Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

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SHEHZAD NOORANI/THE WORLD BANK Target a: Elimiate geder disparity i primary ad secodary educatio preferably by 2005, ad at all levels by 2015 Girls erolled i primary school per 100 boys so erolled,

1 SHEHZAD NOORANI/THE WORLD BANK Target a: Elimiate geder disparity i primary ad secodary educatio preferably by 2005, ad at all levels by 2015 Girls erolled i primary school per 100 boys so erolled, developig regios, 1999 People ad livig 2008o less tha $1.25 a day, developig regios (percetage) 2015 goal 2015 goal 1990 Primary Secodary Tertiary u The developig regios as a whole are approachig geder parity i educatioal erolmet. Percetage of wome i top-level ad all occupatios, developig regios, average for the period Developed regios Me 45 Wome u Top-level jobs still go to me to a overwhelmig degree. SOURCE: UN (2010). 0 : PROMOTE GENDER EQUALIT Y AND EMPOWER WOMEN

PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN THE PRESENT SITUATION Globally, whereas te years ago agriculture was the mai employer for wome, the services sector ow provides most female jobs: out of all

2 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN THE PRESENT SITUATION Globally, whereas te years ago agriculture was the mai employer for wome, the services sector ow provides most female jobs: out of all wome employed i 2008, 7% worked i agriculture ad 47% i services. But wome still ted to work i sectors with low pay, log hours ad iformal workig arragemets. Ad eve i sectors where wome outumber me, it is rarely wome who hold upper maagerial positios. 68 May compaies have istalled programmes to elimiate the geder wage gap. But the gap remais large at a global average of about 17% ad teds to be higher i the private sector. 69 Micro-fiace has prove effective i empowerig wome. For example, i Nepal 68% of Wome s Empowermet Program members said they made decisios o buyig ad sellig property, sedig daughters to school, arragig childre s marriages ad family plaig. I Idia SEWA cliets have lobbied for higher wages, the rights of wome i the iformal sector ad resolutio of eighbourhood issues. 70 May wome ow busiesses ad act as role models for others. However, oly a third of firms i 118 ecoomies surveyed by the World Bak have female participatio i owership ad womeowed busiesses ted to have fewer employees, lower sales ad less ivested capital. 71 What are the challeges? Geder stereotypes ad clear-cut roles for me ad wome are deeply embedded i may coutries cultures. These biases are ofte reflected i ecoomic ad social istitutios. Busiesses ca fid it difficult to act agaist what is cosidered appropriate for wome i such a eviromet. Labour markets are ofte domiated by me, ad wome ofte fid it hard to compete sice they ofte must fulfil other time-cosumig roles i the family. Though compaies offer wome employmet, takig these jobs uder stadard coditios may ot be a viable choice for wome. 7 The gap betwee males ad females ofte starts i primary school. Ad i later educatio the gap wides eve more. So wome are ofte uqualified for better jobs while those workig i the iformal ecoomy ofte lack the capacity, busiess skills ad access to credit that are ecessary for startig small eterprises. 74 Busiesses are recogizig the challeges wome face i combiig family ad work, ad some have take steps to alleviate the tesio. For example, coffee ad rose exporters i Keya provide child-care cetres for rural agricultural workers, reducig abseteeism ad icreasig productivity. FURNAS i Brazil, IBM i Hugary, the Royal Marsde i the Uited Kigdom ad BHEL i Idia offer holiday activities for workers childre by idetifyig ad eterig ito agreemets with existig commuity programmes. 72 ADAM ROGERS/UNCDF : PROMOTE GENDER EQUALIT Y AND EMPOWER WOMEN 1

THE PROMISE OF INCLUSIVE BUSINESS MODELS MNCs ca, for example: Work with parters i their supply chais to promote female employmet ad wome s rights ad

Establish codes of coduct ad stadard processes that treat wome equally ad compesate them fairly across the value chai.

Provide skills traiig ad eable mothers to work ad care for their families. Support further traiig ad educatio for wome ad employ them i maagerial positios.

JUANA DE CATHEU SMEs ca, for example: Promote equality ad esure proper treatmet of wome i the workplace.

3 THE PROMISE OF INCLUSIVE BUSINESS MODELS MNCs ca, for example: Work with parters i their supply chais to promote female employmet ad wome s rights ad establish liks with wome co-operatives ad SMEs. Establish codes of coduct ad stadard processes that treat wome equally ad compesate them fairly across the value chai. UN PHOTO/EVAN SCHNEIDER Large domestic compaies ca, for example: Employ female employees i decet work. Provide skills traiig ad eable mothers to work ad care for their families. Support further traiig ad educatio for wome ad employ them i maagerial positios. Advocate with govermet for wome-friedly labour-market coditios. JUANA DE CATHEU SMEs ca, for example: Promote equality ad esure proper treatmet of wome i the workplace. Ecourage wome etrepreeurs ad empower others to follow i their footsteps, especially wome-headed SMEs. INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK NPOs ca, for example: Develop busiess models that brig educatio, health care ad fiacial services to uder-served wome at higher quality ad lower cost. Create ecoomic opportuities for wome while ackowledgig ad furtherig their ow skills ad creativity. Empower wome leaders ad etrepreeurs through courses ad traiigs. HBPS 2 : PROMOTE GENDER EQUALIT Y AND EMPOWER WOMEN

4 Adia for Life MNC Adia for Life markets culturally-authetic beverages from coutries aroud the world. I Seegal Adia for Life sources certified orgaic hibiscus blossoms from the wome s co-operative Qualité Agriculture Biologique (QABCOO). More tha 520 members of QABCOO could beefit from a fair wage guarateed by the fair-trade label with Adia ad its parters who provide techical assistace, advice ad moitorig to the workers. Through their ecoomic cotributio, wome have gaied more awareess of their potetial i the commuity ad as a result are ivolved i decisiomakig processes. 75 Celtel Large domestic compay, Democratic Republic of Cogo I 2000 Celtel Iteratioal a pa-africa mobile commuicatios provider operatig i 15 coutries etered the wartor Democratic Republic of the Cogo, a coutry with little or o ifrastructure ad o bakig etwork. The potetial customer base was iitially small ad hard to reach. Despite these obstacles Celtel has gaied more tha 2 millio Cogolese customers, allowig commuities previously isolated by war ad poor ifrastructure to exchage iformatio. Wome were part of Celtel s success: Celtel s strategy ecouraged the use of shared hadsets, ad wome made a busiess out of it, retig the hadsets for the price of airtime plus a fee. The busiess provides a excellet livelihood for these Mamas GSM, cotributig as much as half of their household icome. 76 Demor Garmets, Ic. SME, Guyaa Demor Garmets, Ic. a privately owed garmet maufacturer operatig i Coldige, Guyaa has grow from 250 to more tha 1,000 employees sice its establishmet i July Of the employees, 98% are wome from poor rural commuities. All employees are cross-traied,so that everyoe ca operate machiery at each productio step. The compay speds $250,000 aually o traiig ad provides may frige beefits, such as free trasportatio to work. Lie supervisors, also female, ad provide practical guidace i persoal hygiee ad groomig. Demor ivites experts to speak to the wome o issues such as domestic violece ad child support. Paid time away from work is provided for these sessios. These high labour stadards improve workforce productivity ad make the compay s products more attractive to foreig customers. 77 Hathay Buao Proshikha Samity NPO, Bagladesh Hathay Buao Proshikha Samity produces childre s toys ad clothes by workig with local wome artisas. Its products are marketed through wholesale ad retail buyers i Europe, the Uited States, the Uited Kigdom ad Australia. This NPO has employed about,500 poor wome artisas through its rural productio cetres across the coutry. Paymet, while made o a product basis, is i geeral estimated at Tk 10 per hour (about $0.14). The miimum hourly wage i Bagladesh is Tk 6, but for rural-hadicrafts work it is ot ucommo to see wome workig for as little as Tk. Thaks to this icome opportuity, wome have ot eeded to migrate to urba areas to fid work while their ew ecoomic idepedece has reduced rates of childbirth ad early marriage. 78 : PROMOTE GENDER EQUALIT Y AND EMPOWER WOMEN

THE SUPPORTING ROLES OF INSTITUTIONS Policy Research ad advocacy May coutries have successfully implemeted policies promotig geder equality i the workplace.

5 THE SUPPORTING ROLES OF INSTITUTIONS Policy Research ad advocacy May coutries have successfully implemeted policies promotig geder equality i the workplace. Moteegro s Accoutability for the Protectio of Wome s Huma Rights Project resulted i a revised labour law, which ow icludes provisios o harassmet ad sexual harassmet. It also prohibits discrimiatio agaist wome seekig employmet ad preserves a pregat woma s right to oe year of materity leave. 79 The Geder Equity Model (MEG) is a partership programme betwee the Mexica govermet ad private compaies iterested i promotig geder equality. Compaies egaged i selfassessmet ad traiig to address weakesses receive a Geder Equity Seal. Through this programme 550 people were traied i gederequity actio. After geder committees were lauched i ad betwee the 42 participatig firms, the firms reported a improved labour atmosphere. 80 Egypt is implemetig a similar model with the same Geder Equity Seal. Research ca idetify best practices ad lessos leared for busiess to uphold geder rights ad empower wome i developig coutries. The Uited Natios Etity for Geder Equality ad the Empowermet of Wome (UN Wome) a ew UN etity icludes the Uited Natios Developmet Fud for Wome (UNIFEM), which provides fiacial ad techical assistace to iovative programmes ad strategies that foster wome s empowermet. For example, the 2010 publicatio Wome s Empowermet Priciples: Equality Meas Busiess guides busiesses i empowerig wome i the workplace, marketplace ad commuity. 82 Advocacy is critical to advacig wome s empowermet i busiess. The Iteratioal Ceter for Research o Wome (ICRW) works i all areas of wome s Policy ca also improve labour-market coditios for wome. UN PHOTO/RAY WITLIN empowermet, from icreasig access to health services ad ecoomic opportuities to reducig discrimiatio ad violece agaist wome. I Seegal it worked with Nike Foudatio ad Tosta (a West Africa o-profit that works to improve wome s health) to improve the wellbeig of adolescet girls. It also assists Germa developmet agecy GTZ ad its private-sector parters with helpig cotto farmers i sub- Sahara Africa icrease their yields. 8 ADAM ROGERS/UNCDF The Wome Workers Uity Group (WWUG) i Thailad has bee demadig that govermet establish child-care cetres i idustrial commuities ad that state-ru day-care cetres expad their hours to accommodate workers. The WWUG s pressures for greater co-ordiatio amog miistries with child-care resposibilities were istrumetal i the sigig of a Memoradum of Uderstadig amog five miistries. 81 The Mekog Private Sector Developmet Facility (MPDF) ad the Iteratioal Fiace Corporatio s (IFC) Wome i Busiess Program coducted the survey ad report Voices of Vietamese Wome Etrepreeurs to help busiesswome i Vietam speak out about the challeges they face ad how to solve them. The project also assisted with draftig the Geder Equality Law, ad it orgaized advocacy workshops to raise awareess about geder ad private-sector developmet. A similar study was coducted i Cambodia : PROMOTE GENDER EQUALIT Y AND EMPOWER WOMEN

Fiacig Capabilities Calvert Ivestmets, i partership with UNIFEM, itroduced the Calvert Wome s Priciples i 2004, a code of corporate coduct focused o empowerig, advacig ad ivestig i wome world-wide.

90 The IFC s Wome i Busiess (WIN) program formerly Geder Etrepreeurship Markets provides fiacial products ad advisory services to icrease wome etrepreeurs access to fiace, to reduce geder-based

6 Fiacig Capabilities Calvert Ivestmets, i partership with UNIFEM, itroduced the Calvert Wome s Priciples i 2004, a code of corporate coduct focused o empowerig, advacig ad ivestig i wome world-wide. The code provides idicators for trackig progress o various dimesios ragig from employmet ad compesatio to accoutability. 90 The IFC s Wome i Busiess (WIN) program formerly Geder Etrepreeurship Markets provides fiacial products ad advisory services to icrease wome etrepreeurs access to fiace, to reduce geder-based barriers i busiess ad to make IFC ivestmet projects more sustaiable. 91 Goldma Sachs 10,000 Wome is a five-year ivestmet to educate 10,000 uder-served wome i busiess ad maagemet. 92 ADNAN SAHBAZ/UNDP May fiacig facilities ivest specifically i wome ad their empowermet, ofte through micro-fiace. Kiva is a NPO that allows people to ivest i micro-etrepreeurs through micro-fiace istitutios world-wide. Sice its iceptio it has loaed approximately $15 millio, 85 of which 82% has goe to wome. 86 Wome for Wome Iteratioal gives wome access to capital ad operates group-based micro-credit programmes i Afghaista ad Bosia ad Herzegovia. It helps wome form co-operative vetures ad micro-eterprises, such as productio facilities ad co-operative stores. 87 First Microfiace Bak of Afghaista (FMBA) itroduced group ledig to expad access to fiace to wome etrepreeurs, particularly i Afghaista s urba areas. 88 Microfud for Wome (MFW), a micro-fiace istitutio i Jorda, worked with Wome s World Bakig (WWB) ad the Iteratioal Labour Orgaizatio (ILO) to lauch CareGiver. This geder-specific isurace product will be available to early 40,000 borrowers, 96% of them wome. It is desiged to help wome ad their families cope with the expeses associated with hospitalizatio, such as medical fees, lost icome ad child care. 89 JOSE MARIA BORGES/UNDP : PROMOTE GENDER EQUALIT Y AND EMPOWER WOMEN 5

Work like any other, work like no other. Decent work for domestic workers

Work like any other, work like no other. Decent work for domestic workers Work like ay other, work like o other Decet work for domestic workers WHO ARE DOMESTIC WORKERS? Domestic work is work performed i or for a household or households i a employmet relatioship. The work may