Regional Mechanisms Reader Co-Constructing Transformative Economic Policy

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1 Reginal Mechanisms Reader C-Cnstructing Transfrmative Ecnmic Plicy A Regins Refcus Anntated Bibligraphy Updated July 2016 Table f Cntents Sustainable Develpment in the Caribbean Alleyne, Dilln. et, al. Ecnmic Survey f the Caribbean Balancing ecnmic recvery and high debt in the Caribbean. ECLAC Subreginal Headquarters fr the Caribbean Caddle, Marsha, Caribbean Develpment Bank. Financing substantive gender equality within a new SDG framewrk. Presentatin Caribbean Develpment Bank. Yuth are the Future: The Imperative f Yuth Emplyment fr Sustainable Develpment in the Caribbean. Reprt CARICOM. Declaratin n the Internatinal Develpment Agenda Pst Lyman. Eric. At the Bnn Climate Negtiatins, Unexpected Drama Over 1.5 Degrees. Pacific Standard Ricketts, Heather. Grenada and the Human Develpment Index: Unmasking the plicy applicability f the HDI rank Paul, Stella. Frm rape t disasters, climate change a threat t wmen-funders. Thmsn Reuters Fundatin Feminist Ecnmics in the Caribbean 6 Barriteau, Eudine. Structural Adjustment Plicies in the Caribbean: A Feminist Perspective Caddle, Marsha, Caribbean Develpment Bank. Integrating Gender Analysis in Caribbean Plicy Appraches t Trade, Ecnmic Grwth and Equality. Pwer pint presentatin during the 11th Caribbean Institute in Gender and Develpment; Gender, Glbalizatin and Trade Mdule Part 2. 6 infdev, Grwing Innvatin: Prfiling Caribbean Wmen Entrepreneurs: Business Envirnment, Sectral Cnstrains and Prgramming Lessns Jacksn, Jasn and Wedderburn, Judith. Gender and the Ecnmic Partnership Agreement: an analysis f the ptential gender effects f the CARIFORUM-EU EPA. Caribbean Develpment Reprt, Vl Jacksn, Jasn. Integrating Gender Analysis in Caribbean Trade and Ecnmic Grwth Prgrammes. Backgrund Paper prepared fr the Caribbean Develpment Bank Kamugisha, Aarn. The Clniality f citizenship in the cntemprary Anglphne Caribbean. Race and Class Faci, Alda. Anther Justice Seen Thrugh the Eyes f Gender. Beynd Law Reddck, Rhda and Juliana S. Fster. The Systemic crisis impact n wmen: sub reginal perspectives: The Impact f the Crisis n Wmen Piras, Claudia et al. Definitins Matter, Measuring Gender Gaps in Firms Access t Credit. Discussin Paper N. IDB-DP-314. Inter-American Develpment Bank Seguin, Stephanie. Micr-Macr Linkages Between Gender, Develpment and Grwth: Implicatins fr the Caribbean Regin Xavier, Julie and Marcs Oznas, Margarita. Identifying and Csting Gender Equality Pririties f St. Lucia s Public Assistance Prgramme: Sharing Experiences and Lessns Learnt

2 Intrductin t Heterdx Ecnmics 11 Barcena, Alicia and Prad, Antni. Nestructuralism and heterdx thinking in Latin America and the Caribbean in the early twenty-first century. ECLAC Best, Llyd and Levitt, Kari. Outline f a General Thery f Caribbean Ecnmy. Chapter 3 in Essays n the Thery f Plantatin Ecnmy. A Histrical and Institutinal Apprach t Caribbean Ecnmic Develpment Center fr Ppular Ecnmics. Timeline. 12 Hudsn, James. On the Histry and Histrigraphy f Banking in the Caribbean. Small Axe ILO. Transfrming Ecnmies: Making industrial plicy wrk fr grwth, jbs and develpment ILO. The Frthcming Adjustment Shck. Plicy Brief based n The Decade f Adjustment: A Review f Austerity Trends in 187 Cuntries. ILO, Suth Centre and the Initiative fr Plicy Dialgue, Clumbia University Frstater, Maya. Internatinal Tax, Transparency, and Finance fr Develpment: A Shrt Guide fr the Perplexed Ostry, D. Jnathan, Lungani, Prakash, and Furceri, Davide. Neliberalism: Oversld? Finance and Develpment, Oxfam. An Ecnmy fr the 1 percent. Hw privilege and pwer in the ecnmy drive extreme inequality and hw this can be stpped. Briefing Paper Sustainable Develpment in the Caribbean Alleyne, Dilln. et, al. Ecnmic Survey f the Caribbean Balancing ecnmic recvery and high debt in the Caribbean. ECLAC Subreginal Headquarters fr the Caribbean t prvide analysis f the ecnmic perfrmance fr 2014 fr the Bahamas, Barbads, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tbag plus eight member states f the Eastern Caribbean Currency Unin (ECCU) and the utlk fr Main findings: The reginal ecnmy is prjected t experience marginally slw grwth. This is partly influenced by weak grwth in majr exprt markets and anemic dmestic demand. Grwth amng the service prducers will be driven by cntinued recvery in turism, fuelled in party by lwer fuel prices. The fiscal psitin is experienced t be influenced by further cnslidatin t bring dwn debt levels, especially as adjustment prgrams take hld in sme f the mst indebted cuntries. Meanwhile, the current accunt deficit is expected t widen wing t reduced exprts, influenced in party by il and gas exprts. The majr challenge cntinues t be the huge debt burden facing a number f Caribbean Member States. ECLAC has been develping a prpsal aimed a debt relief in rder t create fiscal space fr member states and t enhance grwth. Caddle, Marsha, Caribbean Develpment Bank. Financing substantive gender equality within a new SDG framewrk. Presentatin A discussin n new and transfrmative financing mdels fr gender equality must take place squarely in the cntext f, rather than be marginal t, the regin s verall macr- 2

3 and sciecnmic cnstraints and slutins, which include: negative and lw grwth high debt pverty unemplyment husehld dependency Recmmendatin fr implementing substantive gender equality Pst-2015: Natinal actin: Investments in prductivity and cmpetitiveness, diversificatin shuld als target infrmal sectr; sectrs with ptential fr wmen s participatin Prgrammes targeting jb market re-entry shuld target wmen s labur skills Cunter-cyclical sci-ecnmic plicy measures including financial sectr Data gathering and analysis Tax incidence analysis (PSIA) and revenue restructuring Reginal Actin: Investments in reginal public gd that prmte wmen s ecnmic empwerment and freedm f mvement e.g. mbility f scial insurance Gender analysis f crss-brder transfers and financial flws Gender analysis f mdalities that engage private sectr and husehld sectr Internatinal actin: Partnerships fr develpment; the speed and nature f integratin int glbal markets Caribbean Develpment Bank. Yuth are the Future: The Imperative f Yuth Emplyment fr Sustainable Develpment in the Caribbean. Reprt Main findings: Yuth unemplyment is high with respect t glbal levels. It is als significantly higher that adult unemplyment. Gender differences in yuth emplyment are als symptmatic f unequal render relatins in the Regin, and nt nly manifested n an idelgical level but als n a material ne as well. The cnsequences fr Caribbean develpment due t this high level n unemplyment amng a significant prprtin f the ppulatin are nt just fregne ecnmic grwth and a financial expense; there are als scial cnsequences such as pverty and yuth risky behaviurs and cncmitant negative utcmes such as psychlgical scarring, crime, and unplanned pregnancy, and lst future earning capacity. CARICOM. Declaratin n the Internatinal Develpment Agenda Pst Main arguments and call fr actin: The internatinal develpment agenda must be inter-gvernmentally determined and agreed The eradicatin f pverty must remain the cre bjective and verarching preccupatin f the internatinal develpment agenda The develpment agenda must be premised n prmting the welfare and well-being f all peple The develpment agenda shuld prmte and mainstream sustainable develpment and the balanced integratin f its three dimensins ecnmic, scial and envirnmental at all levels The unique and particular vulnerabilities and challenges f small island develping states (SIDS) must remain a pririty in the develpment agenda The develpment agenda shuld build n the lessns f the Millennium Develpment Gals (MDGs) tward a single cmprehensive and integrated agenda that is respnsive t the diverse develpment realities with which individual cuntries and regins are cnfrnted The persistent and emerging challenges f climate change, energy security, water security, 3

4 sustainable agriculture, fd security and nutritin, emplyment, ecnmic grwth and diversificatin, debt sustainability, health (addressing bth cmmunicable and nncmmunicable diseases), gender equality and the empwerment f wmen, challenges facing yuth and children, crime and security, and gvernance shuld be featured in the develpment agenda in rder t address these and ther critical challenges that cnstrain the develpment prspects and perfrmance f CARICOM Member States The develpment agenda shuld incrprate brader measures f prgress t cmplement Grss Dmestic Prduct, as GDP alne is an inadequate measure f the state f develpment in many ecnmies we encurage nging effrts t devise apprpriate appraches and instruments t that end Emphasis must be placed n ensuring that definitive arrangements, including effective partnerships, are made t prvide adequate financial and ther resurces, trade and market access, technlgy transfer and capacity building, particularly in the area f data cllectin and statistical analysis and imprving resilience t the effects f climate change, t assist develping cuntries t implement the pst 2015 develpment agenda. Greater emphasis must be placed n the develpment f mnitring, evaluatin and accuntability framewrks t guarantee the implementatin f cmmitments made by all actrs that the fstering f a cmprehensive glbal plicy envirnment mre cnducive t the achievement f develpment bjectives is an abslute imperative. Greater cherence acrss the trade, finance, envirnment and scial plicies is essential in this regard. Decisive prgress in the Dha Develpment Rund, the demcratisatin f glbal ecnmic gvernance, and ambitius actin n climate change are imprtant requirements in the creatin f such an envirnment Institutinal arrangements shuld fster and cmplement the effective implementatin f the develpment agenda and effrts shuld be pursued t ensure their cherence thrugh apprpriate refrm and strengthening All relevant stakehlders, such as gvernments, civil sciety, the private sectr, and intergvernmental rganisatins, must be included in the prcess f determining and advancing the pst 2015 develpment agenda t ensure mre dynamic partnerships at all levels. Green Climate Fund. Annex XIII: Gender plicy fr the Green Climate Fund. N Date Cntext: The Gverning Instrument gives the Fund a clear mandate t enhance a gender sensitive apprach in its prcesses and peratins. It recgnizes the imprtance f gender cnsideratins in terms f impact and access t climate funding: Main Argument: There are three cmpelling reasns fr the Fund s mandate n gender sensitivity: Wmen, as well as men significantly cntribute t cmbating climate change. Shifting the paradigm twards lw-emissin and climate resilient develpment pathways, which is the Fund s mandate, requires a large number f individual and cllective decisins by wmen and men. A gender-sensitive apprach is therefre party f a paradigm shift. Climate change impacts wmen and men differently, t the detriment f wmen, and existing gender inequalities are likely t be exacerbated by climate change. Gender inequality, exacerbated by climate change, is linked, as a ther develpment areas, t vulnerability and risks. The greater vulnerability f wmen t climate change stems frm gender nrms and discriminatin that result in the imbalanced divisin f labr, lwer incme, and lesser livelihd pprtunities; less access and cntrl ver land and ther prductive assets; fewer legal rights; lesser mbility and lesser plitical and prfessinal representatin. By adpting a gender-sensitive apprach in its mandate n climate change, the Fund cmmits t cntributing t gender equality, as enshrined in internatinal agreements and natinal cnstitutins, and ther human rights agreements. 4

5 Lyman. Eric. At the Bnn Climate Negtiatins, Unexpected Drama Over 1.5 Degrees. Pacific Standard Cntext: A 1.5-degree temperature target many see as the mst significant cmpnent f the Paris Agreement came under unexpected-and unusually dramatic-scrutiny at a set f United Natins climate negtiatins last week in Bnn, Germany. BECCS is a plan that wuld create fuel frm agriculture and then take the carbn dixide it prduces and liquefy it under pressure, pump it undergrund, and stre it there indefinitely. Envirnmental grups and bserver rganizatins are split n the tpic. Thse in favr f BECCS say that they re prbably the nly ptin left. Bill Hare, a climate scientist with Germany-based Climate Analytics, fr example, meanwhile, critics say it s unlikely the technlgies will wrk, that betting n them wuld delay mre meaningful and immediate actin, and that such heavy use f bi-energy wuld spark a series f land grabs, mnplizing fields that wuld therwise be used t feed the wrld s pr. Ricketts, Heather. Grenada and the Human Develpment Index: Unmasking the plicy applicability f the HDI rank article examines the usefulness f the Human Develpment Index (HDI) rank as a plicy guide. Main finding: The HDI by itself cannt and shuld nt infrm plicy. The HDI shws Grenada s cntinued imprvement and mvement int the ranks f High Human Develpment. In spite f this evaluatin, the quality f life indicatrs suggest cmprmised well-being and develpment. Main recmmendatin: Grenada must answer, What are the critical shrtcmings which impinge the ability f citizens t win pprtunities and develp their ptential? Raising the cmpetitiveness f the ecnmy will have t be a pririty s as t reduce unemplyment and imprve the retentin f its citizens. At the same time, hwever, investments in dmestic capital and in the creative industries, alng with imprvements in educatin and training utcmes, will als have t be given serius attentin. The cuntry will have t cmmit t an pening up f the gvernance prcess t give all Grenadians an pprtunity t engage. Paul, Stella. Frm rape t disasters, climate change a threat t wmen-funders. Thmsn Reuters Fundatin Cntext: As a cnsequence f weather changes and increased mining in the regin, wmen and girls have t walk further t fetch water. This has resulted in the number f kidnappings and rapes mre than dubled ver studied tw-year perid. Main Argument: Wmen s rganizatins and funders are increasingly seeing climate change as a rt cause f wmen s prblems. Wrsening disasters, increasing migratin r lack f water disprprtinally affect wmen. Getting climate cash fr wmen s issues and vice versa is nt easy. Wmen s cncerns get limited fcus in effrts t curb climate change. Main Recmmendatin: Effrts t build the capacity f wmen s grups t seek climate finance is imprtant. The article urges the Internatinal Green Climate Fund-which is expected t handle a large share f the cming flw f climate cash- t clsely wrk with reginal green grant giving rganizatins. 5

6 Smith, Ransfrd. The Caribbean and the pst-develpment agenda. ECLAC Subreginal Headquarters fr the Caribbean The pst-2015 develpment agenda present a majr pprtunity fr Caribbean cuntries t reverse decades f lagging ecnmic perfrmance and make the transitin t balanced, hlistic, and peple-centred grwth and develpment. The brader scpe f the Sustainable Develpment Gals (SDGs) is particularly imprtant fr the Caribbean. The regins shuld benefit frm gals that, amngst their bjectives, serve als t directly strengthen ecnmic perfrmance and prmte beneficial engagement with the glbal ecnmy. Main findings: The Millennium Develpment Gals (MDGs), while valuable in prmting gains in pverty reductin, health, educatin, nutritin and maternal well-being, were nt tailred t the grwth and develpment needs f the regin. Main recmmendatins: The necessary scaling-up f the MDG framewrk will require that the sustainable develpment gals are capable f prmting structural change, cmpetitiveness and utput gains while advancing scial develpment and meeting envirnmental cncerns. It is imperative that a transitin by the regin frm the lw-grwth trajectry that has btained fr decades be twards sustainable and inclusive grwth and develpment, which nt nly imprvise ecnmic perfrmance, but cnserves the envirnment, reduces inequality, strengthens resilience, and prmtes scial inclusin. If natinal, reginal, and glbal will and resurces can be mbilized arund a set f SDGs with transfrmatinal ptential, Caribbean develpment culd in the near future attain an histric inflectin pint. Feminist Ecnmics in the Caribbean Barriteau, Eudine. Structural Adjustment Plicies in the Caribbean: A Feminist Perspective Article emplys a feminist perspective t discuss the effects f structural adjustment plicies in the Anglphne Caribbean Calls fr a pstmdern feminist apprach that puts the husehld in place f the market, as the cre unin f ecnmic analysis. Such an apprach is particularly necessary in scieties, such as ne finds in the Caribbean, where market relatins are strngly mediated by kinship and scicultural exchanges. Caddle, Marsha, Caribbean Develpment Bank. Integrating Gender Analysis in Caribbean Plicy Appraches t Trade, Ecnmic Grwth and Equality. Pwer pint presentatin during the 11th Caribbean Institute in Gender and Develpment; Gender, Glbalizatin and Trade Mdule Part 2. T discuss the imprtance f applying gender analysis t the develpment and implementatin f ecnmic plicy. Main questin: hw d we develp sciecnmic develpment plicies that are cmpatible with the gals f gender equality in the Caribbean? Cntext: Pverty in the Caribbean cntinues t be a gendered issue. Despite steady increases in labr frce participatin, structural challenges, nt nly at the macrecnmic level, but als at the individual and husehld levels, make wmen and their families vulnerable t pverty. 6

7 Main recmmendatin Entry pints t develp sciecnmic develpment plicies: Trade plicy ad trade facilitatin Business and industrial develpment, prductivity and cmpetitiveness Scial prtectin Fiscal plicy Budget infdev, Grwing Innvatin: Prfiling Caribbean Wmen Entrepreneurs: Business Envirnment, Sectral Cnstrains and Prgramming Lessns This reprt seeks t redress the current paucity f infrmatin n grwth-riented wmen entrepreneurs in the Caribbean regin by drawing n varius data surces t estimate their numbers and sectral fcus. Main findings: Infrmatin n enterprise develpment in the Caribbean is ften nly based n ne r tw f the larger Caribbean states, mstly due t the absence f key infrmatin abut ther smaller Caribbean states. Glbally, research n wmen entrepreneurs is in its early stages, with a severe lack f analysis in the Caribbean. The research indicated that the prprtin f wmen in self-emplyment is lw in relatin t verall self-emplyment and that their participatin in technlgy and knwledge-intensive sectrs is subsequently als lw. Main barriers t wmen-wned entrepreneurs: Lack f access t financing Lack f apprpriate and relevant training and cunselling Lack f access t relevant and timely business-related infrmatin Lack f access t netwrks Lack f access t technlgy and equipment Main recmmendatins t address gender segregatin in the labur market: Expand wmen s invlvement in sectrs with grwth ptential, bth as emplyees and wners Increase acceptance f self-emplyment as a viable career ptin Imprve access t develpmental resurces t prmte greater invlvement in selfemplyment in grwth-riented sectrs. Jacksn, Jasn and Wedderburn, Judith. Gender and the Ecnmic Partnership Agreement: an analysis f the ptential gender effects f the CARIFORUM-EU EPA. Caribbean Develpment Reprt, Vlume Purpse f reprt t identify and highlight the gender implicatins f the Ecnmic Partnership Agreement (EPA) recently signed between CARIFORUM cuntries and the Eurpean Cmmissin. Main findings and recmmendatins: Macrecnmic indicatrs in mst CARICOM cuntries have deterirated significantly, shwing little grwth, with fiscal deficits and debt burdens that have grwn steadily. The specific manner in which Caribbean ecnmies will be impacted by the recent trends in the wrld ecnmy, such as the EPA with the Eurpean Unin, will be determined t a large degree nt nly by the glbal macr-ecnmic situatin, but by the macrecnmic situatin f each ecnmy, the structure and develpment level f its varius sectrs, and by a range f scial, ecnmic and envirnmental factrs, all f which have specific gender dimensins. 7

8 It is clear that the Caribbean subregin is at a critical juncture, where the need fr deeper research and analysis is required in rder t understand the ptential effects f the EPA n Caribbean scieties and t infrm the way frward. As natinal markets becme mre accessible t glbal trade, wrld exprts have been grwing faster than wrld utput, and trade in services is grwing faster than merchandise trade. With respect t gender and trade, research has cnsistently demnstrated the existence f an imprtant relatinship between trade penness and the feminizatin f labur acrss sectrs, as the specific utcmes f trade agreements impact wmen and men differently depending n their lcatin in sciety and the ecnmy. These differential impacts n wmen and men are linked t the scial and ecnmic aspects f their livelihds, because wmen and men s ecnmic perfrmance is influenced by their gendered realities. Their capacity t benefit frm any pprtunities assciated with trade liberalizatin and any changes in trade perfrmance require analysis using a gender lens, t identify hw wmen s and men s experiences differ and hw their livelihds are affected. New trade plicies can prduce changes in emplyment, price, incme, and cnsumptin patterns that affect wmen and men differently. A gender analysis is required t determine if and when these effects might ccur. Ensuring that the EPA supprts these egalitarian develpment gals requires an analysis f the cmpsitin f trade between the tw blcs t determine what sectrs are likely t be mst significantly impacted, and within thse sectrs, what are the likely distributinal utcmes based n gender and ther key sci-ecnmic categries such as class, race and ethnicity. The grwth mdel built primarily n ne-liberal principles and free trade is in crisis, and this prvides an pprtunity t questin the principles n which the EPA was designed. Jacksn, Jasn. Integrating Gender Analysis in Caribbean Trade and Ecnmic Grwth Prgrammes. Backgrund Paper prepared fr the Caribbean Develpment Bank T prvide a framewrk f sciecnmic analysis that will guide the secnd CDB wrkshp n Integrating Gender Analysis in Caribbean Trade and Ecnmic Grwth Prgrammes. This backgrund paper highlights the fundamental relatinship that exists between gender, trade and sci-ecnmic develpment in the regin. Main arguments: The Caribbean regin has faced declining levels f internatinal cmpetitiveness ver the past three decades, which has led t a prlnged perid f ecnmic stagnatin. While the causes f weak ecnmic perfrmance are many and varied, much plicies and prgrammatic effrts t address theses cncerns have centred n human capital and labur frce develpment. This directs analytic attentin t the gendered structure f the Caribbean wrkfrce and the implicatins f gender-based inequalities fr addressing wider cmpetitiveness as well as scial develpment cncerns. This gender-aware analytic apprach shuld be institutinalized as a central cmpnent f reginal develpment prgramming as even in cases where wmen may be psitively affected by interventins frm gvernment r develpment partners, the reality f scial status and gender-based inequality may severely cnstrain their ability t take advantage f ecnmic pprtunities frm trade t imprve their livelihds. Kamugisha, Aarn. The Clniality f citizenship in the cntemprary Anglphne Caribbean. Race and Class Abstract: A cmmn theme t the plitical crisis f the cntemprary Anglphne Caribbean is the denial f full citizenship t many persns in the natin state nt primarily in a legal sense but in the variety f practices, trpes f belnging and identity cncerns that frustrate and deny the aspiratins f many Caribbean peple. This clniality f citizenship is a cmplex amalgam f elite dminatin, neliberalism and the legacy f 8

9 clnial authritarianism. Independence frm British rule did nt bring with it a break frm existing frms f citizenship and middle-class natinalism left intact the underlying racial rder. The cnslidatin f elite mdels f develpment and their cncmitant explitatins can be seen in the Caribbean turism industry, which demands sexual caricatures f the Caribbean similar t thse f the clnial prject. It can be bserved, als, in the Caribbean state s patriarchal and heternrmative plicing f gender and sexuality, carried ut withut any apparent awareness f the clnial prvenances f such practices. Faci, Alda. Anther Justice Seen Thrugh the Eyes f Gender. Beynd Law Abstract: This article aims t further the rethinking f law frm a gender perspective. Drawing n feminist, scilegal and scial mvement theries, it examines different fields f law and legal practice ntably access t justice that call fr a new understanding f gender issues. With regards t Latin America, the article prpses the creatin f a new field f law and prgressive legal practice already in place in ther parts f the wrld i.e., Wmen s Law- which culd well be the seed that prduces a new justice in the regin: a justice with a gender perspective and, thereby, inclusive f the needs and interests f indigenus peple, migrants, and grups therwise excluded because f their race, class, disability, age, and sexual ptin. Reddck, Rhda and Juliana S. Fster. The Systemic crisis impact n wmen: sub reginal perspectives: The Impact f the Crisis n Wmen Cntext: Ne-liberal plicies, intrduced in the Caribbean as Structural Adjustment Prgrammes (SAPs) in the 1980s, had, by the 1990s, almst fully destryed the agriculture sectr thrughut the regin and the industrial prductin sectr in a few specific cuntries. Over the last tw decades, Caribbean ecnmies have increased their dependence n nrthern markets and nrthern cuntries as imprters f primary raw materials and manufactured gds. The dminance f the service sectr including turism, ffshre banking, and infrmatics fllws the decline f their prductin sectrs. The financial crisis has gendered impacts. Reginal bdies recmmend maintaining expenditure n scial plicies r public sectr investment. This, alng with human resurce develpment strategies such as training wmen t increase skills r cmpetitiveness fr emplyment, is likely t ffset the impact f the crisis n wmen. Alngside ther prgressive NGOs, wmen s rganizatins shuld take the lead in crafting alternatives and crdinating and implementing respnses t the crisis in the regin. The invlvement f wmen s rganizatins and institutins in dialgue t reslve the crisis is essential. Disaggregated data n emplyment frm the varius sectrs is required t assess the gender impact. Gvernments and wmen s rganizatins shuld, therefre, supprt thse psitined t generate such data. The entire regin needs t priritize the revival f the agricultural sectr fcusing n reginal fd prductin fr lcal cnsumptin and fr exprt and supprt the infrmal inter-island trade system thrugh which traders, the majrity f whm are wmen, transprt fd acrss brders. The individualism and market rientatin f the ne-liberal paradigm has taken a tll n cllective rganizing. Main recmmendatins: The CARICOM Wmen s desk, reginal bilateral agencies, and Gender Departments thrughut the regin shuld dcument the gendered impacts f the crisis and use this 9

10 t influence reginal plicy thrugh the CARICOM Reginal Task Frce. Wmen s mvements in the regin can address the Caribbean s psitin f marginality by strategically psitining themselves at the frefrnt f calls by scial mvements and internatinal agencies t include wmen in reshaping the glbal ecnmy and guarantee scial security t guard against reversing gains in scial develpment, particularly arund emplyment, pverty and inequality reductin, and educatin. This is especially imprtant as sme cuntries in the regin return t brrwing frm the IMF in the current cntext. The ecnmic crisis shuld nt shift fcus away frm wrk n amelirating the causes and impacts f the threat f climate change t small island states such as thse that cmprise the Caribbean. These threats increase challenges fr the pr, including the greater scial and ecnmic vulnerability f wmen. Gender mainstreaming shuld therefre cntinue in all plicy spheres as the regin adpts and maintains a sustainable develpment agenda. Piras, Claudia et al. Definitins Matter, Measuring Gender Gaps in Firms Access t Credit. Discussin Paper N. IDB-DP-314. Inter-American Develpment Bank This paper analyses an extensive dataset that prvides detailed infrmatin abut female wnership and management in firms, allwing fr further understanding f gender gaps in access t finance. Standard measures f female wnership and management f firms included in the Wrld Bank Enterprise Survey d nt supprt the existence f a gender gap in access t finance in the Latin American and Caribbean regin. Nnetheless, mre precise measures shw that wmen-led businesses are mre likely t be financially cnstrained than ther cmparable firms. The evidence presented suggests that this gender gap may be driven by taste-based discriminatin. Main recmmendatin: The findings highlight the need t deepen the analysis f the effect f gender in firms decisin-making prcesses, and als stresses the imprtant f undertaking an ad hc survey. Seguin, Stephanie. Micr-Macr Linkages Between Gender, Develpment and Grwth: Implicatins fr the Caribbean Regin Article explres the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in imprtant ways, cnstrains ecnmic develpment and grwth in the Caribbean regin. It further explres the endgeneity f gender inequality t the macrecnmic plicy envirnment. Gender inequality affects develpment and grwth, and is itself endgenus that is, macrecnmic plicies and the pace f grwth influence the degree f gender equality. Research questins: What institutinal factrs and structures cause wmen t live in ecnmically precarius cnditins t a greater extent than men? What are the scial benefits the spillver effects f reducing gender inequality fr sciety as a whle? What plicies might prmte gender equity in well-being while simultaneusly prmting Caribbean develpment and grwth? Main findings: Institutinal factrs cntributing t gender inequality perate in three key spheres: Husehld (family) Prductive sphere (labur and credit markets) 10

11 Brader institutinal and plicy envirnment Specific plicies depend n husehld structure, the frm the gender divisin f labur at hme and at wrk takes, the structure f the ecnmy, and cultural factrs. A mvement twards gender equity necessarily entails a shift in the distributin f resurces and wrk and this t makes prgress a challenging gal. Xavier, Julie and Marcs Oznas, Margarita. Identifying and Csting Gender Equality Pririties f St. Lucia s Public Assistance Prgramme: Sharing Experiences and Lessns Learnt this paper prvides a summary f the recent Gender Respnsive Budgeting (GRB) initiative that was designed t assess and prmte gender equality within the St. Lucia Public Assistance Prgramme (PAP). Intrductin t Heterdx Ecnmics Barcena, Alicia and Antni Prad. Nestructuralism and heterdx thinking in Latin America and the Caribbean in the early twenty-first century. ECLAC Abstract: The thinking that has unilaterally dminated ecnmic science fr ver five decades has recently cme under intensive scrutiny and its validity and cnceptual and empirical cherence are the subject f cntrversy. Thus the limitatins f the prevailing paradigm fr addressing the failures f free market ecnmies have been laid bare. Fr Latin America and the Caribbean, these failures are structural in nature, as indeed structuralism prpsed in its time. Nestructuralism delves mre deeply int the issues addressed in structuralism, aiming t imprve psitining in the internatinal ecnmy, bst prductive emplyment creatin, reduce structural hetergeneity and imprve incme distributin, while maintaining financial balances capable f sustaining changes in the sphere f prductin by means f scial and State supprt. Far frm being an insular system f thinking, nestructuralism is an pen system that lends itself t dialgue with ther philsphies that recgnize the limitatins f the dminant paradigm and bject t its methdlgical mnism. This bk ffers a fresh lk at nestructuralism and heterdx thinking at the start f the twenty-first century. In a cntext shaped by the impacts f the wrst ecnmic and financial crisis since the Great Depressin and by paradigmatic changes at the glbal level, it aims t carve ut arenas fr discussin between alternative lines f thinking in rder t lay the fundatins fr a sciecnmically inclusive and envirnmentally sustainable mdel f develpment fr the regin. Best, Llyd and Kari Levitt. Outline f a General Thery f Caribbean Ecnmy. Chapter 3 in Essays n the Thery f Plantatin Ecnmy. A Histrical and Institutinal Apprach t Caribbean Ecnmic Develpment Cntext: The frustratins f the industrializatin prgramme in the Caribbean can nly be understd in the light f the legacy the territries have inherited frm their cmmn plantatin histry. In spite f imprtant differences, the reginal ecnmies are embedded in a well-defined set f institutins and structures and are characterized by a distinct pattern f ecnmic behavir. Main arguments: Even ecnmics with similar lng-run interests have different ptins in the shrt term. Thus, there is need fr a prir plitical decisin that acknwledges the cmmn lng-run 11

12 interest. The preccupatin f ecnmists with reginal markets and feasibility studies that are based n existing cnditins f technlgy and demand is misleading. It Is enugh t suggest that effrts at reginal cllabratin and extra reginal assciatin be directed nt much twards the liberalizatin f trade, as twards the freeing f lcal decisin making. At the regin level, this is nt a simple questin f the cmparative merits f jining ne reginal grup r cmmn market r anther. The questin has t be psted in terms f specific bjectives, such as the rerganizatin f sugar, bauxite, petrleum, bananas and manufacturing. The prblem in all these cases is that a mercantilist external assciatin is sught in rder t secure access t external markets. But the resulting segmentatin prevents the ecnmic frm making a technlgical breakaway r frm using its plicy instruments creatively t direct savings, investment and entrepreneurship. The system perpetuates itself. Reginal negtiatins will have t cncern themselves with devising incentive schemes f ingenuity equal t thse invented t attract metrplitan industrialists. Thus culd make it mre prfitable fr firms t create links within the regin than t d s utside. Fr example, tax discriminatin culd be practiced in favr f reginal cnsrtia r firms that satisfy criteria f reginal cntent. It wuld be enugh fr a start, if the regin were successful in challenging the assumptin that external linkages are indispensable. These are the minimal requirements fr ecnmic integratin t change the pattern f dependency that characterizes the Caribbean tday. Center fr Ppular Ecnmics. Timeline. Timeline simplifying and explaining the evlvement f the main ecnmic idelgies: Classical, t Keynesian, t Neliberal. Hudsn, James. On the Histry and Histrigraphy f Banking in the Caribbean. Small Axe This essay examines the histry and histrigraphy f banking in the Caribbean. Outline f essay: The first sectin suggests sme reasns fr the underdevelpment f this histrigraphy, pinting t prblems f archival access, t brader disciplinary and institutinal trends, and als t the cnsequences f the emergence f the plantatin as a dminant trpe fr reading the scial and plitical-ecnmic histry f the Caribbean. The secnd sectin f the essay ffers a schematic peridizatin f the histry f banking in the Caribbean, frm the earliest days f Eurpean merchant-lenders t the cntemprary era f neliberal ffshre finance while, at the same time, turning t the histrigraphy itself. It examines the existing literature and describes its typlgies and trends. The final sectin suggests sme directins fr future prjects n hw t write the histry f banks and banking in the Caribbean. Main arguments: Part f my argument here is that the histry f banking in the Caribbean and elsewhere needs t be wrested frm the realms f crprate hagigraphy and a cnservative ecnmic and business histry and reinvigrated and reshaped thrugh a return t plitical ecnmy alngside a critical engagement with cultural studies. ILO. Transfrming Ecnmies: Making industrial plicy wrk fr grwth, jbs and develpment

13 Building n a descriptin and assessment f the cntributins f different ecnmic traditins (neclassical, structural, institutinal and evlutinary) t the analysis f plicies in supprt f structural transfrmatin and the generatin f prductive jbs, this bk argues that industrial plicy ges beynd targeting preferred ecnmic activities, sectrs and technlgies. It als includes the challenge f accelerating learning and the creatin f prductive capabilities. This perspective encurages a brad and integrated apprach t industrial plicy. Only a cherent set f investment, trade, technlgy, educatin and training plicies supprted by macrecnmic, financial and labur market plicies can adequately respnd t the myriad challenges f learning and structural transfrmatin faced by cuntries aiming at achieving develpment bjectives. The bk cntains analyses f natinal and sectral experiences in Csta Rica, the Republic f Krea, India, Brazil, China, Suth Africa, ther cuntries in sub-saharan Africa, and the United States. Practical lessns and fundamental principles fr industrial plicy design and implementatin are distilled frm the cuntry case studies. Given the fact that many cuntries tday engage in industrial plicy, this cllectin f cntributins n thery and practice can be helpful t plicy-makers and practitiners in making industrial plicy wrk fr grwth, jbs and develpment. ILO. The Frthcming Adjustment Shck. Plicy Brief based n The Decade f Adjustment: A Review f Austerity Trends in 187 Cuntries. ILO, Suth Centre and the Initiative fr Plicy Dialgue, Clumbia University Cntext: This paper questins if the prjected fiscal cntractin trajectry in terms f timing, scpe and magnitude as well as the specific austerity measures being cnsidered are cnducive t sci-ecnmic recvery and the achievement f the Sustainable Develpment Gals (SDGs). Main arguments: This paper encurages plicymakers t recgnize the high human and develpmental csts f prly-designed adjustment strategies and t cnsider alternative plicies that supprt a recvery fr all. Plicymakers have a variety f ptins t expand fiscal space at their dispsal, which shuld be examined in pen, natinal dialgue. Frstater, Maya. Internatinal Tax, Transparency, and Finance fr Develpment: A Shrt Guide fr the Perplexed Cntext: In the search fr sustainable surces f finance fr develpment, the ptential fr develping cuntries t cllect mre dmestic revenues frm taxatin has risen t prminence in recent years. Internatinal tax evasin and avidance and the rle f tax havens have been raised as critical barriers, and transparency is ften advcated as a key slutin. Outlines key issues, terms and numbers invlved. Main arguments: Dmestic resurce mbilizatin is increasingly recgnized as critical t securing stable sustainable surces f finance and building accuntable states. Technical assistance t build administrative capacity, cperatin n exchange f infrmatin, and develpment f internatinal agreements and framewrks are imprtant strands f the agenda fr develpment cperatin. Tax practices by glbal cmpanies are headline-grabbing but nly ne part f the dmestic resurce mbilizatin challenge. Dmestic issues such as the capacity f tax plicy makers and revenue authrities, the structure f natural resurces taxes, and the lack f taxes n assets such as land may be equality if nt mre imprtant. 13

14 The fundamental questin f internatinal taxatin remains hw t allcate taxatin rights amng jurisdictin. Main recmmendatins: By implementing crss-brder transparency measures such as autmatic exchanges f infrmatin, develped cuntries can make a critical cntributin supprting the accuntability f gvernments, firms, and institutins. Hwever, gains frm greater transparency als depend n dmestic plicies and plitics. Ostry, D. Jnathan, Lungani, Prakash, and Furceri, Davide. Neliberalism: Oversld? Finance and Develpment, There has been a strng and widespread glbal trend tward neliberalism since the 1980s, accrding t a cmpsite index that measures the extent t which cuntries intrduced cmpetitin in varius spheres f ecnmic activity t fster ecnmic grwth. Hwever, An assessment f these specific plicies (rather than the brad neliberal agenda) reaches three disquieting cnclusins: The benefits in terms f increased grwth seem fairly difficult t establish when lking at a brad grup f cuntries. The csts in terms f increased inequality are prminent. Such csts epitmize the trade-ff between the grwth and equity effects f sme aspects f the neliberal agenda. Increased inequality in turn hurts the level and sustainability f grwth. Even if grwth is the sle r main purpse f the neliberal agenda, advcates f that agenda still need pay attentin t the distributinal effects. Main recmmendatins: Authrs call fr a mre nuanced view f what the neliberal agenda is likely t be able t achieve. Plicymakers, and institutins like the IMF that advise them, must be guided nt by faith, but by evidence f what has wrked. Oxfam. An Ecnmy fr the 1 percent. Hw privilege and pwer in the ecnmy drive extreme inequality and hw this can be stpped. Briefing Paper The gap between rich and pr is reaching new extremes. In 2015, just 64 individuals had the same wealth as 3.6 billin peple. This figure is dwn frm 388 individuals as recently as The wealth f the richest 62 peple has risen by 44% in the five years since 2010 that s an increase f mre than half a trillin dllars ($542bn), t $1.76 trillin. Meanwhile, the wealth f the bttm half fell by just ver a trillin dllars in the same perid a drp f 41%. Since the turn f the century the prest half f the wrld s ppulatin has received just 1% f the ttal increase in glbal wealth, while half f that increase has gne t the tp 1%. The average annual incme f the prest 10% f peple in the wrld has risen by less than $3 each year in almst a quarter f a century. Their daily incme has risen by less than a single cent every year. Cuntries with higher incme inequalities als tend t have larger gaps between wmen and men in terms f health, educatin, labur market participatin, and representatin in institutins like parliaments. Key trend underlying this huge cncentratin f wealth and incme is the increasing return t capital versus labur: the share f natinal incme ging t wrkers has been falling. It is failing the majrity f peple, and failing the planet. Main recmmendatins: 14

15 Calling n leaders t take actin t shw they are n the side f the majrity and t bring a halt t the inequality crisis: Pay wrkers a living wage and clse the gap with executive rewards Prmte wmen s ecnmic equality and wmen s rights Keep the influence f the pwerful elites in check Change the glbal system fr R&D and the pricing f medicines s that everyne has access t apprpriate and affrdable medicines. Share the tax burden fairly t level the playing field Use prgressive public spending t tackle inequality As a pririty, the article calls n all wrld leaders t agree n a glbal apprach t end the era f tax havens. 15