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1 CF tem = Barcode Top - Note at Bottom = CF_ltem_OneJ3C5-Top-Sgn Page 2 Date 11/7/2003 Tme 3:40:55 PM ogn jtran CF-RA-USAA-DBOl Full tem Regster Number [Auto] CF-RA-USAA-DB Ext Ref: Doc Seres /Year /Number EVU / SUD 96/801 Record Ttle Assessment and Evaluaton for the Emergency Educaton Programme n the Sudan -1 of 2 Date Created - on tem 1/1/1996 Date Regstered n RAMP-TRM 12/15/2002 Date Closed 1: n, Out, nternal, Rec or Conv Copy Fd2: Sender or Cross Reference Fd3:Doc Type of Format Prmary Contact Owner ocaton Evaluaton Offce, UNCEF NY-HQ = 5128 Home ocaton Evaluaton Offce, UNCEF NY-HQ = 5128 Current ocaton CF-RAF-USAA-DB > Evaluaton Offce, U Contaner Record [Folder] Contaner Box Record (Ttle) CF-RAF-USAA-DB Assessment and Evaluaton for the Emergency Educaton Programme n Nu1: Number of pages Nu2: DOC Year Nu3- Doc Number Full GCG Fle Plan Code Da1: Date Publshed Da2: Date Receved Da3: Date Dstrbuted Prorty f Doc Seres?: Record Type AOlev tem Eval Offce - CF-RA-USAA-DB01-EV Electronc Detals No Document Electrc [wasdos] Fle Name Alt Bar code = RAMP-TRM Record Numb : CF-RA-USAA-DB Englsh, Notes Prnt Name of Person Submt mages :J*WTttM ffy~~ 17 Sgnature of Person Submt Number of mages wthout cover '! -Hl J s End of Report JUNCEF DB Name cframpol

2 J* / Assessment And Evaluaton for the Emergency Educaton Programme n the Sudan OS/Uncef '! Khartoum, Aprl 1996

3 Preface j, - ; Tls study on the evaluaton and assessment of the Emergency Educaton. t «««( - - Programme, for dsplaced chldren n the Sudan, s conducted n collaboraton wth the Regonal Evaluaton Offce, EDU/WED and the Plannng Offce under agreement No The report has been prepared by :- 1- Dr. Abdel-Rahman Abbaker brahm as consultant and team leader 2- Magda El Sanus as consultant.,1 0)

4 ' > Acknowledgments We are ndebted to many people whom we met durng the process of research and data collecton whch culmnated n the producton and presentaton of ths report. We would frst want to thank all members of Uncef Khartoum Offce Staff who treated us as colleagues and members of Uncef famly durng our work n ths consultancy. Specal acknowledgment» go to the staff n the secton of Educaton and Women for Development, ncludng MS Famko, Dr. Hamd, Ms Hanan and of course Ms Meram who, worked wth us very patently, and ntroduced us and explaned the elementary! elements of the Emergency Educaton Programme. We would lke to thank Dr. Nafesse Bazuglu fpr her useful deas and frendly company durng her vst to Khartoum as nternatonal consultant. Whle n the feld there are hundreds of teachers chldren and government ] offcals who welcomed our presence among them and answered all our ' questons, some of whch are very crtcal questons. Ths acknowledgment j wll not be complete wthout mentonng some names, partcularly, Ustaz Salh, t Ustaz Adam, Ustaz Ahmed Sulaman n Kadugl, Ustaz Omer Saad the Uncef Resdent Consultant all of whom have been generous, and made our stay n ] Kadugl very pleasant.. n Malakal, Sayed Osama Makaw Uncef Resdent Programme Offcer! was not only co-operatve n the formal and offcal sense, but he became a frend after hostng us wthn hs resdence for fve days. The Drectors of Educaton n Wau and Malakal deserve acknowledgment. * There are many names that deserve to be lsted but unfortunately there s no space for them all. The vews expressed n ths report represent only those ' of the consultant partcularly those of Dr. brahm who have wrtten the fnal verson of the report n ts present form. ()

5 j; *&K Basc Facts 1- and :- Populaton (199^ census) GNP per capta US$ (1988/89) % of labor force n Agrculture Commercally actve populaton (by sex) 2- and use:- Cultvated of wl ch rrgated Grazng Forest and wood land Other land Agrcultural actvty by sex 3- Other statstcs':-, Populaton densty 1992 Populaton growth rate ( ) 4- Populaton dstrbuton (1990) % of populaton (0-14) years Urban Rural 5- Dsplaced populaton Health Brth rate per (1000 populaton) nfant mortalty, Maternal mortalty rate pen (100,0000 lve fe expectancy at brth 6- Access to safe water Urban Rural 7- Educaton Gross enrollment rato's/prmary educaton % % 1983: enrollment of war affected chldren (age 6 - brths) Male Female 49.8% 15)30% 2,505,813_ Km 3 2_ >6 m 330US$ ^> 66% 87.2% 22.7% 77,700 Km 2 4.6% 17,000 Km 2 1.0% 928,020 Km % 241,500 Km % 432, % female 24.1 % male 75.9% 10.6 persons Km % 45.2% 24.6% 75.4% 2.4 mllon approx. / = 45 = 107/1000 = 8\ ~±(t$ 51 years 60% 10% 1988 ^ ) -=) 49.1 % ^7 "V (v)

6 -4».., Table of Contents ;! Page ' Preface Acknowledgment... st Tables... Basc Facts v ntroducton... 1 j Chapter One : Dsplaced People n the Sudan : A Contextual Framework ' 1.1 The General Context The Nature of Emergency Educaton... 5 \ 1.3 Dsplaced People n the Sudan Characterstcs of Dsplaced Camps Classfcaton of the Dsplaced Sem-settled Dsplaced More Recent Dsplaced Camps n the South Other Categores ' fe cycle of the Dsplaced Chapter Two : Humantaran nterventon and Emergency Educaton An overall Framework The Emergency Educaton Programme Components of the Programme Man Stream Emergency Educaton Actvtes Constructon and Mantenance of Schools Educaton Materals Teacher Tranng ' Moble Educaton for the Nle Corrdor... 19, Water and Santaton Plot Actvtes School ncome Generaton... 21!? School Gardenng and Household Food Securty Chapter Three : Plannng Management and mplementaton : 3.1 Plannng * 3.2 Management... 2S 3.3 mplementaton Partners n the Programme... 32

7 M!.! lu 3.5 nterface of Emergency Educaton wth Country Programme Country Programme Dstnctons and Smlartes Components of Emergency Educaton Re Examned. 3.6 General Achevements... Chapter Four : Emergency Educaton n Khartoum 4.l Background The Role of Uncef and NGO's Survey Results... Chapter Fve : The Kadugl Programme 5.1 Orgns of the Programme Characterstcs of the Programme Components of the Programme Programme mplementaton Constructon and Mantenance Educaton Materals..: Teacher Tranng Other Components Summary and Survey Fndngs... Chapter Sx : Greater Bahr El Ghazal Programme 6.1 General Background Educaton Materals Class-room Buldng/Rehabltaton Teacher Tranng Dstance Educaton Other Components f... -.'' School Santaton School Food Securty... Chapter Seven : Greater Upper Nle Programme 7.1 Background Educalon Opporluntes Constructon ol Classrooms and School Mantenance Educaton Materals Teacher Tranng, n Upper Nle Other ssues School Furnture...j School Feedng The RoleofNCO's x/ J

8 4* Chapter Eght: Conclusons and General Observatons 8.1 Contextual Frameworks Management Plannng and mplementaton Problem * - l 8.3 nterface wth Basc Educaton Chldren's Reactons and Perceptons... f War Trauma Treatment Recommendatons \l References Consulted... h... 89

9 4* -M! st of Tables -! >!. T Page! Table (1) Targeted Dsplaced Chldren n the Sudan 26 Table (2) Emergency Educaton Fundng by Donors Scope and Target [ Populaton 27 - ' Table (3) Expendture, Emergency Educaton Projects n U$ 39. Table (4) Emergency Educaton Survey Results for Khartoum State 45._ Table (5) Schools Plan for Mantenance n Kadugl 1994/95 52 Table (6) Characterstcs of Dsplaced n Kadugl 55 j Table (7) Basc Schools n W. B., Warab, Buharat and N. B. States 61 Table (8) Educaton Materals Dstrbuton to Bahr El Ghazal State 64 1 Table (9) Basc Educaton Opportuntes n Greater Upper Nle 68 Table (10) Tarpauln Sheets dstrbuton for class room constructon n Upper Nle 70 Tables (11, a, b, c, d) Educaton Materals for Upper Nle perod Table (12) Statstcs for Dawa edjucaton effort n Upper Nle _ ^ \ -

10 ntroducton, The cvl war n the Southern Sudan had attracted the attenton of the j world communty, whch responded generously for appeals from the Unted Natons, programme of Operatons fe ne Sudan. OS. Whle the orgnal actvtes of OS were pentered around food supply and relef, by 1992, OS added another dmenson to ts nvolvement n the southern states. Wthn the ] frameworks of the specal Emergency Programme for the Horn of Afrca (SEPHA appeal) whch s jontly advocated by Uncef and OS, t became» possble to. address the educatonal needs of the war affected chldren, n the Southern States of the Sudan, and the educatonal needs of chldren of people dsplaced by war and settled temporarly or perhaps permanently n Khartoum and the transtonal zone ( Southern Darfur, Southern Kordofan states). Consequently an Emergency Educaton Programme has been launched by Uncef and the Sudan Government, whch s a sgnatory to the Jomten Declaraton of (EFA) Educaton for All by the year The programme s ] currently under mplementaton through the sponsorshp and gudance of ' Uncef and the Sudan government. There are many partners n the process of «mplementaton. These,'range from NGO's, the dsplaced communtes n the north, the State Mnstres of Educaton n the Southern States, teachers, parent commttees and others. Wthn ts efforts to montor and examne the performance of ths Emergency programme, Uncef has commssoned ths study wth the followng terms of Reference. 1 - * Terms of Reference : > 1- Undertake an nterm apprasal of the Emergency Educaton project, assessng any progress made to date aganst the stated objectves, and recommendng future strateges and actons for ncreasng ts effectveness, mpact and 1 contrbuton to the achevement of unversal basc educaton n the Sudan. T 2- Gve a background for how the project s planned and ntated, and 11 stale ts objectves, target groups and expected outcomes and assess whether t s relevant to the needs of chldren affected or dsplaced by the war. ' ; " 3- Examne the actvtes and modaltes of mplementaton and show what arc the major actvtes mplemented, and show how the achevements compared vs-vs objectves, targets and expected outcomes. The speclc ssues to be addressed arc ncreasng access, ' ncreasng retenton and achevement, mprovng the qualty of - J teachng, learnng, reducng gender dspartes, meetng the specal ()

11 p jv needs of chldren (adaptatons n currculum, tolerance/peace educaton psycho-socal trauma etc.). 4- Examne processes of plannng montorng and mplementaton and show who are the man actors, partners, what roles each play n plannng, management, montorng and cost sharng. Ths brngs n, the role of government agences, NGOs, nternatonal organzatons etc. What mechansms exst for vertcal/horzontal coordnaton of plannng, mplementaton and montorng. 5- Examne the prospects of communty partcpaton n plannng, mplementaton, cost sharng and montorng. What mechansms have been adopted to ensure such partcpaton 6- Examne chldren's reacton perceptons and examne how do they thnk and feel about the programme. ndcate ther aspratons and future outlook. 7- Dstncton between and nterface wth the country programme of cooperaton for basc educaton are to be outlned and the followng questons are to be answered. What are the dfferences and smlartes? What are the future potental for nterface to promote mutual learnng and ncrease effectveness? What the prorty areas and how can the nterface be promoted/strengthened? 8- Future recommendatons and suggestons related to programme desgn, and possbltes of ncreasng effcency and effectveness as well as sustanablty are to be made. 9- To show whether there are other tools for montorng, a sde from budget montorng. Methodology : The comprehensve lst of tems ncluded n ths terms of reference calls for the applcaton of many research technques. There are many sources of data ncludng prmary and secondary sources. Prmary data s obtaned from vsts to the Southern states, Kadugl and vsts to schools n dsplaced camps n Khartoum. Rapd Rural Apprasal Technques, and partcpant observaton methods were the matechnques appled durng these short vsts. n addton to these methods, focus 1 group ntervews and a check lst has been admnstered to school teachers, headmasters and chldren whereby some quanttatve data were obtaned. Secondary sources ncluded Uncef reports. We had a chance to partcpate n the annual revew meetng durng whch representatves of slates have dscussed. Ther experences and many of ther reports were dscussed n the meetng. (2)

12 J* Constrants : ^ For the completon of an study of ths sze, the team had to lve wth many dffcultes and constrants. The man constrant s the dffculty of travelng to the southern states. Our programme and schedule of travel has been changed several tmes due to reasons related wth the specal and emergency stuaton n the southern states. These same constrants must have been frustratng factors J for Uncef staff, durng the mplementaton and montorng of the programme. Due to these dffcultes we were not able to vst nether Juba n Equatora f State, nor Southern Darfur. As a result our emprcal data s short of coverng all the geographcal areas where the programme s n progress. Despte ths, r obvous short commng'we b'eleve that many of the general ponts we have made are stll vald for the programme as a whole. Durng the annual revew meetngs we had the chance to talk wth representatve of all states and thereby we formed general mpresons. ; [ [. [ " [

13 CHAPTER ONE Dsplaced People 1 n the Sudan : A contextual framework 1.1 The General Context The Sudan, a country that extends over an area, offtf approxmately one ^ mllon sq mles exhbts many characterstcs of a newly emergng developng / naton. t has many dverse physcal/natural andjuman resources. Gven the / )f sze and dversty of ts resources, many hopes were orgnally put on ts prospects for beng a leadng example for economc prosperty and development. nstead of/realzng the^e hopes,/t has produced, through a combnaton of human /errors and natural dsasters, a set of tragedes and msfortunes that drew/the attenton of the wder world communty, whch contnued to follow /events n the Sudan wth mxed feelngs, over a perod extendng over more than one decade. C \k-cu\j \ ^>ts~ Droughts and shortages of ranfall, n western Sudan, durng the md 1980's, has resulted n famne, the out break of whch has caused massve movement of populaton. Under the mpact of famne mllons of people moved a way from ther orgnal homelands to settle and lve under vey **^ A-fBl. l^t- _M. mserable condtdns n new ruranocahons.^arge numbers, however, moved to settle n urban centres, n make shft squatter settlements, n rapdly growng /$ Jojwnshp? Greater Khartoum had a larger share of these settlements. ^/T^zpexT! 5>^ _ 3 B^feye-tkp^wnrldj^mmnt^^ has Haefteft-what happened n the.smltfntn' 1^ fee-aftermath of famne, t has" yet agan been shocked by auollrertnrgcdy. As" the cvl war n the southern Sudan, whch started durng the md 1980s began to wden and become more ntensve n scale, thousands of people started to treck northwards, from the southern Sudan, and later the Nuba mountans, as / ;_/ these are the areas most affected by the war. People thus dsplaced have joned those already drven by famne, to create a mass of dsplaced people. Asa result, Khartoum the captal cty, and to some extent other urban centres, partcularly n the war /.ones, have rapdly swollen to be nhabted by desperate people, who lved under squalor condtons characterzed by msery, hunger and hopelessness. ^7k^) '^ Coo^W ^'rj 4^ cagfou*>c<^rj c^o^/l~j A^<- pd>uejaa <^J2^r «- <- To make thngs xvorse the Sudan economy, whch was already alng under the burden of/foregn debts, started fur/her to deterorate. The/socal and (4)

14 X- \ economc crss whch grpped the country, has produced pgltc^l confuson whch reached ts clmax n the mltarycoup of the ^3<M of June Unfortunately, the ^nternatonal poltcal envronment s not favourable to mltary rule. Tre orgnal econotuyaffcultes^f the Sddan dd not mprove. The war n the south and the Nuoa mountamscontrfued. The mltary regme through ts/uomestc and foregn polces'ad nm create favourable condtons for the tnasses of poor dsplaced pepple. fwent a head to mplement frgd structural adjustment programme ; wjout/a vyn human face. Uncef as an nternatonal organzaton wt} a mandate and resoonsblt for chldren, spnemhy^tbnse nn.dpr Hffr.jtxnrrmgtqnfPc j 1-^Xfp/pnp^fr. provde support/other humantaran organzatons were also/beng drawf, nto the Sudan, durng the famne ep^oae, and after-wardsywnen they^ar dsaster started to'generate even greater concern, at both the / mtonal atfa nternatonal levels. [ [( Tls study s commssoned by uncef wth a very lmted objectve. t has been 'commssoned to examne the emergency educaton programme for the chldren of dsplacement people n the Sudan. The terms of reference cted above specfy the nature of ssues to be hghlghted and dscussed n the report..1.1 TheNat rf- x HEth rtw"-*-^^ of- (K-U^o/UcA o^> Emergency ednrfat'nn,-a«wljr dsr.nssed bekrro^ s a component of ' (..' emergency ad to Jkfe dsplaced people n the Sudan. Emergency ad, at ts ntal stages, started as a conventonal programme of relef, where supples (mostly food) were provded on short term bass, for passve benefcares. Overtme t has been dversfed, nto more self relant modes, such as household securty, or food-for work, whereby benefcares were expected to play more actve and reproductve roles. Emergency educaton s a more sophstcated level of nterventon, amng at mprovng the qualty of lfe, for the future generaton of people currently uprooted by war, and found themselves dsplaced from ther orgnal habtat. Emergency educaton was not orgnally ncluded among the wder range of ad programmes targeted towards the dsplaced. t was only n 1992 that, the queston of basc educaton, to Uufchldrqn oj'djplaeed people', has been (fc^(jt)'l&*+'fyj(lj (V

15 brought nto the agenda of nternatonal support^to-tbedsplace4-people-ttrthe -Sudamv! As a programng, t started n school year wth a generous Dutch government "fnancal support and later by another from the Japanese government. The fnancal commtments from these sources came n response to an ntatve from Uncef under the specal Emergency programme for the Horn of Afrca (SEPHA) appeal. The SEPHA appeal s part of, and wthn the context ofg Operaton fe ne Sudan ntatves. OS Should be remembered g^eegponsl-lp fnr HP managmwrr arnr-npl^mpnt'flfrnn- np all t-mprgerrey n^fvt^ ^4?n^M wth th" cvl wnr n-th a SfunVrn Sudan PUP tt> ths..specfc har.k-grrmnh flp Pnpropnry phnrarnn programme s ntendad--to^ p4o&szs0& address- the -pfebteffls ef educaton for the dsplaced clldren, from-and wthn tko war gong. Snce the problem of dsplacement n the Sudan s a wder phenomenon as t has already been ndcated, there s need to elaborate on the ssue and provde more nsght nto the noton of dsplacement, wthn the contextual realtes of the Sudan. 1.2 Dsplaced People n the Sudan :- The process of nternal mgraton and mass movement of people, wthn 5 the borders of the Sudan, s not a new phenomenon. Towards the turn of the ^^ 19th century Sudan wtnessed large scale cvl strfe, durng and after the ^--^ Mahdst Revoluton The present nternal conflct n the Sudan and the external hostle envronment surroundng the country, are remnscent of the Mahdst perod. Then and now, nternal upheavals n the country, has!,1 led to massve exodus of people from ther orgnal homelands. n both occasons, people are forced out of ther homelands and made to look for safe refuge elsewhere, for lack of securty and n search for food. Famne and nsecurty seem lo combne, as nseparable alles causng large scale havoc upon human socetes. t was n the face of these two human predatores, that the current phenomenon of dsplacement n the Sudan look place. Already a bref reference]! has been made to the causes of mass mgraton n the md 1980's, ^ whch produced the phenomenon of dsplacement. We mantaned that just before the mass mgraton of people from western Sudan whch was caused by famne has subsded, the cvl war n the south has produced, yet another wave (6)

16 of nternal mgraton. Both processes beg produced layers and strata of f margnalzed populaton n the outgfpskrts of the man urban centres. *' Khartoum, the captal^crty had attracted the largest number of mgrants and as a result t now harbours more dsplaced people than any other town n the country. VcVvx/wo^ The concentraton of human and captal nvestment around the-captal cjjy, n the form of nfrastructure and publc utltes, made the captal the man centre of attracton, to people who found themselves ether unable to contnue lvng, n ther orgnal homelands, or for some real or magned reasons had expectatons, for a better lvng n the captal. As a result, the populaton of Khartoum, has ncreased from 300,000 n 1955, to over one mllon n 1973, to r reach an estmated,populaton of 4 mllon n 199$ The most mportant pont, «for us here, s not he phenomenon of rural urban mgraton as such, but rather we-are mtefested n- mgraton whch s caused by emergency or dsasters. j These have resulted, n atf over one mllon people, from the southern states, to. become dsplaced aganst ther wll. These lve n SJSjsejttlejnenyn the suburbs j of greater Khartoum. Some of the dsplaced from the southern states are spontaneously settled n dfferent parts of the captal and especally among people of ther ethnc groups foatettal-cotrfercncc of the-dsplaced,. Khartoum Febr-4-990: Many are settled n government supervsed camps. l V n order to brng under control, ths spontaneous process of human movement and settlement, the government of Sudan \^a created specal co6*-^) organjzarnn,, -thafs the Department of Dsplaced People (DOD) and assgned t }he task of management and control, of people wthn these camps. Accordng to the DOD sources, the processes of dsplacement caused by war, n the southern states has been reflected n the settlement of people from the southern states n the northern regons accordng to the followng fashon :- ; ' 1 (7)

17 Dstrbuton of Southern j^splacec the Sudan V-. ^ 1- Khartoum 2- Darfur 3- Kordofan 4- Central 5- Northern 6- Eastern 7- -7"ot vj> Southern Garrson Towns >-&Jt sople n the^fferent Regons of ^A * 750, , , ,000 93,000 96, ,000 Source: DOD, Mgraton and problems of mgrants, an nternal memo, no date. Fgures cted by the DOD do not match fgures produced by other *.' sources. Ths could be explaned, by the fact that, these fgures relate to an earler perod Snce then the war n the south has reached hgher levels of ntensty, as government forces through a successon of summer campagns, manly durng the dry season, managed to capture many locatons prevously captured by the rebel mpvement the Sudan's People beraton Army SPA. These campagns generated more exodus of frghtened cvlans fleeng the battle/ zones, as the rebel and government forced exchanged terrtory at sporadc and rregular rates. n the process^* many got-themsekesjc^ghlp ^^\jantf fallen vctms of cross fres of the wanng partes. Thus n our estmate we expect that the number of dsplaced people, from S.S, n Khartoum has ncreased after 1992 and the exact number s not easy to make. Another problem wth DOD statstcs s that, they tend to consder, as dsplaced, only those who lve n the offcary demarcated camps. DOD recognzes four dsplaced camps n Khartoum :- 1- Jabal Awla camp 2- Omdurman Peace Camp ' 3- Wad El Bashr Camp n Omdurman 4- Mayo El Mazar camp n Khartoum South. n addton to these four cajnps, other sources mentoned up to 38 locatons of dsplaced.settlements, as for example abero, The DOD, followng the offcal lne of the Sudan government, seems to have under estmated the scale of the problem. Whle reluctantly acceptng a role for foregn donors and foregn NGO's n provdng ad to the dsplaced, the government of Sudan seems lo stress the domestc character of the problem, and fears the possblty of encroachment over ts soveregnly, by external («)

18 \«[ forces, whch n the vew of the Sudan government may use the plght of these f people, as a pretext aganst ts deologcal orentaton - el tawguh el hadhar. Thus, government polcy, towards the dsplaced, seems to reflect the followng trends : [ 1- To under estmate the level of dsplacement 2- Dscourage ' foregn organzatons and NGO's from reachng areas of concentraton for the dsplaced people. 3- Exercse strngent control over the movements of people enterng dsplaced peoples settlement. 4- Encourage the process of repatraton and return of people to ther orgnal homelands. 5- The government s understandably very wary over the possblty of r explotaton of ts alleged human rghts upuses aganst the * margnalzed populaton, partcularly, n the squatter settlements, many resdents of whom are dsplaced people. 6- nstead of foregn and nternatonal NGO's, the Sudan Government seems to prefer local NGO's, partcularly, those sympathetc and n lne wth ts own deologcal and poltcal orentaton. On vew of ths background, we have notced that, there are certan F mplcatons of government preferences, upon the process of mplementaton of to Emergency Educaton programmes partcularly n Khartoum State. Many f other reports commssoned by Uncef, have commented upon certan frcton's ^ between slamc and Chrstan organzatons, wth regard to the nature of. educaton n dsplaced camps. The government s by no means dstant from, or neutral towards, sjuch frcton^s. t ntervened durng several occasons to evct or cancel the permts, whch t mght have granted to foregn NGO's, operatng [ among dsplaced. n dong so the government s of course, usng ts legal rghts and exercsng ts soveregnty. But ths s not our contenton here. What we are lookng at, s how to mprove the prospects of educaton, for the chldren of dsplaced people. n order to nvestgate the modaltes of Emergency Educaton programme mplementaton, n dsplaced camps, we need to elaborate further on the nature of dsplaced camps, and then reexamne aspects of educaton polcy. 1.3 Characterstcs of Dsplaced Camps :- [ From the hstorcal processes leadng lo dsplacement, the dsplaced people can/ not be taken and vewed as one homogenous ^ totalty. They belong r (9)

19 u to dfferent strata and dfferent categores. The most mportant ratonale for ntroducng a system of classfcaton, for the dsplaced, s to dentfy the most needy elements among them. Ths exercse of classfcaton s functonal, n the sense that, t helps to provde the most practcal and objectve bass for programme mplementaton. (\_ As we_ understand Emergency Educaton^ s targeted to Wards-Vpec 1 category / of/bene'fcares< x whose condtp«s convnced thexonors to mrfthem, under emergency- Tkfs means that there must be spec^rcondtons/whch put tre dsplaced outsde the man stream of needy jpeople and qualfy them for /emergency treatment. ' Classfcaton of the Dsplaced :-! There are many features of dsplacement n the Sudan. As the causes and 1 hstorcal processes leadng to dsplacement vared, there also are many forms 1 and categores of dsplaced people. A typology of dsplacement and the, dsplaced can ether be based upon the causes of dsplacement, such as "war affected" "draught affected" "famne drven" or by regon of orgn and destnaton. Thus we can talk of south to south dsplacement, south to north dsplacement or north to north dsplacement. (Bazoglu, 1995). Another relevant typology could be made, by the duraton of dsplacement, the vulnerablty level, and lfe styles that may dstngush earler dsplaced from fresh dsplaced. As could be expected, earler dsplaced people have been lvng n an envronment, harsh as t mght be, they nevertheless stood a better * chance to adapt themselves and establsh patterns of self relance. On the bass of such general remarks, Dr. Bazoglu, the evaluaton offcer- Uncef, Menaro, Amman, who accompaned the team n ther vst to Wau and some of the dsplaced Jcamps n Khartoum, has suggested the followng categores of dsplaced -people, by whch a theoretcal dstncton can be appled n order to rank the scale of needs:- 1- Sem settled dsplaced, 2- Recent dsplaced, 3- Peace vllages, 4- Other categores.

20 1.3.2 Sem settled Dsplaced :- These are the dsplaced people, who moved nto Khartoum, before [ 1991/92. Although the lne of demarcaton, between old and new, s rather arbtrary, however, the logc behnd ths dstncton s based on the prospects of [ settlement and ganful employment, n the nformal sector, by those who came earler as ndeed we Have observed n the camps. We saw some adult men ^ runnng very modest shops, others workng n talorng and carpentry. We have been told that some women are actve n brewng beer, even though beer \ makng, s an llegal practce accordng to slamc law currently operatng n the Sudan. ' " ' r 1.. The general economc depresson, whch s engulfng the country as a whole, often fueled by the long and expensve war, had reduced the chances of r ganful employment even n the nformal sector. The lmted effectve demand n the economy, due to nflaton and other factors, has resulted n hgh rates of unemployment at the natonal level. n our vsts to the camps and even n the \ streets of Khartoum, one observes crowds of men of all age groups sttng dle. Unemployment n the camps s even a more outstandng feature of lfe. Asa [ result, the small proporton of women and men, who managed to fnd some form of ganful employment, s not suffcent to elmnate poverty, whch n the dsplaced camps take an acute and chronc form. [ More Recent Dsplaced :- f poverty among the older dsplaced communtes s reachng such desperate proportons, the plght of more recent mgrants from war affected areas s even worse. The style of accommodaton n the camps, though generally poor as t s, t gves a clear crtera for dfferentaton. The camps seem be demarcated by the style of shelter and physcal settlements. Whle older dsplaced famles lved n mud constructed houses, wth evdence of some form of santaton facltes often ntroduced by NGO's such as ADRA n Jabal Awla camps, newly dsplaced settlements, are made up of patchy tents, warn out cloth, paper and plastc sheets. These settlements spread n the outer skrls of the old mud constructed shelters, whch characterze the homes of the older dsplaced. The mplcaton of such dfferentaton, between old and new dsplaced, les n the assessment of the level of needs and type of nterventon. May be more emphass should be put on relef work for the latter categoy, whle a dfferent set of combned nterventons wll be reserved for the frst categoy. Emergency Educaton s of course must be drected, to the chldren of both groups, old and new. «r

21 ' Camps u the South (pence vllages) ] 1 1 Dr. Bazoglu also ncluded n her suggeston a thrd typology of dsplaced camps. These are camps n the [man urban centres n the south stll under government control. We have vsted wth Ms Bazoglu the dsplaced camp n the Eastern Bank of Rver Jur n Wau. n a later vst to Malakal we vsted other smlar camps manly, the camps n the Canal area, n the Opels and n Nagdar. Smlar camps exsted n Nassr and other locatons. n Kadugl dsplaced camps or what s called peace camps, exst n El Hamra and other areas tlroughtout Southern Kordofan, and also n Northern Kordofan where some Nuba communtes affected by war, have been resettled n camps further n the north, a polcy whch produced an outcry, from the nternatonal communty, blamng the S. G. for human rght volatons aganst the Nuba people. On the whole, we conclude that, the majorty of people n the peace camps are manly drawn from rural areas severely affected by war Other [Categores of Dsplaced People :- Whle dsplaced people n the camps of Khartoum, and n the peace vllages are physcally vsble, perhaps the largest percentage of dsplaced people are not vsble. Many dsplaced people lve wth relatves, amongst the ordnary falk throughout the country. Many people from Southern Sudan and 1 the Nuba mountans, who mgrated to the towns, at earler stages and lved as ' ordnary ctzens, accommodated large numbers of people who are mostly close relatves. They share wth them food accommodaton and clothng. The lvng 1 standards of many such famles have deterorated, but the culture of soldarty and communalsm, whch nstll and honour the sprt of sharng, keeps lfe gong, for the thousands of people, who wth courage and dgnty, slently rshouldered the burdens of war and other man made dsasters.. [ 1 A part from the category of nvsble urban based dsplaced people, there ' are others who are wdely scattered n the rural areas. These are employed n agrculture as labourers and n the nomad camps as caw attendants. The exact number of ths category, whch can be classfed as agrcultural labourers s. dffcult to guess. However, some nformers have suggested, that the economc prosperty of sonc regons such as Daan, largely depended.on the labour j contrbuton of dsplaced people from Northern Bahr Ghazal regon. l 1 " (12)

22 Unfortunately due to our nablty to vst Darfur we could not say more, about r ths, nor about the extent and condton of employment of these people.! Perhaps we could only say that the condton of work and lvng of these people, especally, chldren and mnors, s surrounded wth controversy, and there are serous allegatons, suggestng that ther basc human rghts are not fully guaranteed. [ fe-cycle of the Dsplaced :- f A complcatng phenomenon whch affects any conceptualzaton, of exactly how a dsplaced famly could be perceved, s the fragmentaton of lfe whch has been forced upon such famles. Once the orgnal factors nducng dsplacement are set n moton, famles and ndvduals end up makng multple movements, throughout the dsplacement process. They move from south to south, then from south to north, then wthn the north from rural to urban or from urban to rural and so on. Ths process of movement may contnue for years. Ths cycles affects chldren as well as adults. ' * Durng our survey n the camps and from ntervews wth chldren n schools, many chldren are found to be lvng wth relatves, some lve wth sngle parents mostly (mothers. Many chldren have reported ther fathers been lost as a result of way whle some have told us that ther fathers have mgrated to unknown destnaton where the securty stuaton both n the South and the Nuba Mountans s especally threatenng to adult males. n the chaos of movement some chldren lose both parents, thus endng up among those grouped, as chldren under specally dffcult crcumstances" (CUSDS). More reference wll be made to ths category below, especally, n the chapter dealng wth Kadugl and Malakal. f * r ^ f r r»

23 1 CHAPTER TWO Humantaran, nterventon and Emergency Educaton 2.1 An overaall ojal framework <7 n the face of developments related to the ntensfcaton of war n the south and the Nuba mountans, specfcaly after 1988, we have ndcated that, Operaton fe ne Sudan (OS) has been mounted by the Unted Natons, n order to cater for the needs of people effected by War, n the southern Sudan. At the begnnng the majpr concern of OS, was relef, but after ganng more experence, and after gettng famlar, wth the nature of problems facng the target populaton,os has expanded ts actvtes to nclude, by 1994 a wder _ ~5v range of nterventons such as household food securty, basc educaton, water and santaton, the polo/measles vtamn A campagns, eslsetfat^rugs, j^ejef and shelter and more mportantly, specal programme of educaton (Emergency Educaton) by whch the educaton needs of chldren affected by war s addressed. Evpf snce ts ^formaton OS? contmuedlto provdej^lef afd rehabktatop/ass^sfance.xto all sectons / of the populaton affeptea by A^eXW petfrmed ts/actryrfes wth a background, characterze^by severe food' ~ shortages wm'ch^vere caused ajnlworsenedljyntensfec^ltary^^ nter-trjjal frngs, whch eroded the tradtonal copng mejeftanfsms of the local people. There are an estmated 5.2 mllon who have been drectly or ndrectly affected by the war n the Sudan. Most of them, are n need of food and other, CDJA^'-? forms of assstance. Uncef/OS targets 80% of the total 4. people who are stll n the southern states n the transtonal zones and n the dsplaced camps around Khartoum. Ma\f)bc j\j 20% out cythc jj total war affected people are- 4^1& «l» d help, fa dmnan^nf nhfjr nternatonal organzatons. n addton to these war affected people whch we have dentfed, around 1-7 mllon people are behnd the lnes of conflct, n areas controlled by the SPA/SPM. OS agences make efforts to reach these people, wth relef supples by ar, barge, ral and road, whenever possble. n order lo facltate ths process several agreements are medated, through UN offces between Sudan government and SPA/M to create peace corrdors througlvj whch relef supples are dstrbuted. n 1994, OS had access to 60 locatons, whenrmote' people trc-brcntgfff. JuJejet from OS effort. Um'cef medcal and educaton teams, on board WFP-operaled barges, covered 36 locatons, whch prevously had non-or very (14)

24 JU "» ',.] lmted educaton and health servces. A total of an estmated 500,000 people, a long the Whte Nle corrdor, were targeted by ths Nle water born operaton. Attempts to use the tran corrdor for the same purposes, was met by setbacks due to lootng. Durng our feld trps we have seen how Uncef takes extraordnary efforts, to reach other locatons of war affected people, through ar craft. For the achevement of these and other objectves, Uncef renforced ts regonal sub-offces n Elobed, Elfasher, Juba, Wau and Malakal. These offces as we shall see are very nstrumental n the mplementaton of Emergency Educaton, wmt^rs^ote-amottg-mahy p'ogrume»-mnplom.entcd, by Uttfccf for the beneft of people affected by war.0-^0'y OH * ^ * n order fo mplement ts programmes Uncef seeks and facltates the cd^ operaton of local NGO's and nternatonal NGO's. For example n March 994 Uncef and Acf agreed on a jont nutrton project n. Juba, and n the same year Uncef sgned an agreement wth SCF/Us, to execute programmes related to war affected people n Southern Kordofan ncludng the Nuba mountans. OS provded, wthn ts overall framework, a chance for an estmated 30 nternatonal NGOs to operate n dfferent areas of OS programmes. Regular meetngs of coordnaton between, Sudanese counter^ parts, NGOs Uncef agences and donors were held. n our assessment of Emergency Educaton, partcularly at the level of mplementaton, we found a sgnfcant role for NGOs. The role of these organzatons wll be dscussed below. <* c*^3 2.2 The Emergency Educaton Programme :- Wthn the over-all framework of Uncef mandate and wthn the context of OS actvtes dscussed above, the Emergency Educaton Programme, from Khartoum focuses on the dsplaced and war affected school aged populaton n the ten Southern States, Khartoum, South Dafur and South Kordofan. The targeted populaton n these states s estmated at 268, 290 chldren. The Uncef Emergency Educaton Programme, a«-a major nterventon n jvn/nj- nf /kph-fw-t^rjmn nnd^rlv's several goals and objectves, These «^> <u^^ v?-oto -O. > ) ' - mprovng basc educatonal opportuntes for war-affected chldren, 2- Contrbutng to an ncrease n natonal enrollment and retenton rates, partcularly for grls; 3- Redressng the gender gal (A (15)

25 4- Mantanng an operatonal educatonal system n the southern Sudan and the transtonal zones whle the conflct contnues; 5- Savng a generaton of southern Sudanese chldren, who mght, f t ; unasssted, go wthout educaton; - ' 6- Empowerng chldren n especally dffcult crcumstances (CEDC) by equppng and preparng them for a better future; - ' 7- Provdng a stable envronment for chldren affected by war and who, are currently dsplaced or lve under especally deprved condtons. Thus, the goals of emergency educaton, can be summarzed, n the desre! to mprove the qualty of educaton n the southern Sudan and the Nuba Mountans, creatng a sense of normalcy, among war-affected and dsplaced chldren, rehabltatng basc educaton servces and mprovng the psychosocal and socal status of war traumatzed chldren (Mohamed and Baraka 1995). 2.3 Components of the Programme :- 1 There are two man components under EE programme : 1 The frst s a set or package of actvtes, whch are ongong and vald for all the dsplaced n the Sudan. The second s composed of localzed plot actvtes whch cover certan areas and perods. The frst package of components nclude :, v/ 1- constructon and mantenance of schools, wth local materals, as a ; preferred opton. 2- provdng educaton materals; ^ 3- tranng of teachers fo dsplaced schools; \ / 4- moble educaton for the Nle corrdor; : 5- water and santaton. *-^.._ -y -- The oler set of components are lmted and expermental, n character. t ncludes : 1- School ncome generaton 2- School gardenng and household food securty. 3- Theatre for lfe 4- Centres for war traumatzed chldren. (16) ^7

26 to lmted educaton and health servces. A total of an estmated 500,000 people, j a long the Whte Nle corrdor, were targeted by ths Nle water bom operaton. ( Attempts to use the tran corrdor for the same purposes, was met by setbacks j due to lootng. Durng our feld trps we have seen how Uncef takes extra- [ ordnary efforts, to reach other locatons of war affected people, through ar craft. For the achevement of these and other objectves, Uncef renforced ts regonal sub-offces n Elobed, Elfasher, Juba, Wau and Malakal. These offces as we shall see are very nstrumental n the mplementaton of" ] Emergency Educaton, whtcnrs-oue among many pfogramuu^ mplemented, by Uaccf for the beneft of pjaaplc af[fcotcd by war.f^0^*^ *- ^ * - r n order to mplement ts programmes Uncef seeks and facltates the cooperaton of local NGO's and nternatonal NGO's. For example n March 1994 Uncef and Acf agreed on a jont nutrton project n Juba, and n the same year Uncef sgned an agreement wth SCF/Us, to execute programmes related to war affected people n Southern Kordofan ncludng the Nuba mountans. OS provded, wthn ts overall framework, a chance for an estmated 30 nternatonal NGOs to operate n dfferent areas of OS programmes. Regular meetngs of coordnaton between, Sudanese counter^ ^ [ ^^ ( parts, NGOs Uncef agences and donors were held. r n our assessment of Emergency Educaton, partcularly at the level of *" mplementaton, we found a sgnfcant role for NGOs. The role of these,- organzatons wl l be dscussed below. 2.2 The Emergency Educaton Programme:- [_ j j Wthn the over-all framework of Uncef mandate and wthn the context of OS actvtes dscussed above, the Emergency Educaton Programme, from Khartoum focuses on the dsplaced and war affected school aged populaton n the ten Southern States, Khartoum, South Darfur and South Kordofan. The targeted populaton n these states s estmated at 268, 290 chldren. The Uncel Emergency Educaton Programme, as-a major nterventon n favour nf Hgplnrr»H Hlfknn. mfwmfg several goals and objectves. TrtkeSC «^>, ' afer^ ^-cxo^o., 1- mprovng basc educatonal opportuntes for war-affected chldren, 2- Contrbutng to an ncrease n natonal enrollment and retenton rates, partcularly for grls; " * j 3- Redressng the gender gate» &? (15) (

27 4- Mantanng an operatonal educatonal system n the southern Sudan and the transtonal zones whle the conflct contnues; 5- Savng a generaton of southern Sudanese chldren, who mght, f unasssted, go wthout educaton; 6- Empowerng chldren n especally dffcult crcumstances (CEDC) by equppng and preparng them for a better future; 7- Provdng a stable envronment for chldren affected by war and who are currently dsplaced or lve under especally deprved condtons. Thus, the goals of emergency educaton, can be summarzed, n the desre to mprove the qualty of educaton n the southern Sudan and the Nuba. Mountans, creatng a sense of normalcy, among war-affected and dsplaced chldren, rehabltatng basc educaton servces and mprovng the psychosocal and socal status of war traumatzed chldren (Mohamed and Baraka 1995). \x 2.3 Components of the Programme :- There are two man components under EE programme : The frst s a sefor package of actvtes, whch are ongong and vald for all the dsplaced n the Sudan. The second s composed pf localzed plot actvtes whch cover certan areas and perods. The frst package o(f components nclude : v0/ 1- constructon and mantenance of schools, wth local materals, as a preferred opton. 2- provdng educaton materals; 3- tranng of teachers for dsplaced schools; ) 4- moble educaton for the Nle corrdor; 5- \ water and santaton. ~- V ^ ^ The other set of components are lmted and expermental, n character. t ncludes : 1- School ncome generaloj 2- School gardenng and household food securty. 3- Theatre for lfe 4- Centres for war traumatzed chldren. ^ (16)

28 j*?>4^ - j. M, * 41+ s^**^ tf ^ f^\f^ >f<h> *~*- -c h^7^^ / \kojvbljlxrf*** * e #$ 2.4 Man Stream EE Actvtes : Constructon and Mantenance of Schools :- &?/<> A From our observatons and dscussons wth offcers n charge, we have notced that, n Kharto'um State dsplaced communtes take the ntatve and - H come out wth a proppsal related to ther specfc educaton needs. The proposal nclude cost estmates. Uncef Emergency Educaton Offcer, vsts the ste to verfy the needs and assess the potentals of communty partcpaton, / n the buldng and mantenance of the school. Accordng to an agreement wth / the government of Sudan, Uncef s expected to provde temporary buldng materals lke, weaved straw (haser) tarpauln and other supples of a \ temporary nature. Permanent constructon of schools s not encouraged even though, many schools constructed by NGO's n dsplaced camps are made of brcks, cement and roofed by corrugated ron (Znk). Ths rases the queston of whether these camps are realty temporary as the government wshes them to be. Our reserved judgment, suggests that these schools are here to stay. n fact many people ncludng state offcals, dd not exclude prospects for lastng and permanent settlement by a great number of these people, partcularly, ther offsprngs who are born n Khartoum. Hence offcals are prepared to accept the provson of socal servces. n the newly planned settlements for the dsplaced. Constructon and mantenance of EE schools n the other states dffered from the stuaton n Khartoum State, n the s,ense that dsplaced chldren are.«/*«/«. <&f absorbed n the same schools, n whch chldren fren oduary famrrgs are enrolled. Thus class mantenance s regarded as part and parcel of the EE programme as n the case of Kadugl, Malakal and Wau. Even n Khartoum the declared polcy, of the State Mnstry of Educaton, towards the educaton of dsplaced, s that dsplaced schools should be treated n the same manner as man stream basc school. n theory, dsplaced people, are regarded as ordnary->>1^ ctzens. At the practcal level, they are not treated as such, snce they needed specal permts to buld schools, n places whch are not planned or demarcated. "n our opntoftllterers" a great deal of polcy confuson over the educaton of dsplaced chldreh n Khartoum State., (17)

29 ; Educaton Materals : Due to the chronc economc crss, whch s engulfng the Sudan and n the face of the massve expanson of schools throughout the country, basc educaton materals such as exercse books, textbooks, chalks and blackboards are becomng very scarce resources. Both the government and parents of chldren are ncreasngly facng dffcultes to provde these materals. Although government polcy ntends to subsdze textbooks, where the government has embarked_on_a major textbook development programme, through the establshment of prntng and dstrbuton networks, however there are several constrants, that reman to be elmnated before, every school chld s provded wth suffcent textbooks and exercse books. Due to the acute poverty among the dsplaced famles and n response, to the margnalty and nablty of famles to meet the costs of educaton for ther chldren, Uncef made ths tem a major component of ts Emergency Educaton programme. Uncef assstance to schools targets all chldren between Dsplaced chldren and other mnors, are gven hgher prorty and specal attenton through the Emergency Educaton programme Teacher Tranng :- Two types of teacher tranng programmes are n place. The frst s a refresher course to teachers who are already traned through the formal Mnstry of Educaton channels. The second s the tranng programme, for untraned teachers. The untraned teachers are of two categores :- *-^. a) Untraned teachers servng dsplaced chldren n Khartoum. These are often from among the dsplaced populaton. They lve n the camps themselves. They nclude a proporton of traned dsplaced teachers who fled ther orgnal homes as a result of war. B) Newly recruted teachers n southern and transtonal states where dsplaced chldren are ncorporated n the same regular schools. DS Teacher tranng, nsttutons n the Sudan are passng through a transtonal stage. Wth the mplenenratfon~otthe Basc Educaton system n ~T9Pl," wfen prmary Educaton s extended to grade eght nstead of sx, all prmary school teacher, tranng nsttutes were promoted nto Facultes of 11 Educaton and were attached to the newly establshed unverstes. Untl graduates from these facultes are produced, n suffcent numbers, basc (18)

30 -U 1 t ;! j ' "! -JW schools wll contnue to rely on teachers recruted from among secondary school leavers. For these reasons a teacher tranng nsttute (SET) whch s attached to the Federal Mnstry of Educaton (FMOE) s assgned the task of supervsng and mplementng teacher tranng programmes n collaboraton wth State Mnstres of Educaton. Uncef became a major party n ths scheme. t asssts wth books, teachng materals and the tranng process, where t pays the costs of most tranng programmes. The SET tranng programme s composed of a three week course held separately for teachng Arabc, Mathematcs and Englsh and facts for lfe. Durng the process of our nvestgaton, t s not yet settled whether the best way for teachers tranng s to emphasze specalzaton by subject or to tran teachers n order to allow them to cover a broad spectrum of subjects. The queston of whether a sngle grade or mult-grade system of educaton s more -J=» ^^approprate for Emergency Educaton, s a polcy queston that remans to be ' settled, through the relevant channels. \\ _V ** 'Uncef contnued to advocate the ntroducton n the tranng currculum, \, Y addtonal materal whch wll help n personalty development and Provde the ^ o/ chldren wth "facts ffyr lfe". Facts for lfe, as an element of teachng, n \.f dsplaced schools, also ams at helpng the chld to overcome the dffcultes X 1 1? encountered, durng the varous stages of dsplacement. t also ams at enablng the chld to face the future, more nformed more confdent and equpped to lve a more balanced adulthood. Bahr E Ghazal Unversty s operatng a programme of dstant tranng for teachers whereby teachers are smultaneously teachng n schools and studyng at the unversty. Malakal Unversty attempted to reproduce the same model of dstant tranng already functonng n Bahr El Ghazal Unversty. Further dscusson of teacher tranng n each of the two southern states wll be made Moble Educaton for the Nle Corrdor:- Among the most mportant actvtes of OS operatons from Khartoum, s the dstrbuton of food to people trapped n the war zones and hence beng classfed as hard to reach people. Peace corrdors has been establshed through agreements between the UN, Sudan government and the SPA. The dstrbuton of food through these corrdors s the responsblty of World Food Programme WFP whch uses trans, arcraft and Nle barges.