China and India: Two Giants of Asia

Transcription

1 SECTION 3 Stadards-Based io Stadards-at-a-Glace History-Social Sciece Studets aalyze ecoomic upheavals i Chia ad atio-buildig i Chia ad Idia, with a focus o ecoomic challeges ad the move toward idividual freedom ad democracy. Aalysis Skills CS1 Studets compare the preset with the past, evaluatig the cosequeces of past evets ad decisios ad determiig the lessos. Eglish-Laguage Arts Writig 2.3 Prepare to Read Build Backgroud Kowledge Poit out that Chia ad Idia are amog the world s largest ad most populous atios. Ask studets to speculate o how this might make developmet more challegig. Set a Purpose WITNESS HISTORY Read the selectio aloud or play the audio. AUDIO Witess History Audio CD, A Violet Crackdow Ask What is the youg ma i frot of the taks tryig to do? (stop the taks) What does the military actio i Tiaame Square suggest about Chia s govermet? (It was uwillig to tolerate a rage of political views.) Focus Poit out the Sectio Focus Questio ad write it o the board. Tell studets to refer to this questio as they read. (Aswer appears with Sectio 3 Assessmet aswers.) Preview Have studets preview the Sectio Stadards ad the list of Terms, People, ad Places. Have studets read this sectio usig the Paragraph Shrikig strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have studets fill i the table listig the mai ideas about reform ad chage i Chia ad Idia. Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide, p WITNESS A ma tries to stop a lie of taks headig ito the crowd of protesters i Tiaame Square (top). Protesters erect a statue of the goddess of democracy i frot of a poster of Mao (bottom). Type Chia Idia Ecoomic Free market Political Vocabulary Builder Use the iformatio below ad the followig resources to teach the high-use word from this sectio. Teachig Resources, Uit 4, p. 66; Teachig Resources, Skills Hadbook, p. 3 High-Use Word disperse, p. 613 WITNESS HISTORY Chia ad Idia: Two Giats of Asia Stadards Preview H-SS Aalyze the Chiese Civil War, the rise of Mao Zedog, ad the subsequet political ad ecoomic upheavals i Chia (e.g. the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolutio, ad the Tiaame Square uprisig). H-SS Discuss the importat treds i the regios today ad whether they appear to serve the cause of idividual freedom ad democracy. Terms, People, ad Places Deg Xiaopig Tiaame Square oe-child policy Kolkata Mumbai Mother Teresa dalits Readig Skill: Idetify Mai Ideas As you read, make a table like this oe to record the mai ideas. Reform ad Chage i Chia ad Idia Defiitio ad Sample Setece v. to break up ad scatter The police ordered the crowd to disperse ad leave the area. AUDIO A Violet Crackdow By the late 1980s, may Chiese citizes were protestig for more political freedom. Cheg Zhe, a studet at the time, describes what she saw i Beijig s Tiaame (tye ah mu) Square o the ight of Jue 4, [A]t about 2 A.M. we... could see that the troops were already i the square, ad we quickly ra to the other side.... While I was ruig, I oticed a youg ma ahead of me. He picked up a bottle o the groud, ad was about to throw it at the troops, agry because they were holdig up their gus ad firig. Suddely, he fell to the groud.... He was shot.... BBC News Olie, Jue 2, 2004 Focus Questio How do Chia ad Idia compare i buildig strog ecoomies ad democratic govermets? Chia ad Idia are home to two-fifths of the world s people. These two giat atios domiate Asia ecoomically, too. Today, Chia is a major idustrial atio. While Idia s ecoomy is smaller, it is a leadig power i Asia ad i the world. I the last 60 years, both atios have faced challeges to ecoomic developmet. They have addressed some of these, while others remai uresolved. Chia Reforms Its Ecoomy But Limits Freedom As you have read, Chiese leader Mao Zedog died i After Mao s death, more moderate leaders took cotrol of Chia. By 1981, Deg Xiaopig (dug show pig) had set Chia o a ew path. Deg was a practical reformer, more iterested i improvig the ecoomy tha i political purity. I do t care if a cat is black or white, he declared, as log as it catches mice. Moderizig the Ecoomy Deg s program, the Four Moderizatios, emphasized agriculture, idustry, sciece, ad defese. The pla allowed some features of a free market, such as some private owership of property. Commues, or collectively owed farms, were also dismatled, ad peasat families were allotted plots of farmlad i what was called the resposibility system. Farmers 612 The Developig World

2 still did ot ow the lad, ad the govermet took a share of their crops. However, farmers could sell ay surplus produce ad keep their profits. Chiese etrepreeurs were allowed to set up busiesses, too. Maagers of state-ru factories were give more freedom, but were expected to make their plats more efficiet. Deg also welcomed foreig capital ad techology. Ivestors from Japa, Hog Kog, Taiwa, ad Wester atios ivested heavily i Chiese firms. These ecoomic reforms brought a surge of growth. I coastal cities, foreig ivestmet created a ecoomic boom. Some Chiese ejoyed a improved stadard of livig. They bought televisios, refrigerators, ad cars. O the other had, crime ad corruptio grew, ad a growig ecoomic ad regioal gap developed betwee poor rural farmers maily i Chia s iterior ad wealthy city dwellers. Commuists Crack Dow Ecoomic reforms ad more cotact with the West led some Chiese to demad greater political freedom. I the late 1980s Chiese studets, workers, ad others supported a democracy movemet like those that were the sweepig Easter Europe. However, Deg ad other Commuist leaders refused to allow democratic reforms. I May of 1989, thousads of demostrators, may of them studets, occupied Tiaame Square (tye ah mu skwehr), a huge public plaza at the ceter of Chia s capital, Beijig. They raised baers callig for democracy. The demostrators refused to disperse, ad after several days the govermet set i troops ad taks. Thousads of demostrators were killed or wouded i what became kow as the Tiaame Square Massacre. May others were arrested ad tortured. The crackdow showed that Chia s Commuist leaders were afraid of losig cotrol. To them, order was more importat tha political freedom. Stadards Check Which group did the ecoomic reforms i Chia beefit most? H-SS Chia Faces Cotiuig Challeges Almost 30 years of ecoomic reforms helped quadruple Chia s ecoomic output. By some measures, as of the mid- 2000s its ecoomy was the world s secod largest after that of the Uited States. However, eve as Chia s ecoomy stregtheed, the atio faced may iteral challeges. Limitig a Huge Populatio Chia s populatio, ow more tha 1.3 billio, is the largest i the world. I the 1980s, the govermet s oe-child policy, which limited urba families to a sigle child, aimed to keep populatio growth from hurtig ecoomic developmet. Rural families were allowed two childre. However, these measures worked better i urba areas tha i rural areas. Rural families who wated more tha two childre to help o the farm ofte just paid fies. Eve so, populatio growth slowed overall after Vocabulary Builder disperse (dih SPURS) v. break up ad scatter Chia, Estimated Populatio by Age ad Geder, 2005 Age Male Over Populatio (i millios) SOURCE: U.S. Cesus Bureau, Iteratioal Data Base Female Graph Skills Chia s populatio growth has slowed i recet years due to govermet efforts like the oe-child policy, ecouraged i the billboard below. Accordig to the graph, i what age groups is most of Chia s populatio cocetrated? What might this mea for Chia s future? Teach Chia Reforms Its Ecoomy But Limits Freedom H-SS Itroduce Review the differece betwee a commad ecoomy ad a market ecoomy. The read aloud the quotatio i the text from Deg Xiaopig: I do t care if a cat is black or white as log as it catches mice. Use the Thik-Write-Pair-Share strategy (TE, p. T23) ad ask studets to explai this quotatio i their ow words. The have them predict what it might mea for Chia s ecoomy uder Deg. Teach Review the facets of Deg s Four Moderizatios ad the ways that Chia s ew ecoomy icluded features of both market ad commad ecoomies. Ask How did Chia s ecoomy chage after Deg s reforms? (Reforms led to surgig growth, a improved stadard of livig, ad icreased foreig ivestmet.) How did these chages lead to the coflict i Tiaame Square? (They led to demads for greater freedom by may, such as the demads of the studets protestig i Tiaame Square.) Idepedet Practice Have studets create a chart with two colums, labeled Chia Reforms Its Ecoomy ad Chia Limits Freedom. Ask studets to fill i their charts with details from the text. As studets fill i their tables, circulate to make sure they uderstad mai ideas about reform ad ecoomic developmet i Chia. For a completed versio of the table, see Note Takig Trasparecies, 124 Solutios for All Learers L4 Advaced Readers L4 Gifted ad Taleted Have studets use the Cesus Bureau s Iteratioal Data Base to fid ad prit out populatio charts for Idia ad for the Uited States similar to the oe o this page for Chia. The have them write oe geeralizatio about the data for each coutry. For istace, they might ote that the Uited States has a larger proportio of older people tha Idia. Fially, have them write a statemet about possible problems or opportuities that will arise i each coutry based o that geeralizatio. Aswers Graph Skills ages 10 39; that it has a large umber of people workig or about to eter the workig world, ad that i the future it will have a older populatio city dwellers i coastal cities Chapter 18 Sectio 3 613

3 Chia Faces Cotiuig Challeges H-SS Itroduce Ask studets to defie huma rights i their ow words. The have voluteers come to the board ad list a importat huma right. Poit out that while Chia s ecoomy has surged ahead, its record o huma rights has remaied poor. Teach Ask Why did Chia s govermet wat to limit populatio growth? (They felt populatio growth could damage ecoomic developmet.) What health problems has ecoomic growth caused? (air ad water pollutio, the spread of AIDS ad other diseases) How have huma rights suffered? (Critics have bee jailed, free speech has bee curtailed, Tibetas have bee repressed.) Quick Activity Have studets study the graphs ad photos page o the ecoomic rise of Chia ad Idia. Ask What details i the photo of Shaghai suggest ecoomic growth? (the costructio, the woma s cell phoe ad shoppig bag) How does the photo of the ma votig suggest the differece i the political structure of the two coutries? (Idia is a democracy, while Chia has a commuist govermet.) Discuss the questios posed i the itroductio. Idepedet Practice Primary Source To help studets better uderstad huma rights issues i Chia, have them read the selectio The Outlook for Chia, Huma Rights by Harry Wu ad complete the worksheet. Teachig Resources, Uit 4, p. 70 Read aloud the two red headigs o Chia ad the black headigs that follow. Ask studets to briefly summarize each subsectio. Idia ad Chia: The Ecoomic Rise of Two Asia Giats Idia ad Chia are both huge Asia atios with rapidly growig populatios. They have very differet govermets: Idia is a democracy, while Chia is commuist. However, they have take similar ecoomic paths i recet years. Study the chart (right) ad graph (left) below. Which coutry has achieved a higher ecoomic output i recet years? How might policies adopted by that atio help explai this success? A pedestria i Shaghai, Chia, walks past the costructio of a ew high-rise apartmet buildig. A ma casts a vote i a electio i Kashmir, Idia. Religious ad political coflict has limited ecoomic growth i that regio. Ecoomic Growth Brigs New Problems May state-ru idustries i Chia were uprofitable. While it sold off some of these idustries, the govermet hesitated to do away with others, fearig high uemploymet. Rapid urbaizatio occurred as millios of rural workers flocked to the cities. Urba ewcomers lived i poverty ad straied limited resources, while govermet officials favored wealthy people with coectios. Fially, ecoomic growth led to severely polluted air ad water, causig illess ad death. Growig travel ad trade helped to spread AIDS across Chia, ad it became a serious ew health problem. Huma Rights Suffer Despite ecoomic reforms, the Commuist Party cotiued to jail critics ad reject calls for political reform. Huma-rights activists iside ad outside Chia focused o may abuses, especially as Chia prepared to host the 2008 Olympics. They poited to issues like the lack of free speech ad the use of priso labor to produce cheap export goods. Critics deouced Chia s suppressio of Tibet s aciet Buddhist culture. Chia s tradig parters pressured Chia to ed these kids of abuses. Party leaders respoded that outsiders had o right to try to impose Wester-style ideas of huma rights o the o-wester cultures of Chia or Tibet. Stadards Check How did the Chiese govermet respod to political criticism? H-SS Lik to Geography Aswers Captio Chia; it shifted to a free-market ecoomy ad welcomed foreig ivestmet. It jailed its domestic critics ad rebuffed its iteratioal critics. Three Gorges Dam I the mid-1990s, Chia bega costructio o the world s largest dam. Located o the Chag (Yagtze) River, Three Gorges Dam will be 607 feet high ad 1.2 miles wide ad will create a lake 370 miles log whe it is completed. The dam expected to cost as much as $75 billio to build has sparked cotroversy. Officials say it will protect millios from floods, geerate electric power for oe of the coutry s most uderdeveloped regios, ad improve avigatio alog the river. Critics poit out that the ew lake will flood 13 cities ad 140 tows, forcig some 1.5 millio people to relocate. They charge that the lake will destroy importat archaeological sites ad that the dam will lead to greater pollutio as idustrial areas are flooded. 614 The Developig World

4 Chia Faces Cotiuig Challeges H-SS Itroduce Ask studets to defie huma rights i their ow words. The have voluteers come to the board ad list a importat huma right. Poit out that while Chia s ecoomy has surged ahead, its record o huma rights has remaied poor. Teach Ask Why did Chia s govermet wat to limit populatio growth? (They felt populatio growth could damage ecoomic developmet.) What health problems has ecoomic growth caused? (air ad water pollutio, the spread of AIDS ad other diseases) How have huma rights suffered? (Critics have bee jailed, free speech has bee curtailed, Tibetas have bee repressed.) Quick Activity Have studets study the graphs ad photos page o the ecoomic rise of Chia ad Idia. Ask What details i the photo of Shaghai suggest ecoomic growth? (the costructio, the woma s cell phoe ad shoppig bag) How does the photo of the ma votig suggest the differece i the political structure of the two coutries? (Idia is a democracy, while Chia has a commuist govermet.) Discuss the questios posed i the itroductio. Idepedet Practice Primary Source To help studets better uderstad huma rights issues i Chia, have them read the selectio The Outlook for Chia, Huma Rights by Harry Wu ad complete the worksheet. Teachig Resources, Uit 4, p. 70 Read aloud the two red headigs o Chia ad the black headigs that follow. Ask studets to briefly summarize each subsectio. Idia ad Chia: The Ecoomic Rise of Two Asia Giats Idia ad Chia are both huge Asia atios with rapidly growig populatios. They have very differet govermets: Idia is a democracy, while Chia is commuist. However, they have take similar ecoomic paths i recet years. Study the chart (right) ad graph (left) below. Which coutry has achieved a higher ecoomic output i recet years? How might policies adopted by that atio help explai this success? A pedestria i Shaghai, Chia, walks past the costructio of a ew high-rise apartmet buildig. A ma casts a vote i a electio i Kashmir, Idia. Religious ad political coflict has limited ecoomic growth i that regio. Ecoomic Growth Brigs New Problems May state-ru idustries i Chia were uprofitable. While it sold off some of these idustries, the govermet hesitated to do away with others, fearig high uemploymet. Rapid urbaizatio occurred as millios of rural workers flocked to the cities. Urba ewcomers lived i poverty ad straied limited resources, while govermet officials favored wealthy people with coectios. Fially, ecoomic growth led to severely polluted air ad water, causig illess ad death. Growig travel ad trade helped to spread AIDS across Chia, ad it became a serious ew health problem. Huma Rights Suffer Despite ecoomic reforms, the Commuist Party cotiued to jail critics ad reject calls for political reform. Huma-rights activists iside ad outside Chia focused o may abuses, especially as Chia prepared to host the 2008 Olympics. They poited to issues like the lack of free speech ad the use of priso labor to produce cheap export goods. Critics deouced Chia s suppressio of Tibet s aciet Buddhist culture. Chia s tradig parters pressured Chia to ed these kids of abuses. Party leaders respoded that outsiders had o right to try to impose Wester-style ideas of huma rights o the o-wester cultures of Chia or Tibet. Stadards Check How did the Chiese govermet respod to political criticism? H-SS Lik to Geography Aswers Captio Chia; it shifted to a free-market ecoomy ad welcomed foreig ivestmet. It jailed its domestic critics ad rebuffed its iteratioal critics. Three Gorges Dam I the mid-1990s, Chia bega costructio o the world s largest dam. Located o the Chag (Yagtze) River, Three Gorges Dam will be 607 feet high ad 1.2 miles wide ad will create a lake 370 miles log whe it is completed. The dam expected to cost as much as $75 billio to build has sparked cotroversy. Officials say it will protect millios from floods, geerate electric power for oe of the coutry s most uderdeveloped regios, ad improve avigatio alog the river. Critics poit out that the ew lake will flood 13 cities ad 140 tows, forcig some 1.5 millio people to relocate. They charge that the lake will destroy importat archaeological sites ad that the dam will lead to greater pollutio as idustrial areas are flooded. 614 The Developig World

5 Idia Builds Its Ecoomy Like Chia, upo its idepedece i 1947 Idia was a large, poor atio embarkig o a path of ecoomic developmet. With a populatio of aroud 1.1 billio, Idia is the world s largest democracy. Agriculture ad Idustry Expad Like other developig atios, Idia set out to use moder techology to expad agriculture ad idustry. The govermet adopted elemets of a commad ecoomy, usig five-year plas to set ecoomic goals ad maage resources. Developmet, however, was ueve. While it developed some idustries, Idia lacked oil ad atural gas, key resources for ecoomic growth. Istead, it had to rely o costly imported oil. Seekig to icrease food productio, Nehru promoted the Gree Revolutio i the late 1960s. New seeds, chemical fertilizers, ad irrigatio methods improved crop output. Still, oly farmers with eough lad ad moey could afford these thigs. Most farmers cotiued to use traditioal methods, relyig o the seasoal rais for water. They produced barely eough to survive. Begiig i the 1980s, Idia shifted toward more of a free-market system. It privatized some idustries ad eased some restrictios o foreig ivestmet. By the 1990s, Idia textiles, techology, ad other idustries were expadig rapidly. Meawhile, Idia compaies bega to sell publishig, computer, ad customer-support services to the rest of the world. Combatig Populatio Growth ad Poverty As i other poor coutries, Idia s populatio growth hurt efforts to improve livig coditios. While food output has rise, so has demad. More tha oe-third of Idias live below the poverty lie, uable to meet their basic eeds for food, clothig, ad shelter. Growig populatios put added pressure o Idia s healthcare system, which faced additioal challeges after 1990 from the spread of AIDS. Idia s populatio boom ad the labor-savig methods of the Gree Revolutio resulted i millios of rural families migratig to cities. But Bagalore: A Customer Support Ceter Workers i Bagalore, Idia, serve as customer service operators for America ad Europea compaies. To make callers feel more comfortable, the operators are traied i Eglish ad America slag. How do you expect the customer service idustry to chage as more coutries develop? Idia Builds Its Ecoomy/ Reformig Idia Society H-SS , Itroduce Have studets read the first paragraph o this page. Ask them to cosider reasos why Idia s efforts toward ecoomic developmet ad reform might be differet from or similar to Chia s. Teach Ask How did Idia seek ecoomic developmet? (It used commad ecoomy elemets such as fiveyear plas ad promotio of the Gree Revolutio.) How successful were these policies? (Neither worked very well, the first due to lack of resources ad the secod due to the large umber of rural farmers without the meas to use techology.) How did ecoomic developmet lead to social chage? (It led to icreased educatio ad mobility, which i tur affected traditioal ways of life.) Quick Activity Display Color Trasparecy 112: World Per Capita GDP. Have studets review the map, idetify Idia s GDP per capita, ad lik this datum to the atio s social problems. Color Trasparecies, 112 Idepedet Practice Biography To help studets better uderstad the terrible poverty i Idia s cities, have them read the biography Mother Teresa ad complete the worksheet. Teachig Resources, Uit 4, p. 69 Check Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide etries for studet uderstadig. Solutios for All Learers L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficiet Readers Have studets look at the photographs o this page ad the ext. The have them write a brief explaatio of how either oe or both of the pictures relate to each of the followig topics: moderizig the ecoomy growig urbaizatio chagig wome s roles democracy L2 Eglish-Laguage Learers Use the followig resources to help studets acquire basic skills. Adapted Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide Adapted Note Takig Study Guide, p. 160 Adapted Sectio Summary, p. 161 Aswer Captio Sample: Customer service operators may have to lear to deal with people from more tha oe coutry. Chapter 18 Sectio 3 615

6 Assess ad Reteach Assess Progress Have studets complete the Sectio Assessmet. Admiister the Sectio Quiz. Teachig Resources, Uit 4, p. 62 To further assess studet uderstadig, use Progress Moitorig Trasparecies, 124 Reteach If studets eed more istructio, have them read the sectio summary. Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide, p. 161 Adapted Readig ad L1 L2 Note Takig Study Guide, p. 161 Spaish Readig ad Note Takig Study Guide, p. 161 Exted L4 Ask studets to suppose they are diplomats for either Chia or Idia. Have them write a speech itroducig their atio s ecoomic challeges ad social reforms at a meetig of diplomats from the global South. They should defie issues commo to all developig atios ad highlight specific efforts i their atio. Aswers improved crop output, but oly wealthier ladowers could afford to ivest i ew seeds ad methods by settig aside jobs ad uiversity spots for dalits Stadard H-SS H-SS H-SS E-LA W 2.3 Assessmet 2 4, 5 2, 4, 5 Quick Write L2 Combatig Poverty Mother Theresa works with the poor i Calcutta, Idia, i Terms, People, ad Places 1. For each term, perso, or place listed at the begiig of the sectio, write a setece explaiig its sigificace. 2. Readig Skill: Idetify Mai Ideas Use your completed table to aswer the Focus Questio: How do Chia ad Idia compare i buildig strog ecoomies ad democratic govermets? overcrowded cities like Kolkata (or Calcutta) ad Mumbai (or Bombay) could ot provide jobs ad basic services for everyoe. To help the urba poor, Mother Teresa, a Roma Catholic u, fouded the Missioaries of Charity i Calcutta. This group provides food ad medical care to thousads. Still, millios more remai i desperate eed. The Idia govermet backed family plaig, but did ot adopt the harsh policies that Chia did. Efforts to slow populatio growth had limited success. Poorer Idias, especially i rural areas, still see childre as a ecoomic resource who help work the lad ad care for parets i old age. Stadards Check How did the Gree Revolutio affect Idia s ecoomic growth? H-SS Reformig Idia Society I Idia, as elsewhere, the spread of educatio ad the growth of a moder ecoomy udermied traditioal patters of life. These chages have brought improvemets for Idia s lowest social castes ad for wome. Yet most Idias still live i villages ad followed traditioal ways. Cofrotig Caste Discrimiatio Idia s costitutio baed discrimiatio agaist people i the lowest caste, or dalits. The govermet set aside jobs ad places i uiversities for them. However, prejudice ad discrimiatio persist. Higher-caste Hidus geerally receive better schoolig ad jobs. They also sometimes block govermet plas to ope more jobs to dalits. Wome Make Progress Uder the costitutio, Idia wome were grated equal rights. I the cities, well-to-do girls are educated. Some educated wome have etered professios or, like Idira Gadhi, wo political office. O the other had, girls from poor families ofte receive little or o educatio. I rural areas, wome are expected to do upaid but valuable work i household idustries or farms. However, Idia wome have begu takig political actio ad settig up self-help orgaizatios to improve their lives. Stadards Check How did the Idia govermet try to improve the status of dalits? H-SS Comprehesio ad Critical Thikig 3. Idetify Cetral Issues What obstacles to ecoomic developmet does Chia still face? 4. Draw Ifereces How did the Gree Revolutio cotribute to urbaizatio i Idia? 5. Summarize What ecoomic goals has the Idia govermet pursued ad how has it met these goals? 6. Predict Cosequeces Do you thik that Chia ca cotiue to develop ecoomically without makig political reforms? Explai. Stadards Moitorig Olie For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: mza-3331 Writig About History Quick Write: Write a Coclusio Choose oe subheadig from this sectio for example Reformig Idia Society. After rereadig the text uder that subheadig, write a coclusio that summarizes the iformatio. Sectio 3 Assessmet 1. Seteces should reflect a uderstadig of each term, perso, or place listed at the begiig of the sectio. 2. Chia has see stroger ecoomic growth tha Idia, but its govermet has rejected democracy. Idia is a stable democracy that has see modest ecoomic growth. 3. ecoomic iequality, poverty, rapid urbaizatio, ad disease 4. It drove may small farmers, who could ot afford the capital ivestmet required, to flee their farms for the cities. 5. It has aimed to stregthe ad expad its agriculture ad idustry. It has had some success by reformig agriculture, privatizig some idustries, ad easig restrictios o foreig ivestmet. 6. Samples: No, a lack of democratic rights will lead to political urest that will hurt ecoomic developmet. Yes, as log as ecoomic developmet cotiues, the govermet will be able to avoid political reforms. l Writig About History Coclusios should be at least a paragraph log ad reflect the key ideas of the subheadig. For additioal assessmet, have studets access Stadards Moitorig Olie at Web Code mza The Developig World

7 Aalysis Skills: HR2, HR4 Mario Vargas Llosa: Lati America The Democratic Optio I this speech delivered i 1990, Peruvia ovelist, playwright, ad jouralist Mario Vargas Llosa (BAHR gahs YOH sah) (bor 1936) discussed the state of democracy i Lati America. He also described the chages that he believed were eeded to maitai ad exted that democracy. T he democratizatio of Lati America, eve though it has today a uprecedeted 1 popular base, is very fragile. To maitai ad exted this popular base, govermets will have to prove to their citizes that democracy meas ot oly the ed of political brutality but progress cocrete beefits i areas such as labor, health, ad educatio, where so much remais to be doe. But, give Lati America s curret ecoomic crisis, whe the prices of its exports are hittig record lows ad the weight of its foreig debt is crushig, those govermets have virtually o alterative but to demad that their citizes especially the poor make eve greater sacrifices tha they ve already made.... A realistic ad ethically soud approach that our creditors could take would be to demad that each debtor atio pay what it ca without placig its stability i jeopardy.... If we wat democracy to take hold i our coutries, our most urget task is to broade it, give it substace ad truth. Democracy is fragile i so may coutries because it is superficial 2, a mere framework withi which istitutios ad political parties go about their busiess i their traditioally arbitrary, bullyig way.... Perhaps the hardest struggle we Lati Americas will have will be agaist ourselves. Ceturies of itolerace, of absolute truths, of despotic govermets, weigh us dow ad it wo t be easy to shake that burde off. The traditio of absolute power that bega with our pre-columbia empires, ad the traditio that might makes right that the Spaish ad Portuguese explorers practiced, were perpetuated i the ieteeth cetury, after our idepedece, by our caudillos 3 ad our oligarchies 4, ofte with the blessig or direct itervetio of foreig powers. 1. uprecedeted (u PRES uh de tid) adj. ew; ever havig happeed before 2. superficial (soo pur FISH ul) adj. shallow; o the surface 3. caudillos (kow THEE yohs). pl. military dictators 4. oligarchies (AHL ih gahr keez). pl. govermets ru by a few powerful idividuals or families Mario Vargas Llosa i 1997 Thikig Critically 1. Sythesize Iformatio Accordig to Vargas Llosa, what curretly threates democracy i Lati America? 2. Recogize Cause ad Effect How has Lati America s past led to the regio s difficulty i maitaiig democracy? Mario Vargas Llosa: Lati Stadards-at-a-Glace America The Democratic Optio Aalysis Skills HR4 Studets costruct ad test hypotheses; collect, evaluate, ad employ iformatio from multiple primary ad secodary sources; ad apply it i oral ad writte presetatios. Also covered Aalysis Skills HR2; H-SS Build Backgroud Kowledge Based o their kowledge of other regios i the developig world, ask studets to predict the challeges faced by Lati America atios as they sought ecoomic developmet ad political stability. (Aswers iclude extreme poverty ad a history of totalitaria govermets.) Direct studets attetio to the itroductio at the top of the page ad ask Who is Mario Vargas Llosa, ad what cocers does he discuss i this speech? (He is a Peruvia writer iterested i uderstadig ad supportig Lati America democracy.) Discuss the goals Vargas Llosa has for Lati America ad the obstacles he sees to reachig those goals. Ask How does Vargas Llosa view Lati America democracy? (He believes it is fragile, because people i the regio do ot have a log experiece or history with it.) What must Lati Americas do to stregthe their democracies? (They must overcome historical forces, such as itolerace ad the traditio of absolute power. They must make democracy more tha just a superficial framework for udemocratic practices.) To cofirm studets uderstadig, ask them to briefly summarize Vargas Llosa s views. History Backgroud Vargas Llosa Explais His Iterest i Politics I 1990, Mario Vargas Llosa ra for presidet i Peru. Although he lost the electio, he remaied ivolved i Peruvia politics. Vargas Llosa explaied his iterest as a writer i politics i a speech he gave i 2000: I 1953 whe I etered the Uiversity of Sa Marcos my coutry was a military dictatorship, as were may Lati America coutries.... So it was very difficult if you were youg ad livig i those circumstaces ot to become aware of the importace of politics i life. Eve if you wated to be a writer ad oly a writer, politics was there presetig you with all kids of difficulties ad obstacles.... So I was pushed to participate first of all i the political debate ad the i political actio. Thikig Critically 1. a lack of ecoomic progress 2. Sample: Lati America s log history of authoritaria rulers has left it with traditios that are at odds with democracy. 617