The Optimal Weighting of Pre-Election Polling Data
|
|
- Marilynn Collins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Brgham Young Unversty BYU ScholarsArchve All Theses and Dssertatons The Optmal Weghtng of Pre-Electon Pollng Data Gregory K. Johnson Brgham Young Unversty - Provo Follow ths and addtonal works at: Part of the Statstcs and Probablty Commons BYU ScholarsArchve Ctaton Johnson, Gregory K., "The Optmal Weghtng of Pre-Electon Pollng Data" (2008). All Theses and Dssertatons Ths Selected Project s brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchve. It has been accepted for ncluson n All Theses and Dssertatons by an authorzed admnstrator of BYU ScholarsArchve. For more nformaton, please contact scholarsarchve@byu.edu.
2 THE OPTIMAL WEIGHTING OF PRE-ELECTION POLLING DATA by Gregory K. Johnson A selected project submtted to the faculty of Brgham Young Unversty n partal fulfllment of the requrements for the degree of Master of Scence Department of Statstcs Brgham Young Unversty August 2008
3 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a project submtted by Gregory K. Johnson Ths selected project has been read by each member of the followng graduate commttee and by majorty vote has been found to be satsfactory. Date Wllam F. Chrstensen, Char Date Scott D. Grmshaw Date C. Shane Reese
4 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY As char of the canddate s graduate commttee, I have read the selected project of Gregory K. Johnson n ts fnal form and have found that (1) ts format, ctatons, and bblographcal style are consstent and acceptable and fulfll unversty and department style requrements; (2) ts llustratve materals ncludng fgures, tables, and charts are n place; and (3) the fnal manuscrpt s satsfactory to the graduate commttee and s ready for submsson to the unversty lbrary. Date Wllam F. Chrstensen Char, Graduate Commttee Accepted for the Department Date Scott D. Grmshaw Graduate Coordnator Accepted for the College Date Thomas W. Sederberg Assocate Dean, College of Physcal and Mathematcal Scences
5 ABSTRACT THE OPTIMAL WEIGHTING OF PRE-ELECTION POLLING DATA Gregory K. Johnson Department of Statstcs Master of Scence Pre-electon polls are used to test the poltcal landscape and predct electon results. The relatve weghts for the state-level data from the 2006 U.S. senatoral races are consdered based on the date on whch the polls were conducted. Long- and shortmemory weght functons are developed to specfy the relatve value of hstorcal pollng data. An optmal weght functon s estmated by mnmzng the dscrepancy functon between estmates from weghted polls and the electon outcomes.
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wsh to expressly thank Dr. Wllam Chrstensen for hs efforts, and ongong nterest n my behalf. The same s true for the faculty n the BYU Statstcs Department. As a group, they have provded me truly exceptonal support, assstance, and consderaton n obtanng my master's degree. I reman ndebted to them. I would also lke to thank my dear wfe Karen who suffers me so gladly. I love her.
7 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Introducton Lterature Revew Methods and Analyss Optmal Weght Functon for a Specfc State Overall Optmal Weght Functon Concluson BIBLIOGRAPHY v
8 FIGURES Fgure 3.1 Illustraton of weghtng functon used by Chrstensen and Florence (2008) when weghtng polls Long-memory weght functon from equaton (2) n black and shortmemory weght functon from equaton (3) n red Values of D 2 (h, f) for combnatons of half-lfe (h) n H={1, 2,,50} wth floor (f) n F={0.0001, 0.01, 0.02,, 0.50} x
9 1. INTRODUCTION For decades, poltcans and the lke have used pollng data to predct electon results. As campagn budgets have soared, so has the frequency and sophstcaton of conductng pre-electon polls. Subsequently, accurately analyzng and nterpretng the results of these polls has become ncreasngly more mportant. The natural consequence of ncreased frequency and sophstcaton s an ncreased dffculty n the analyss and proper nterpretaton of results of pollng actvtes. As an llustraton of the dffculty of proper nterpretaton of results of polls, Carl Balk reported n the Wall Street Journal (2008) that some pollsters have merely averaged the results of pollng data. The am of ths averagng s to offset conflctng results, to control for competng nterests, and to acheve a more accurate synopss of the poltcal landscape. Mr. Balk observes Among the ptfalls: Polls have dfferent sample szes, yet n the composte, those wth more respondents are weghted the same. They are felded at dfferent tmes, some before respondents have absorbed the results from other states prmares. They cover dfferent populatons, especally durng prmares when turnout s tradtonally lower. It s expensve to reach the target number of lkely voters, so some pollsters apply looser screens. Also, pollsters apply dfferent weghts to adjust for voters they ve mssed. And wordng of questons can dffer, whch makes t especally trcky to count undecded voters. Even dentfyng these dfferences sn t easy, as some of the ncluded polls aren t adequately footnoted. 1
10 The statstcal ssues assocated wth smple averagng of polls are clearly lad out n Mr. Balk s comments. To be precse, the statstcal problems assocated wth smple averagng of polls s the lack of accountng for 1. dfferent sample szes among polls, 2. dfferent populatons of nterest (as evdenced by poll tme, and samplng frame), 3. dfferent samplng weghts provded by pollng organzaton, and 4. dfferent queston wordng whch nduces a bas. Poll result synthess based on smple averagng s therefore an nadequate approach. Ths s not to say that there s lttle value n pollng data, rather the opposte: all pollng results are of value, t s smply a queston of the degree to whch polls are consdered valuable. A more approprate analyss would seek to weght dfferent polls, accountng for some of the effects mentoned above. The purpose of ths study s to determne optmal weght functons for pollng results whch mnmze the dscrepancy between polls and the actual electon results. To better address these weghts, we explore dfferent optons for weghts usng state-level pre-electon pollng data from the 2006 senatoral races and ther subsequent results (31 states qualfed for our study). The relatve value of the polls was based on the dates on whch they were conducted. Two weght functons were consdered, short memory and long memory, provdng more weght to the more recent polls. The remander of ths project explores the constructon of the optmal weght functons. More specfcally, Chapter 2 contans a revew of lterature related to weghtng functon constructon and poll synthess. Chapter 3 presents the short and long memory weght functons developed 2
11 and the results of these two dfferent weght functons on the data from the 2006 senatoral races. In Chapter 4 the relatve merts of the two dfferent approaches s dscussed and conclusons are drawn. 3
12 2. LITERATURE REVIEW For decades poltcans, campagns, poltcal pundts, reporters, and academcs have used pollng data to predct electon outcomes. As congressonal campagns become more sophstcated at measurng voter opnons and local meda have more complete coverage of state races, there has been an ncrease n the frequency, sophstcaton, and publcaton of pre-electon polls. Subsequently, accurately analyzng and nterpretng the results of these polls has become ncreasngly more mportant and more dffcult. There are many concerns wth embracng a sngle poll to predct electon outcome. Frst, polls are, at best, snapshots of voter opnon. They are frequently reported weekly for natonal races or monthly for statewde contests and are often released on weekends to concde wth the Sunday poltcal news cycle or leadng nto upcomng prmary votes. Weekly samplng s based on the assumpton that voter opnons change often, whch s possble when sgnfcant events occur or poltcal stumbles from the canddate or campagn change the message. However, most electons are stable wth a constancy to message and strategy, and t seems reasonable to combne the nformaton n a thoughtful way. One approach s to create a regresson model to predct the natonal popular vote. Pollng data can be ncorporated as an explanatory varable, although how to use past polls nstead of smply the most recent poll requres more attenton. Some of the explanatory varables descrbe the nature of the campagn and the amount of underlyng partsan support. Examples nclude an ndcator varable for ncumbency, the current presdent s approval ratng, number of party delegates, strength of thrd-party 4
13 challengers, and measurements of the natonal economy. One of the challenges s dentfyng explanatory varables that measure voter nterest. Examples nclude hstorcal voter turnout, degree of partsanshp, satsfacton wth educaton, defense, and other ssues. To demonstrate ths approach, consder Campbell (1992), where 16 explanatory varables were used to predct presdental outcome by September of an electon year. These models can be modfed to apply to state races. Even these models rely on pollng data. Brown and Chappell (1999) found that poll data domnates the optmal forecast when compared to models wth only explanatory varables based on hstorcal electon fundamentals. Other models attempt to defne the characterstcs of lkely voters. One of the flaws n polls s that people are usually surveyed by phone. Whle t s possble to ask f a person plans to vote, the answer s consdered based snce most people n a survey beleve t reflects poorly on ther ctzenshp to admt to not votng. Some pollsters ask a seres of screenng questons to dentfy lkely voters. Some are drect questons, such as are you a regstered voter or who dd you vote for n the last congressonal race. Some are ndrect questons, where they ask questons you would need to know f you had voted such as how long dd you wat n lne to vote last tme or what tme of day dd you last vote. Another approach s to develop profles of lkely voters and weght the sample data to reflect the populaton. For example, pollsters wll develop demographc groups or partsan groups and estmate the expected voter turnout. However, these models do not address the ssue of prncpal nterest, namely who wll actually wn the presdency. Whle the popular vote and the electoral vote often agree, Al Gore takes lttle comfort for wnnng the popular vote n the 2000 U.S. 5
14 presdental electon. Although natonal popular opnon durng U.S. presdental races s most commonly measured and dscussed n the meda, the U.S. presdental electon s based on the electoral college, n whch each state has a number of electors equal to the number of ts U.S. representatves. Addtonally, the Dstrct of Columba acts as a state wth a number of electors proportonal to ts populaton, but not exceedng the number of electors assgned to any of the states. The people n each state vote for the state-level electors who then vote for a presdental canddate, wth most states usng a wnner-takeall polcy for castng votes n the electoral college. Thus, although much of the meda attenton durng electon years focuses on polls trackng popular support for the major canddates, the complcated role played by the electoral college n ths multstage electon process must be accounted for n order to address the ssue of wnnng the presdency. Balk (2008) reports that some pollsters have merely averaged the results of pollng data n an attempt to offset conflctng results and to acheve a more accurate synopss of the poltcal landscape. Current practce s descrbed by Mark Blumenthal, a former Democratc pollster and co-founder of Pollster.com, as not optmal, but lets hope that by combnng them were gettng some better verson of the truth (qtd. n Balk 2008). Ths nave approach to combnng polls from dfferent days gnores dfferent sample szes. Sophstcated pollng asks questons and apples sample weghts that allow survey respondents opnons to be portrayed as lkely voters. Dfferent pollsters use dfferent flterng questons to dentfy partsan voters. Balk notes that dentfyng and countng undecded voters s partcularly challengng. Unfortunately, the detals of a pollsters sample and operatng procedure s not adequately dsclosed. Wthout techncal 6
15 descrptons t s dffcult to provde a thoughtful method to combne nformaton from dfferent poltcal polls. Smply averagng polls s also a poor choce. Ths s not to say that there s lttle value n pollng data, rather the opposte: all pollng results are of value, t s smply a queston of how much. Chrstensen and Florence (2008) descrbe a smulaton-based approach (ether frequentst or Bayesan) to answerng electon outcome questons that rely on combnng polls. Hstorcally, one of the man challenges assocated wth forecastng electon outcomes has been the lack of state-level-pre-electon poll data (Cohen 1998), but opnon polls are now easly accessble on the Internet. For example, n 2004, state-level poll data for all 50 states and the Dstrct of Columba were avalable from several web pages such as the LA Tmes webste (where most of the data for these analyses were obtaned). Although pre-electon pollng data are nevtably awed, they can stll provde much nsght about natonal and regonal trends. Poltcal scentsts who study electons have noted that presdental pre-electon pollng data may not be useful untl at least early September after the two partes natonal conventons. The analyses of the 2004 presdental electon dscussed use statelevel opnon poll updates 12 dfferent tmes begnnng 12 October 2004 and endng 2 November 2004, the day before the electon. Durng the 22-day wndow wth poll results, some states had no new updates whle others had as many as ten. Wth the begnnng 12 October 2004 data, polls are assumed to be taken on that day even though some polls may have been older. Multday polls were treated as f the data were gathered on the day the poll was reported. 7
16 3. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In ths chapter, we consder the optmzaton of poll weghts for predcton of a sngle-stage electon outcome. That s, we consder a data scenaro smlar to that observed n Chrstensen and Florence (2008). We are nterested n predctng the actual percentage of a populaton votng for a specfc canddate. Specfcally, we consder each state separately and determne what weghtng scheme wthn a class of weghts wll yeld the best estmate of the actual percentage votng for a canddate. For ths exploraton, we use the electon poll data obtaned pror to the November 2006 U.S. Senate races. Pror to ths electon, the Republcan Party was n the majorty n the U.S. Senate but several GOP senators were defendng hotly contested seats. For most states, the pollng data used n these analyses were gathered on 1 August 2006 or later. The exceptons were Massachusetts, Msssspp, and Wyomng, where the only polls avalable before the last week of the campagn were conducted pror to August 1. For each date between 1 August 2006 and the electon on November 7, Chrstensen and Florence (2008) predcted the outcomes of each race and also predcted the lkelhood of a change n majorty party. For each predcton, the electon pollng data was formulated n one of three ways: (1) usng only the latest poll, (2) combnng all of the responses from all prevous polls, and (3) weghtng the responses from prevous polls, wth decreasng weghts for older polls. They consder two dfferent weghtng functons one that gves the estmator a long memory of the past polls and one that gves a short memory. The general form of the weght functon s: t w ( t; h, f ) = mn 1, f, (1) 2h 8
17 where t s the number of days snce the poll was carred out, h s the half-lfe of the functon, and f s ts floor. To defne the facets of ths functon, consder the long memory weght functon defned by Chrstensen and Florence (2008) as follows: t 1, w( t;35,0.2) = , t t 56 > 56. (2) Ths weght functon s llustrated n Fgure 3.1. Note that the weght functon mples that a respondent to a poll that s 35 days old wll have a weght equal to half that of a respondent n a poll released today. Thus, we reference the slope of ths lne wth the functon s half-lfe of 35 days. The nterpretaton of the weght functon for t 56 s that pollng data has decreasng utlty as t ages. The other parameter governng ths class of weghts s the mnmum or floor weght. In the sample weght functon gven above, the floor s equal to 0.2. That s, at 56 days old, a poll s respondents wll have a weght of 0.2, but wll then decrease no more as t contnues to age. The nterpretaton of the weght functon for t 56 s that the utlty of pollng data always retans some mnmal level of value, regardless of age. Chrstensen and Florence (2008) also use a short-memory weght functon defned by t 1, w( t;7,0.05) = , t 13 t > 13. (3) The half-lfe for the short-memory ndcates that a poll has lost half of ts utlty by the tme t s one week old. The floor value of 0.05 s also much smaller than n the longmemory weght functon, ndcatng that n every respect, the estmator usng ths weght 9
18 Fgure 3.1. Illustraton of weghtng functon used by Chrstensen and Florence (2008) when weghtng polls. wll draw only mnmally on older pollng data. Fgure 3.2 compares the nature of the long- and short-memory weght functons. Note that for the predctons made n Chrstensen and Florence (2008) between August 1 and 6 November 2006, we cannot evaluate the accuracy of our state-by-state or overall predctons because there s no ground truth aganst whch we can compare. However, the predcton on our fnal day can be compared to the actual results on 7 November That s, we cannot evaluate the optmalty of our weghts for August data when predctng voter behavor on September 1, but we can evaluate dfferent weghtng schemes for August-through-November data when predctng electon results for November 7. In ths secton, we consder the class of weghts llustrated n equaton (1) and dentfy the optmal weght functon for each of the 31 senate races we were trackng. Addtonally, we are nterested n recommendng one all-purpose weght functon that can be used for future poll trackng of ths nature. It may not seem optmal to use an allpurpose weght functon when trackng a race for whch we can obtan state-specfc 10
19 Fgure 3.2. Long-memory weght functon from equaton (2) n black and short-memory weght functon from equaton (3) n red. optmzed weghts. For example, we can obtan an optmzed weght functon for Tennessee based on the 2006 Senate data and then use that specfc weght for the 2008 Senate race n Tennessee. However, t s also plausble that the 31 estmated optmal weght functons obtaned from each of the Senate data sets n 2006 represents a dstrbuton of estmates for some unversal weght functon. Under ths assumpton, we can smultaneously use the 31 data sets from 2006 to post a functon that s best for future use n an overall sense. 3.1 Optmal Weght Functon for a Specfc State Consder the m pre-electon polls for a gven state, wth poll ages {t 1,, t m }, poll sample szes {n 1,, n m }, and Republcan preference counts {r 1,, r m }. Because we do not want our calculatons nfluenced by potental voters who are undecded or votng for thrd-party canddates, our sample sze for these calculatons s actually the sum of the Democratc preference count and the Republcan preference count (.e., n j = d j + r j ). We consder all possble combnatons of the half-lfe (h) n H={1, 2,, 50} 11
20 wth floor (f) n F={0.0001, 0.01, 0.02,, 0.50}. For each par (h, f), we calculate the estmate of the proporton votng Republcan n state (among all persons votng Republcan or Democrat) wth ˆ π ( h, f ) m = = j 1 m j= 1 w( t ; h, f ) r j j j w( t ; h, f ) n j. (4) We consder the optmal weght functon for the state to be w(t; h o,f o ), where o o ( h ˆ, f ) = arg mn π ( h, f ) π (5) h H, f F and π s the actual proporton votng for the Republcan canddate n state (among all persons votng for ether the Republcan or the Democrat). 3.2 Overall Optmal Weght Functon Our task s then to choose an overall weght functon that n some sense best predcts the vector of Republcan preference proportons for all 31 states (π = π 1,, π 31 ). A smple rule for choosng the optmal values of h o and f o n the overall weght functon w(t; h o,f o ) s to mnmze the dscrepancy functon D ( h, f ) = ˆ π ( h, f ) π 31 = 1 (6) so that o ( h f o ) = arg mn D ( h, f ), 1 h H, f F. (7) The problem wth the rule n (7) s that t penalzes estmaton errors equally across states. So, f we estmate a state to yeld 70% Republcan vote nstead of an actual 12
21 value of 75%, ths has equal mpact on the dscrepancy measure as f we estmate a state to yeld 47% Republcan vote nstead of an actual value of 52%. In order to gve greater weght to the close races, we could weght each term n the sum found n (6) usng some measure of tghtness. In ths study, we use the number of publshed polls for a state (m ) as a measure of a race s tghtness to obtan the dscrepancy functon D ( f ) = 1 2 h, ( ˆ π ( h, f ) π m ) = 1. (8) Then, our optmal functon s defned usng o ( h, f o ) = arg mn D ( h, f ). (9) h H, f F Thus, states generatng the most electon coverage by pollsters (e.g., battleground states) wll have the largest nfluence n selectng the optmal weght functon. 2 Alternatvely, one could weght by the closeness of πˆ to 0.50 n the dscrepancy functon, as n or D ( h, f ) = = 1 ˆ π ( h, f ) π ˆ π ( h, f ) 0.50 D ( f ) = 1 4 h, ( ˆ π [ ˆ ( h, f ) π π ( h, f ) 0.50 ]) = 1. Fgure 3.3 gves a plot showng the values of D 2 (h, f) for all possble combnatons of the half-lfe (h) n H={1, 2,, 50} wth floor (f) n F={0.0001, 0.01, 0.02,, 0.50}. Note that the overall optmal weght functon s w(t; h o,f o ) = w(t; 20, ). That s, the weght functon that mnmzes D 2 (h, f) n equaton (8) s one that gves polls a half-lfe of 20 days and a floor value of essentally zero. (We do not set the value of the floor at zero because there are some states for whch the most recent poll 13
22 may be older than 2h.) The optmal weght functon for each of the ten closest senate races s also denoted on the plot. Note that 6 of the 10 closest states (and 15 out of 31 states n total) use vrtually no weght for polls older than 2h (.e., f o = ). We recommend the weght functon w(t; h o,f o ) = w(t; 20, ) for general use n future work predctng electon outcomes from pre-electon polls. 14
23 floors MD TN NV MONJ VA MT OH RI AZ halflfes Fgure 3.3. Values of D 2 (h, f) for combnatons of half-lfe (h) n H={1, 2,, 50} wth floor (f) n F={0.0001, 0.01, 0.02,, 0.50}. The red dot ndcates the mnmum value of o o D 2 (h, f) wth ( h, f ) = (20, ). Optmal values for the weght functons assocated wth the ten closest senate races are denoted wth state abbrevatons. 15
24 4. CONCLUSION In summary, the purpose of ths study s to provde better means by whch pollng data may be utlzed. Polls are ncreasngly more expensve and reled upon. Smply averagng the polls does not account for dfferences n sample szng, populatons of nterest, pollsters, queston wordng, and so forth, and therefore can skew nterpretatons. A total of 2,550 weght functons are consdered, each havng a pecewse lnear form. The overall optmal weght functon for these data s determned based on the noton that the specfc functon for each state s a random realzaton from an overall dstrbuton wth common average shape. Wth ths assumpton, t s determned that a poll has a half-lfe of 20 days, and a floor value of essentally zero, meanng that a poll loses ts value wthn 10 days and has no value thereafter. Our approach for choosng the optmal weght functon gves a much larger nfluence to the states wth the closest races. If one s nterested n gvng an equal nfluence to all races, a dfferent optmal weght functon would be determned. 16
25 BIBLIOGRAPHY Balk, C.N., Electon Handcappers are Usng Rsky Tool: Mxed Poll Averages, The Numbers Guy, Wall Street Journal, sec. B1, February 15, Brown, L.B., and Chappell, H.W. Jr. (1999), Forecastng Presdental Electons usng Hstory and Polls, Internatonal Journal of Forecastng, 15, Campbell, J.E. (1992), Forecastng the Presdental Vote n the States, Amercan Journal of Poltcal Scence, 36, Chrstensen, W.F., and Florence, L.W. (2008), Predctng Presdental and Other Multstage Electon Outcomes Usng State-Level Pre-Electon Polls, The Amercan Statstcan, 62, Cohen, J.E. (1998), State-Level Publc Opnon Polls as Predctors of Presdental Electon Results: The 1996 Race, Amercan Poltcs Quarterly, 26,
Did Illegal Overseas Absentee Ballots Decide the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election? 1
Dd Illegal Overseas Absentee Ballots Decde the 2000 U.S. Presdental Electon? 1 Kosuke Ima 2 Gary Kng 3 March 23, 2004 1 We are deeply grateful to the many prvate ctzens of every poltcal strpe who took
More informationMoney is where the fun ends: material interests and individuals preference for direct democracy
Gutenberg School of Management and Economcs & Research Unt Interdscplnary Publc Polcy Dscusson Paper Seres Money s where the fun ends: materal nterests and ndvduals preference for drect democracy Phlpp
More informationMean Vector Analyses of the Voting Patterns of Ghanaians for Three Consecutive Periods: A Case Study of the Greater Accra Region
Research Journal of Mathematcs and Statstcs 6(3): 3-34, 14 ISSN: 4-4, e-issn: 4-755 Maxwell Scentfc Organzaton, 14 Submtted: June 8, 14 Accepted: August 19, 14 Publshed: August 5, 14 Mean Vector Analyses
More informationAttorney Docket Number Application Number
The applcaton data sheet s part of the provsonal or nonprovsonal applcaton for whch t s beng submtted. The followng form contans the bblographc data arranged n a format specfed by the Unted States Patent
More informationState of New York Public Employment Relations Board Decisions from September 5, 1974
Cornell Unversty ILR School DgtalCommons@ILR Board Decsons - NYS PERB New York State Publc Employment Relatons Board (PERB) 9-5-1974 State of New York Publc Employment Relatons Board Decsons from September
More informationBiased Democracies: The Social and Economic Logic of Interest-Based Voting
0 Based Democraces: The Socal and Economc Logc of Interest-Based Votng Torben Iversen Department of Government Harvard Unversty Davd Soskce Department of Government London School of Economcs Earler versons
More informationFOREIGN WORKERS IN SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE *
FOREIGN WORKERS IN SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE * Robert D. Emerson and Orachos Napasntuwong Unversty of Florda The queston addressed n ths paper s the length of tme farm workers wth dfferent characterstcs are
More informationSURVEY ON FOREIGN TRAVELERS METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION
SURVEY ON FOREIGN TRAVELERS METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION Rud Seljak 1, Nataša Jokć 2 1 Statstcal Offce of the Republc of Slovena, e-mal: rud.seljak@gov.s 2 Statstcal Offce of the Republc of Slovena,
More informationClientelism and polarized voting: Empirical evidence
Clentelsm and polarzed votng: Emprcal evdence by Klarta Gërxhan and Arthur Schram Abstract One must take country-specfc nsttutonal features nto account when analyzng former communst countres transformaton
More informationLEGAL STATUS AND U.S. FARM WAGES
LEGAL STATUS AND U.S. FARM WAGES Nobuyuk Iwa Internatonal Agrcultural Trade and Polcy Center Food and Resource Economcs Department PO Box 1124 Unversty of Florda Ganesvlle, FL 32611 nwa@ufl.edu Robert
More informationDefensive Counterterrorism Measures and Domestic Politics
CREATE Research Archve Publshed Artcles & Papers 10-31-007 Defensve Counterterrorsm Measures and Domestc Poltcs Todd Sandler Unversty of Texas at Dallas, tsandler@utdallas.edu Kevn Squera Unversty of Texas
More informationFiscal Decentralization and Development: How Crucial is Local Politics?
Fscal Decentralzaton and Development: How Crucal s Local Poltcs? Sarmstha Pal, Brunel Unversty & IZA * Jadeep Roy, Unversty of Brmngham September 2010 Abstract Does fscal decentralzaton n a poltcally decentralzed
More informationFinancing Direct Democracy: Revisiting the Research on Campaign Spending and Citizen Initiatives
Duke Law Duke Law Scholarshp Repostory Workng Papers 2010 Fnancng Drect Democracy: Revstng the Research on Campagn Spendng and Ctzen Intatves John de Fgueredo Duke Law School, jdefg@law.duke.edu Chang
More informationCONSTITUTION OF ADASTRAL PARK LEISURE AND SPORTS (ATLAS) BODY TALK GYM CLUB
CONSTITUTION OF ADASTRAL PARK LEISURE AND SPORTS (ATLAS) BODY TALK GYM CLUB 1. The organsaton shall be called Adastral Park Lesure and Sports (ATLAS) Body Talk Gym Club, herenafter referred as the Club.
More informationEconomy and Turnout: Class Differences in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election Uisoon Kwon University of Minnesota Duluth
Economy and Turnout: Class Dfferences n the 2 U.S. Presdental Electon Usoon Kwon Unversty of Mnnesota Duluth For many years, scholars have been examnng the role of the economy on voter turnout. Does the
More informationMedia Networks and Political Accountability: Evidence from Radio Networks in Brazil
Meda Networks and Poltcal Accountablty: Evdence from Rado Networks n Brazl Horaco A. Larreguy A. Joana C. M. Montero June 4, 2014 We examne how dfferent types of meda structure contrbute to poltcal accountablty,
More informationPUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF WEST VI'RGINIA CHARLESTON PROCEDURE. required to satisfy said complaint or make answer thereto, in writing,
_ ----- -- PUBLC SERVCE COMMSSON OF WEST V'RGNA CHARLESTON At a sesson of the PUBLC SERVCE COMMSSON OF WEST VRGNA, at the Captol n the Cty of Charleston on the 24th day of March, 1976. CASE NO. 8264 ELBERT
More informationThe Effects of District Magnitude on Voting Behavior
The Effects of Dstrct Magntude on Votng Behavor Smon Hx London School of Economcs and Poltcal Scence Rafael Hortala-Vallve London School of Economcs and Poltcal Scence Gullem Rambau Yale - NUS College
More informationBoard of Trustees Meeting Minutes
Bowlng Green State Unversty ScholarWorks@BGSU Board of Trustees Meetng Mnutes Unversty Publcatons 10-14-1913 Board of Trustees Meetng Mnutes 1913-10-14 Bowlng Green State Unversty Follow ths and addtonal
More informationCalculating Equivalent and Compensating Variations in CGE Models
ntroducton Calculatng Equvalent and Copensatng Varatons n CGE Models Véronque Robchaud July Most CGE odelers use these odels to assess the pacts of gven shocks or polces on a specfc econoy. Whle t s qute
More informationThe E ects of District Magnitude on Voting Behaviour
The E ects of Dstrct Magntude on Votng Behavour Smon Hx London School of Economcs and Poltcal Scence Rafael Hortala-Vallve London School of Economcs and Poltcal Scence Gullem Rambau Yale - NUS College
More informationPROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE BOARD OF REGENTS POLICY ON WEAPONS POSSESSION
PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE BOARD OF REGENTS POLICY ON WEAPONS POSSESSION The 2013 Kansas Legslature enacted a statute to preclude state and muncpal enttes from prohbtng the concealed carry of handguns
More informationWhat Do We Elect Committees For? A Voting Committee Model for Multi-Winner Rules
What Do We Elect Commttees For? A Votng Commttee Model for Mult-Wnner Rules Potr Skowron Unversty of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland p.skowron@mmuw.edu.pl Abstract We present a new model that descrbes the process
More informationPOLITICAL REGIME DURABILITY, DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCE: THE ROMANIA S CASE. Mihai MUTASCU *
ANALELE ŞTIINłIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂłII ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA DIN IAŞI Tomul LVI ŞtnŃe Economce 2009 POLITICAL REGIME DURABILITY, DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCE: THE ROMANIA S CASE Mha MUTASCU * Abstract The paper
More informationReturn Migration, Investment in Children, and Intergenerational Mobility: Comparing Sons of Foreign and Native Born Fathers
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 3080 Return Mgraton, Investment n Chldren, and Intergeneratonal Moblty: Comparng Sons of Foregn and Natve Born Fathers Chrstan Dustmann September 2007 Forschungsnsttut
More informationIMMIGRATION POLICY AND THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR MARKET: SPECIALTY CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES
IMMIGRATION POLICY AND THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR MARKET: SPECIALTY CROPS IN THE UNITED STATES Nobuyuk Iwa Internatonal Agrcultural Trade and Polcy Center Food and Resource Economcs Department PO Bo 110240
More informationDoes Bicameralism Matter?
Does Bcameralsm Matter? Mchael Cutrone Dept. of Poltcs Prnceton Unversty Nolan McCarty Woodrow Wlson School Prnceton Unversty . Introducton Perhaps the most conspcuous varaton n modern legslatures concerns
More informationDocument de treball de l IEB 2012/31
Document de treball de l IEB 2012/31 PARTISAN TARGETING OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS & STATE INTERFERENCE IN LOCAL ELECTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SPAIN Marta Curto-Grau, Albert Solé-Ollé, Plar Sorrbas-Navarro
More informationCONSTITUTION OF THE New Democratic Party of Canada EFFECTIVE FEBRUARY 2018
CONSTITUTION OF THE New Democratc Party of Canada EFFECTIVE FEBRUARY 2018 PREAMBLE Canada s a great country, one of the hopes of the world. New Democrats are Canadans who beleve we can be a better one
More informationDETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Master of Science in Statistics
DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA Master of Scence n Statstcs I.N Mathebula 2017 DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA by Inocent Nelson Mathebula RESEARCH DISSERTATION
More information87 faces of the English clause
Work Papers of the Summer nsttute of Lngustcs, Unversty of North Dakota Sesson Volume 11 Artcle 9 1967 87 faces of the Englsh clause Rchard Pttman SL-UND Davd Thomas SL-UND Follow ths and addtonal works
More informationIntroduc)on to Hierarchical Models 8/25/14. Hierarchical Models in Population Ecology. What are they and why should we use them? Topics of Discussion
,,,, 8/5/14 Herarchcal Models n Populaton Ecology What are they and why should we use them? y z, θ,1 1,, 3,,3 Jared S. Laufenberg PhD Canddate Unversty of Tennessee Dept of Forestry, Wldlfe and Fsheres
More informationPattern recognition applied to presidential elections in the United States, : Role of integral social, economic, and political traits
Proc. Natl Acad. Sc. USA Vol. 78, No., pp. 723-7234, November 98 Poltcal Scence Pattern recognton appled to presdental electons n the Unted States, 86-98: Role of ntegral socal, economc, and poltcal trats
More informationLegal Strategies for FDA Consent Decrees
RU1 Legal Strateges for FDA Consent Decrees Wllam W. Vodra PDA Taormna Conference 14 October 2003 14 October 2003 Legal Strateges for FDA Consent Decrees Slde 1 Slde 1 RU1 #1001401.2-PDA Taormna speech
More informationFairfield Sentry and the limits of comity in Chapter15cases
IILR_2015_30001_1 IILR 1 ARTICLES Jeffrey A. Lesemer 1 Farfeld Sentry and the lmts of comty n Chapter15cases Introducton In the cross-border nsolvency case of Farfeld Sentry Lmted, the Unted States Court
More informationPolitical Competition and Invalid Ballots in Mexico: evidence from. subnational data
Poltcal Competton and Invald Ballots n Mexco: evdence from subnatonal data Irvn Mkhal Soto Zazueta Unversdad Autónoma de Snaloa Facultad de Cencas Económcas y Socales Josefa Ortz de Domínguez S/N. Cudad
More informationPlaintiff, Defendant. This libel action arises out of the public controversy. concerning the safety.of fluoridation o:f public water supplies,
UNTED STATES DSTRCT COURT SOUTHERN DSTRCT OF NEW YORK --------------------------~----------x J6HN YAMOUYANNS, PhD, -aganst- Plantff, CONSUMERS UNON OF UNTED STATES, NC, Defendant -------------------------------------x
More informationCan the Introduction of a Minimum Wage in FYR Macedonia Decrease the Gender Wage Gap?
Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Pol c y Re s e a rc h Wo r k n g Pa p e r 4795 Can the Introducton of a Mnmum Wage n FYR Macedona
More informationConstitution of the Broad MBA Association
Consttuton of the Broad MBA Assocaton (presented for ratfcaton to the General Membershp September 11, 2003; amended by the Executve Board on January 27, 2011) Artcle I. DECLARATIONS Secton 1.01 Secton
More informationInvestigating the interaction effect of democracy and economic freedom on corruption: a cross-country quantile regression analysis
Investgatng the nteracton effect of democracy and economc freedom on corrupton: a cross-country quantle regresson analyss Author Saha, Shraban, Su, Jen-Je Publshed 2012 Journal Ttle Economc Analyss and
More informationHow Interest Groups with Limited Resources can Influence Political Outcomes: Information Control and the Landless Peasant Movement in Brazil
How Interest Groups wth Lmted Resources can Influence Poltcal Outcomes: Informaton Control and the Landless Peasant Movement n Brazl by Lee J. Alston Unversty of Colorado NBER Gary D. Lbecap Unversty of
More informationVarieties of Clientelism: Machine Politics During Elections
Varetes of Clentelsm: Machne Poltcs Durng Electons Jordan Gans-Morse Unversty of Calforna, Berkeley Sebastan Mazzuca Harvard Unversty Smeon Nchter Unversty of Calforna, Berkeley July 22, 2010 The authors
More informationOregon Round Dance Teachers Association
Oregon Round Dance Teachers Assocaton Bylaws Adopted January 1982 Amended October 1983 Amended July 1987 Amended September 1990 Amended May 1995 Amended January 2000 Amended October 2000 Amended January
More informationmembership in a language minority. assumption that Section 5 complies Case 2:13-cv Document Filed in TXSD on 08/08/14 Page 1 of 79
Case 2:13-cv-00193 Document 459-8 Fled n TXSD on 08/08/14 Page 1 of 79 Case 1:11-cv-01303-RMC Document 1 Fled 07/19/11 Page 1 of 11 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA STATE
More informationI" f_jj" Erwln 0. Canham Post Office Box 185. t Plebiscite Commissioner Capitol Hill Rural Branch
" "2' - / OFFICE OF THE PLEBISCITE COMMISSIONER '' / " Marana Islands Dstrct f _"_ Sapan, Marana Islands 96950 I" f_jj" Erwln 0. Canham Post Offce Box 185 t Plebscte Commssoner Captol Hll Rural Branch
More informationJudicial Review as a Constraint on Tyranny of the Majority
Judcal Revew as a Constrant on Tyranny of the Majorty Robert K. Fleck Department of Agrcultural Economcs and Economcs Montana State Unversty Bozeman, MT 59717 phone: (406) 994-5603 e-mal: rfleck@montana.edu
More informationIMMIGRATION POLICY AND THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR MARKET: THE EFFECT ON JOB DURATION. Nobuyuki Iwai, Orachos Napasintuwong, & Robert D.
WPTC 5-6 PBTC -6 IMMIGRATION POLICY AND THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR MARKET: THE EFFECT ON OB DURATION By Nobuyuk Iwa, Orachos Napasntuwong, & Robert D. Emerson WPTC 5-6 uly 5 WORKING PAPER SERIES INTERNATIONAL
More informationAn Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Guilty Plea Discount
An Emprcal Analss of the Determnants of Gult Plea Dscount Jose Pna-Sánchez PhD student n Socal Statstcs at the Unverst of Manchester Eecutve Summar In ths report, I assess the applcaton of the 2007 Sentencng
More informationIs There Really a Border Effect?
Is There Really a Border Effect? A.K.M. Mahbub Morshed *a Department of Economcs, Southern Illnos Unversty, Carbondale, IL 62901 Abstract: The observed excess prce varablty n cross-border cty pars compared
More informationCalifornia Ballot Propositions and Initiatives. Follow this and additional works at:
Unversty of Calforna Hastngs College of the Law UC Hastngs Scholarshp Repostory ntatves Calforna Ballot Propostons and ntatves 3-7-1994 ntatve Power. Follow ths and addtonal works at: http://repostory.uchastngs.edu/ca_ballot_nts
More informationDocument de treball de l IEB 2009/8
Document de treball de l IEB 2009/8 IMMIGRANT WAGES IN THE SPANISH LABOUR MARKET: DOES THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN CAPITAL MATTER? Esteban Sanromà, Raúl Ramos, Hpólto Smón Ctes and Innovaton Documents de Treball
More informationWORKING PAPER 2000:9. Ethnic enclaves and the economic success of immigrants - evidence from a natural experiment
IFAU - OFFICE OF LABOUR MARKET POLICY EVALUATION Ethnc enclaves and the economc success of mmgrants - evdence from a natural experment Per-Anders Edn Peter Fredrksson Olof Åslund WORKING PAPER 2:9 Ethnc
More informationCombating Housing Benefit Fraud: Local Authorities' Discretionary Powers
Combatng Housng Beneft Fraud: Local Authortes' Dscretonary Powers A study carred out on behalf of the Department of Socal Securty by Roy Sansbury Socal Polcy Research Unt, Unversty of York Crown copyrght
More informationUNICEF Humanitarian Action Study 2017
UNICEF/UN07326/DUBOURTHOUMIE UNICEF Humantaran Acton Study 2017 A synthess of UNICEF s response For more nformaton, please see the UNICEF Annual Results Report Humantaran Acton Democratc Republc of the
More informationof any issue of law or fact, to the entry of the
J J FNANCAL?NDUSTRY REGU?ATORY AUTHORTY LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE WAVER AND CONSENT NO. 20705494530 TO: RE: Department of Enforcement Fnancal ndustry Regulatory Authorty ("FNRA") Anthony Vultaggo Jr. Respondent
More informationWorld Income Distribution and Mobility
,,,, Physcs Proceda 3 (2010) 1713 1723 Physcs Proceda 00 (2010) 1 11 Physcs Proceda www.elsever.com/locate/proceda World Income Dstrbuton and Moblty Beshan Xu a, Jnzhong Guo a, Nng X b, Qnghua Chen a,
More information8/19/16. Clustering. Clustering is a hard problem. Clustering is a hard problem
Clusterng Patrce Koehl Department of Bologcal Scences Natonal Unversty of Sngapore http://www.cs.ucdavs.edu/~koehl/teachng/bl5229 koehl@cs.ucdavs.edu Clusterng s a hard problem Many possbltes; What s best
More informationEthnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants Evidence from a Natural Experiment *
Ethnc Enclaves and the Economc Success of Immgrants Evdence from a Natural Experment * by Per-Anders Edn, Peter Fredrksson, and Olof Åslund ** December 14, 2000 Abstract Recent mmgrants tend to locate
More informationCDDRL WORKING PAPERS. Varieties of Clientelism: Machine Politics During Elections. Number 119 October 2010
CDDRL WORKING PAPERS Number 119 October 2010 Varetes of Clentelsm: Machne Poltcs Durng Electons Jordan Gans-Morse Unversty of Calforna, Berkeley Sebastan Mazzuca Harvard Unversty Smeon Nchter Stanford
More informationHow minorities fare under referendums. A cross national study *
How mnortes fare under referendums. A cross natonal study * Danel Bochsler and Smon Hug CIS and IPZ, Unverstät Zürch Département de scence poltque, Unversté de Genève Paper prepared for presentaton at
More informationUNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION
,'" \.. 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 3 4 5 6 7 9 3 7 AARON S. DYER #999 aaron.dyer@plsburylaw.com LAUREN M. LEAHY #065 lauren.leahy@pllsburylaw.com PLLSBURY WNTHROP SHAW PTTMAN LLP.. 7 South Fgueroa Street, Sute 00 Los
More informationeconstor Make Your Publications Visible.
econstor Make Your Publcatons Vsble. A Servce of Wrtschaft Centre zbwlebnz-informatonszentrum Economcs Neundorf, Anja; Adams, James F. Workng Paper The mcro-foundaton of party competton and ssue ownershp:
More informationDemocratization and clientelism: Why are young democracies badly governed?
Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Publc Dsclosure Authorzed Democratzaton and clentelsm: Why are young democraces badly governed? Phlp Keefer Development Research
More informationIncome Segregation and Suburbanization in France : a discrete choice approach
Income Segregaton and Suburbanzaton n France : a dscrete choce approach Florence Goffette-Nagot, Yves Schaeffer To cte ths verson: Florence Goffette-Nagot, Yves Schaeffer. Income Segregaton and Suburbanzaton
More informationHukou and Highways WPS7350. Policy Research Working Paper 7350
Polcy Research Workng Paper 7350 WPS7350 Hukou and Hghways The Impact of Chna s Spatal Development Polces on Urbanzaton and Regonal Inequalty Maarten Bosker Uwe Dechmann Mark Roberts Publc Dsclosure Authorzed
More informationA Water Cooler Theory of Political Knowledge and Voting
A Water Cooler Theory of Poltcal Knowledge and Votng Torben Iversen Department of Government Harvard Unversty Davd Soskce Department of Poltcal Scence Duke Unversty [Frst prelmnary draft] Prepared for
More informationUNCLASSIFIED UNITED STATES ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND. White Paper. Redefining the Win. 06 Jan 2015 UNCLASSIFIED
UNITED STATES ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND Whte Paper Redefnng the Wn 06 Jan 2015 Redefnng the Wn The Redefned Wn Concept The Redefned Wn Concept centers on proactve U.S. competton wth State / Non-State
More informationGaber v Benhuri Ctr. for Laser Dentistry 2013 NY Slip Op 30378(U) February 15, 2013 Supreme Court, New York County Docket Number: /11 Judge:
Gaber v Benhur Ctr. for Laser Dentstry 203 NY Slp Op 30378(U) February 5, 203 Supreme Court, New York County Docket Number: 80064/ Judge: Joan B. Lobs Republshed from New York State Unfed Court System's
More informationPOLITICAL STABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. A TWO WAY RELATION. EDGARDO E. ZABLOTSKY
POLITICAL STABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. A TWO WAY RELATION. EDGARDO E. ZABLOTSKY FEBRUARY 1996 POLITICAL STABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. A TWO WAY RELATION. EDGARDO E. ZABLOTSKY 1 FEBRUARY 1996 I. INTRODUCTION.
More informationThe Roles of Foreign Aid and Education in the War on Terror
October 12, 2007 The Roles of Foregn Ad and Educaton n the War on Terror by Jean-Paul Azam a and Véronque Thelen b Forthcomng n Publc Choce a: Toulouse School of Economcs (ARQADE & IDEI) and Insttut Unverstare
More informationScoring Guidelines and Notes for Document-Based Question
Scorng Gudelnes and Notes for Document-Based Queston Evaluate the causes of the begnnng of the Cold War between the U.S. and the USSR from 1945 to 1950. Currculum Framework Algnment Learnng Objectves WOR-2.0
More informationAn Integrated Computational Model of Multiparty Electoral Competition
Statstcal Scence 2002, Vol. 17, No. 4, 405 419 Insttute of Mathematcal Statstcs, 2002 An Integrated Computatonal Model of Multparty Electoral Competton Kevn M. Qunn and Andrew D. Martn Abstract. Most theoretc
More informationI i IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA CA 1 WAKFS 1 01/2017. I j
,! j j! { l j N THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE DEMOCRATC SOCALST REPUBLC OF SR LANKA CA WAKFS 0/207 Wakfs Trbunal No. WT/242/207 Wakfs Board Case No. WB/727/206 n the matter of an appeal under and n terms
More informationFOlA IVlarker. Records Managemeht;.White House Office of
'".,. FOlA Vlarker lhs s hota textual record. Ths FOA Marker ndcates that matetalhas been te'troved durng FOA processng by George W. Bush Presdental Lbrary staff. Records Managemeht;.Whte House Offce of..
More informationNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INTEREST GROUPS, INFORMATION MANIPULATION IN THE MEDIA, AND PUBLIC POLICY: THE CASE OF THE LANDLESS PEASANTS MOVEMENT IN BRAZIL Lee J. Alston Gary D. Lbecap Bernardo Mueller Workng
More informationInstitut für Halle Institute for Economic Research Wirtschaftsforschung Halle
Insttut für Halle Insttute for Economc Research Wrtschaftsforschung Halle Sharng Competences: The Impact of Local Insttutonal Settngs on Voter Turnout Claus Mchelsen, Peter Bönsch, Martn T. W. Rosenfeld
More informationBELGRADE CITY COUNCIL MEETING MINUTES COUNCIL CHAMBERS. April 7, : 00 PM
BELGRADE CTY COUNCL MEETNG MNUTES COUNCL CHAMBERS Aprl 7, 2015 7: 00 PM Mayor Russell Nelson called the meetng to order. Councl Members n attendance were: Brad Cooper, Anne Koentopp, Ken Smth, Krstne Mencucc,
More informationCommunity Access To Justice And Conflict Resolution In Aceh And Maluku
Communty Access To Justce And Conflct Resoluton In And -- Baselne Quanttatve Survey of the Medaton and Communty Legal Empowerment program n and, and the Conflct Resoluton and Medaton Tranng program n.
More informationEthnic minorities in the UK: burden or benefit?
Ethnc mnortes n the UK: burden or beneft? Aslan ZORLU Department of Economcs UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM Roetersstraat 11, 1018 WB Amsterdam - the Netherlands Tel: +31 (0)20 5254189 Fax: +31 (0)20 5254254
More informationDISCOURAGING DEMAND. Defining the concept of demand. What do we mean when we talk about demand in relation to trafficking?
chapter 9 Preventon of traffckng n persons 491 DISCOURAGING DEMAND Tool 9.12 Defnng the concept of demand Overvew Ths tool consders what demand means wth respect to human traffckng. What do we mean when
More informationTHE DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRIMINATION IN IMMIGRANT EARNINGS - EVIDENCE FROM BRITAIN *
THE DISTRIBUTION OF DISCRIMINATION IN IMMIGRANT EARNINGS - EVIDENCE FROM BRITAIN 1974-93 * Abstract: KEVIN J. DENNY Unversty College Dubln & Insttute for Fscal Studes, London COLM P. HARMON Unversty College
More informationOff with their heads: Terrorism and electoral support for capital punishment in Australia *
27 May 2004 Off wth ther heads: Terrorsm and electoral support for captal punshment n Australa * Snclar Davdson a, Lsa Farrell b, Clare Felvus a and Tm R. L. Fry a a School of Economcs and Fnance Royal
More informationAmerican Law & Economics Association Annual Meetings
Amercan Law & Economcs Assocaton Annual Meetngs Year 2004 Paper 21 Stablty and Change n Internatonal Customary Law Vncy Fon Francesco Pars The George Washngton Unversty George Mason Unversty Ths workng
More informationProximity, Regional Integration and Weak Trade among African Countries Perspective from SADC
Proxmty, Regonal Integraton and Weak Trade among Afrcan Countres Perspectve from SADC Chukwuma Agu Afrcan Insttute for Appled Economcs, Enugu Anthona Achke Department of Agrcultural Economcs, Unversty
More informationOn the Duration of Comparative Advantages of Top European Wine Producers Jeremiás Máté BALOGH, Attila JÁMBOR
On the Duraton of Comparatve Advantages of Top European Wne Producers Jeremás Máté BALOGH, Attla JÁMBOR Abstract Corvnus Unversty of Budapest, HU eremas.balogh@gmal.com; attla.ambor@un-corvnus.hu In the
More informationMatter of Diaz v New York City Dept. of Health & Mental Hygiene 2013 NY Slip Op 32360(U) September 25, 2013 Supreme Court, New York County Docket
Matter of Daz v New York Cty Dept. of Health & Mental Hygene 2013 NY Slp Op 32360(U) September 25, 2013 Supreme Court, New York County Docket Number: 100846/13 Judge: Joan B. Lobs Cases posted wth a "30000"
More informationThe effect of motherhood on wages and wage growth: evidence for Australia
Unversy of Wollongong Research Onlne Faculty of Commerce - Papers (Archve) Faculty of Busness 2010 The effect of motherhood on wages and wage growth: evdence for Australa Tanya Lvermore Reserve Bank of
More informationDoes Labour Supply Respond to Globalisation? Malaysia Evidence from Micro Data
Does Labour Supply Respond to Globalsaton? Malaysa Evdence from Mcro Data Poo Bee Tn, Rahmah Ismal and Norasmah Othman Abstract Globalsaton s a phenomenon that cannot be avoded. As globalsaton allowed
More informationMINUTES OF THE. MEETING of the FINANCE COMMITTEE July 21, 1967
$ $ 6 MNUTES OF THE. MEETNG of the FNANCE COMMTTEE July 2, 967 The Fnance Commttee convened at Kellogg Center at 8 o'clock for breakfast. The followng members were present: Messrs. Harlan, Hartman, Merrman,
More informationMunicipal mergers and special provisions of local council members in Japan
MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve Muncpal mergers and specal provsons of local councl members n Japan Haruak Hrota and Hdeo Yunoue Nagoya Unversty of Commerce and Busness, Chba Unversty of Commerce 29 Aprl
More informationAGENDA REQUEST AGENDA ITEM NO: V.3. Board Appointments. July 21, 2014 BY City Auditor and Clerk Pamela M. Nadalini City Auditor and Clerk Nadalini
AGENDA HEADNG: Board Appontments AGENDA REQUEST COMMSSON MEETNG DATE: July 21, 2014 BY Cty Audtor and Clerk Pamela M. Nadaln Cty Audtor and Clerk Nadaln AGENDA TEM NO: V.3. Orgnatng Department SUBJECT:
More informationMatter of Brasky v City of New York 2006 NY Slip Op 30744(U) March 15, 2006 Supreme Court, New York County Docket Number: /05 Judge: Lottie E.
Matter of Brasky v Cty of New York 2006 NY Slp Op 30744(U) March 15, 2006 Supreme Court, New York County Docket Number: 114539/05 Judge: Lotte E. Wlkns Cases posted wth a "30000" dentfer,.e., 2013 NY Slp
More informationThe statistical analysis of the relationship between Religion and macroeconomic indicators
011 Internatonal Conference on Socalty and Economcs Development IPEDR vol.10 (011) (011) IACSIT Press, Sngapore The statstcal analyss of the relatonshp between Relgon and macroeconomc ndcators Aurelan
More informationCorruption Re-examined *
Trade and Development Revew Vol. 5, Issue, 202, 52-63 http://www.tdrju.net Corrupton Re-examned * Sddhartha Mtra Accordng to a conventonal hypothess, corrupton declnes wth economc development. Recent data
More informationScoring Guidelines and Notes for Long Essay Question
Scorng Gudelnes and Notes for Long Essay Queston Queston: Compare and contrast the patterns of mmgraton n the perod 1880 to 1928 to the patterns of mmgraton n the perod 1965 to 2000. In your response,
More informationEthnic Residential Segregation and Immigrants Perceptions of Discrimination in West Germany
Ethnc Resdental Segregaton and Immgrants Perceptons of Dscrmnaton n West Germany Verena Dll Uwe Jrjahn Research Papers n Economcs No. 10/11 Ethnc Resdental Segregaton and Immgrants Perceptons of Dscrmnaton
More informationDemocratic Institutions and Equity Market Liberalization
Democratc Insttutons and Equty Market Lberalzaton Bumba Mukherjee Professor, Department of Poltcal Scence Penn State Unversty sxm73@psu.edu Abstract: In the past two to three decades, the fnancal lberalzaton
More informationUNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT. I i I. District of. l by Failing to Maintain an Accurate Oil Record:Book, to
~AO 245E (Rev. 12/03) Judgment n a Crmnal Case for Organzatonal efendants Sheet EASTERN UNTE STATES OF AMERCA v. OCEANC LLSABE LMTE THE EFENANT ORGANZATON: pleaded gulty to count(s) pleaded nolo contendere
More informationLast Time. u Priority-based scheduling. u Schedulable utilization u Rate monotonic rule: Keep utilization below 69%
Last Tme u Prorty-based schedulng Ø Statc prortes Ø Dynamc prortes u Schedulable utlzaton u Rate monotonc rule: Keep utlzaton below 69% Today u Response tme analyss u Blockng terms u Prorty nverson Ø And
More informationEssay The Economic Argument for a Policy of Suicide Prevention
Essay The Economc Argument for a Polcy of Sucde Preventon Darrel P. Doessel, BEcon, MPolEcon, DpEd, PhD 1 Ruth F.G. Wllams, BA, BEcon, MEconSt, DpEd, PhD 2, 1 Australan Insttute for Sucde Research and
More information