United States 20,630, Guangzhu Fshan (Guangf) China 20,597,000

30 Trends in Internatinal Migratin: Urbanizatin, 2030 There is massive glbal migratin int a small number f megacities, cities with 10 millin peple r mre. Over tw dzen f thse megacities are n the cast. Many f these castal areas are lw lying r even sinking. Cmbine that with glbal sea level rise and much f the billins f dllars in new infrastructure needed will almst certainly be built in the mst vulnerable places. Mre husing and infrastructure will cmpete fr limited space with existing resurces like castal marshes, swamps and mangrve habitats... the very resurces that prvide natural prtectin. Mre develpment means mre run ff and pllutants in the estuaries... the very estuaries that are needed t prvide seafd and ther crucial ecsystem services.

31 Trends in Internatinal Migratin: Urbanizatin, 2030

32 US Immigratin Statistics The fllwing slides cntain infrmatin specific t the United States. 1. US immigratin has ccurred in waves, with peaks fllwed by trughs 2. Surces f US immigrants 3. Surces f US immigrants acrss time 4. Tp 10 hme states fr US immigrants 5. Share f US freign-brn wrkers by ccupatin 6. Ppulatin pyramids f US native and freignbrn

33 1. US immigratin has ccurred in waves, with peaks fllwed by trughs.

34 2. Surces f US Immigrants, 2013

35 3. Surces f US Immigrants Acrss Time interactive versin

36 4. Tp 10 Hme States f US Immigrants, 2013

37 5. Share f US Freign-Brn Wrkers by Occupatin, 2014 Immigratin Will Save the American Ecnmy, S Embrace It

38 6. Ppulatin Pyramids f US Native and Freign-Brn (%)

39 Histrical Trends in US Internal Migratin Histrically, the US ppulatin mved west and suth. The Gld Rush (1849) and the Dnner Party were the mst dramatic examples f hardship. Wells, pumps, aqueducts, msquit cntrl and air cnditining allwed mves which therwise wuld have been impssible. The lss f industrial jbs in the east cmplemented the increase in Sunbelt service sectr jbs (bitech, cmmunicatins).

40 Trends in US Internal Migratin Nrmal internal migratin has been characterized by a ppulatin shift frm rural t urban areas. Within urban areas, a large ppulatin shift frm central cities t suburbs has ccurred in the last half f the 20 th century. Fr the first time since the 1940s, mre immigrants frm Mexic are leaving the US than are cming int the state. Ppulatin is shifting frm high-tax, high-cst states such as New Yrk and Califrnia t lw-tax, lw-cst states such as Flrida and Texas. (That als means a lw level f services.)

41 Trends in US Internal Migratin The huge metrplitan areas f Texas -- DFW, Hustn, Austin, San Antni -- are amng the fastest grwing in the state. Lk fr similar grwth in business-friendly medium-size and small metr areas farther nrth -- Oklahma City, Wichita, Omaha, Siux Falls and Farg. Internal migratin in the US has drpped dramatically. Migratin rates have fallen fr mst distances, demgraphic and sciecnmic grups, and gegraphic areas. Pew Immigratin Trends

42 Trends in US Internal Migratin: Migratin t Cities

43 Trends in US Internal Migratin: Migratin t Cities suburbanizatin autmbiles and rads American Dream better services cunter-urbanizatin idyllic settings cst f land fr retirement slw pace, yet high tech cnnectins t services and markets US internal migratin during the 1990s.

44 Emerging Internatinal Migratin Issues States must think abut practical measures t gain the benefits f migratin, while addressing the challenges. States can institute measures that lwer sme f the csts f migratin (example: allwing migrants multiple entry visas t make it pssible fr them t migrate in circular patterns r t return t their hme states withut fear f nt being able t cme back t the hst state). Migratin has the ptential fr bringing peple tgether but it brings scial and cultural pressures that require planning. It s essential t dispel the misinfrmatin many lcals believe, t prvide migrants with gd infrmatin abut the lcal cmmunity, and t prvide pprtunities fr integratin.

45 The Bttm Line Where the ecnmic precnditins exist, migratin is inevitable. When peple try t prevent migratin it just ges undergrund. It is clear that migratin can be beneficial fr migrants, but nly if their rights are prtected prperly. Migrants whse rights are well respected are best able t participate in the brader prcess f scial and ecnmic develpment in their hst and hme states. Migrants wh have an irregular legal status are vulnerable t abuse and explitatin. British anti refugee sticker

46 The Bttm Line Like it r nt... Yu enjy migrant fd, culture and music. A migrant health wrker is caring fr yu r yur relatives. A migrant teacher is helping educate and care fr yur children r grandchildren. Yu are depending n technlgy develped by a migrant entrepreneur. Migrants are ding jbs yu re unwilling t d, allwing yu t live cmfrtably.

47 The End