THE EFFECT OF MIGRATIN ON URBANIZATION OF TURKEY, CASE OF DIYARBAKIR. Instructor Dicle University. Dicle University Eng.&Arch.

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1 THE EFFECT OF MIGRATIN ON URBANIZATION OF TURKEY, CASE OF DIYARBAKIR M. Oguz SINEMILLIOGLU (PhD) 1 Nurteki ÖZEN City Plaer Architect Assist. Prof Istructor Dicle Uiversity Dicle Uiversity Eg.&Arch. Faculty Eg.&Arch. Faculty Departmet of Architecture Departmet of Architecture Diyarbakır / Turkey Diyarbakır / Turkey mosiemilli@dicle.edu.tr urteki@dicle.edu.tr Abstract: The study will be deal with migratio, which is a very importat pheomeo i urbaizatio process ad mostly has egative effects ad brigs lots of problems to urba life. could be describe as a movemet that cotais demad for a better life, i.e. demad for housig, demad for job, demad for school, etc This demad, however, puts out of order urba life ad disitegrates the urba system. I Turkey, especially after 1950 s, there was huge migratio ad sometimes this migratio has bee cotaiig very big umbers i terms of populatio. Besides, after 1990 s, Southeaster Aatolia Regio of Turkey has give out migratio, especially via the city of Diyarbakir. The migratio, from the city ad the regio to west side of Turkey, like Istabul, Akara ad Izmir, used Diyarbakir as a stopover. I additio of beig a stopover poit, Diyarbakir ot oly gives out migratio but also get i migratio. This makes Diyarbakir a city that has o history i social life ad i urba culture. Shortly, the study will try to questio migratio ad its effects to Turkey s urbaizatio process i Diyarbakir case. Key Words:, Urbaism, Diyarbakir, Populatio, Urba services 1 CoAuthor

2 1. Itroductio The study will be deal with migratio, which is a very importat pheomeo i urbaizatio process ad mostly has egative effects ad brigs lots of problems to urba life. could be describe as a movemet that cotais demad for a better life, i.e. demad for housig, demad for job, demad for school, etc This demad, however, puts out of order urba life ad disitegrates the urba system. is as a movemet of people, from oe place to aother; for a better future. I other words, chagig of the settlemet that people have bee livig (Tekeli ad Erder, 1978). The mai reaso of migratio, except the political movemets ad/or resettlemets, is a demad for livable place. Like Todaro (1994) poits out that the mai reaso of migratio is ecoomical, though there are social, physical, demographic, cultural reasos. Malecki (1991) has aother cotributio by sayig that i primate cities ad other cities of the Third World, both coloialism ad the peetratio of capitalism have stimulated a flow of migratio from rural areas (Malecki 1991, p.103). Moreover, migratio to cities icreases uemploymet istead of keepig migratio i a high level (Todaro, 1994; Williamso 1991). Whe we have a look to structure of migrated people, it ca be see that, the more the level of migrated people is high, the much regioal disparities. I other words, highess of migratio ratio is a idicator of regioal disparities, ad the persistet of migratio meas the persistet of disparity, for istace i Spai, cities that got migratio the most has the highest GDP per perso (Richardso 1971), Istabul as well. If capital grows faster tha populatio that should mea, accordig to the theory of the demographic trasitio, that the risig material stadard of livig of the world s people is brigig dow the populatio growth rate. To some extet ad i some places that is exactly what is happeig. But either ecoomic growth or its demographic respose is takig place as quickly as it might, ad i some parts of the world both are actually goig backward: ecoomic welfare is fallig ad populatio growth rates are stagat or risig. That is because of the way growth i the idustrial ecoomy is distributed (Meadows et al., 1992, p.37). Populatio growth slows idustrial capital growth by creatig risig demad for schools, hospitals, resources, ad basic cosumptio, there by drawig idustrial output away from idustrial i vestmet. Poverty perpetuates populatio growth by keepig people i coditios where they have o educatio, o health care, o family plaig, o choices, o way to get ahead except to have a large family ad hope the childre icome or help with family labor (Meadows et al., 1992, pp. 39). As the idea poited out by Richardso ad Towroe (1986) said the ratio of populatio icrease i developig coutries is much more tha the ratio of idustrialized coutries preidustrialized time is a realizatio. Why we deal with the migratio, prevetig the differece betwee village ad city (Holto, 1999), ad Southeaster Aatolia Regio is that the regio is the least developed regio, ad oe of the mai migratio flows to the west is from this regio, ad city of Diyarbakir is the leader of this movemet.

3 2 Cocept of has close relatioship with developmet which should ehace huma capabilities, ad esure the equitable distributio of the fruits of ecoomic growth, ad fially, give everyoe a chace to participate i the workig of society (UNDP, 1996). Besides, developmet should be sustaiable, which meets the eeds of the preset geeratio without edagerig the eeds of future geeratios (Nijkamp, 1999; Blowers, 1992; WCED, 1987). O the cotrary of this relatioship, migratio discourages developmet because it has lots of demads, like housig, school, job, ifrastructure, etc. Moreover, very ufortuately, this kid of movemet brigs ew kids of problems to existig problems, which ca be classified i three parts; Certai problems that the settlemets already have Problems that ew comers brigs like demadig services ad jobs etc Problems that occurs from differet life style. I short, icome gap betwee rural ad urba areas will cause migratio (Williamso 1991). Aother reaso of migratio, which occurs i udeveloped ad developig coutries, is ew expectatios of dyamic society that gets its dyamism from rapid populatio icrease (Giritlioğlu 1991). Ucotrolled populatio icrease has egative effects to ecoomic developmet ad evirometal quality (See Figure 21) Figure 21 Relatioship Betwee Populatio, Ecoomic Developmet ad Evirometal Quality Value Populatio Ekoomic Developmet Evirometal Quality Referece: Archibugi ad Nijkamp 1989, p.51. Time Urbaizatio, o the other had, is a demad for makig persist the developmet that described by UNDP. Thus makes migratio a very humaistic demad because the mai reaso of migratio is the demad of livable place (Figure 22).

4 Figure 22 Relatio of ad Dyamism Dyamism Demad for Better ad Liveable Place Problems i Urba services ad developmet 3 Situatio i Turkey i Turkey, like Foaruqhi (2004) poits out the struggle to keep people out from Istabul has always bee failed i sixtee ad sevetee ceturies, has a very old history. Especially after 1950 s, there has bee a ew migratio flow ad sometimes this migratio has bee cotaiig very big umbers i terms of populatio. Besides, after 1990ies, Southeaster Aatolia Regio of Turkey has give out migratio, especially via the city of Diyarbakir (Figure 31, ad Appedix 1.). Figure 31. Regioal Populatio Chagig i Turkey (%) Ratio (1950=100) Middle North Aegea Marmara Mediterraea Northeast Southeast Black Sea Middle East Middle South Referece: Baydar O. (Ed) (1999), From Villages to Cities i 75 Years, Tarih Vakfi Pub, İst (I Turkish) Türkiye to the west side of Turkey, i 1950ies as a mass movemet (Kazga, 1999), started after Marshall Pla which is as a ecoomic aid to Turkey by USA. By Marshall Pla, Turkey started to use tractor i agriculture ad thus brigs out i a very big umbers uemployed workers i agriculture. This sharp chagig i agriculture is oe of the mai reasos of the migratio i 1950ies. As a poit of view, Marshall Pla ot oly supported feudalism, idirectly, i Turkey, but also caused a migratio flow i time Turkey was ot

5 ready. O the cotrary, migratio i Turkey is ot because of ecoomy but political (Kirişçi ad Wirow, 1997) ad social reasos. Southeaster Aatolia Project (SAP), covers all the geographical area of Southeaster Aatolia Regio of Turkey, icludig the city of Diyarbakir, is the biggest regioal developmet project ever carried out i Turkey ad oe of the aims of it was to solve regioal problems, caused so may resettlemets because of dams ad ifrastructural projects. Southeaster Aatolia Regio The mai reaso of migratio i Southeaste Aatolia is ecoomic, although there are political reasos ad very big ifrastructural projects. Ecoomic situatio of the regio is far below the average of Turkey, for sure from the wester regios as well (Figure 32). Figure 32. Gross Domestic Product (NTL) Diyarbakir Saliurfa Gaziatep istabul Akara İzmir Türkiye Referece: State Plaig Orgaizatio, 2003 GDP (NTL) Populatio of Turkey ad of SAP regio is i a differet positio. Although both are goig to icrease (Table 31), the ratio of SAP Regio is icreasig. This is because of birth rate ratio of the regio. So the problem seems as a circle feedig itself. The less you are poor, the much you birth (Figure 42). Table 31. SAP Regio ad Turkey s Populatios, i total, The Regio 1,171,946 1,346,668 1,774,580 2,057,753 2,367,740 2,803,166 Turkey 18,790,174 20,947,188 24,064,763 27,754,820 31,391,421 35,605,176 Regio/Turkey (%)

6 Table 31 (Cotiued) The Regio 3,212,531 3,567,628 4,346,947 5,158, Turkey 40,347,719 44,736,957 50,644,458 56,473, Regio/Turkey (%) ,58 9,13 9,75 Source: SAP RDA, 1993; SSI, ) Diyarbakır Puttig urbaizatio as the process of becomig a city, Chadwick (1987) emphasizes that there is a close relatioship ad lik betwee urbaizatio ad civilizatio. Urbaizatio with all meaigs ad actios it holds is perceived as a geeral positive ad developmet idicatio. This cocept displayig the differece of ma, the thikig thig, i a way has recetly started beig explaied with populatio growth oly. Doubtless to say, oe of the mai motives of the urbaizatio pheomeo ad developmet is populatio ad populatio chage. Ad this chage is meaigful as log as it is towards developmet. Otherwise dyamics such as participatio i productio, cotrollig ad maagemet will be a problem ot oly for cities but also for the regio, the coutry ad the world. I fact, the problems of housig, educatio ad uemploymet i cities do affect adversely the city effect area ad eve the coutry as well as the city itself (Siemillioğlu, 1998). Cities, obviously, are the ceter of supplyig the aim of sustaiable developmet. Majority of world populatio will be settled i cities i ear future (WRI et. al. 1996, p.145). Diyarbakir, with its historical backgroud ad importat civilizatio process, located i Southeaster Aatolia Regio of Turkey (Picture 41). Figure 41. Locatio of Diyarbakir i the Regio ad i Turkey Referece: Siemillioğlu, M. O Diyarbakir, oe of the most rapidly developig cities i terms of populatio i Turkey, has a positio of everdegradig character i ecoomic developmet (Figure 32).

7 Populatio icrease ad migratio i Diyarbakir city ceter (Table 41, ad Appedix 2) ad the gap betwee birth rate (Figure 42) ad aual populatio icrease (Figure 43) are ot oly the idicator of migratio but also prove of cotiuous chagig i urba citize profile which is very importat for urba culture ad civilizatio. Table 41. Populatio of Diyarbakir Provice ad City Ceter Years Total Populatio Populatio Of City Ceters City Ceters Populatio i total (%) , , , , , , , ,00 Referece: SIS (2002) 2000 Cesus of Populatio, Ak., Turkey Figure 42. Birth rate (Number of Baby) Diyarbakir Saliurfa Gaziatep istabul Akara İzmir Türkiye Referece: Birth rate (Number of Baby)

8 Figure 43. Aual Populatio Icrease Betwee (%) Diyarbakir Saliurfa Gaziatep istabul Akara İzmir Türkiye Aual Populatio Icrease (%) Urbaizatio i Diyarbakir, cotrary to out migratio (Figure 42 ad 43) is relatively high, almost i same the level with Turkey s average (Figure 44). Figure 44. Urbaizatio i 2000 (%) Diyarbakir Saliurfa Gaziatep istabul Akara İzmir Türkiye Referece: Urbaizatio (%)

9 5) Coclusio Populatio movemet, still, directig urbaizatio i Turkey, so the Diyarbakir. This movemet, so called migratio, seems as a very importat obstacle i sustaiable developmet of Turkey, though migratio supplies dyamism. Cities started to be somethig like a big statio. People are comig ad goig. No oe kows each other, o friedship, o relatioship, moreover o productio although there are lots of demad like housig, school, etc. Differece betwee the city ad the rural is about to be disappear. High birth rate i the regio ad migratio from rural areas to cities (small ad/or big) ad from cities to big cities, The, geerally, people who migrated do ot wat to retur though their life still (quality) are ot as good as they used to. They either wat to stay i the city, they are settled, or preparig themselves to move a bigger city. Fially, plaig ad decisio makig do ot work i a commuity whose domiated by migratio. 6) Refereces 1. Archibugi, F., Nijkamp, P. (Eds.)(1989) Ecoomy ad Ecology: Towards a Sustaiable Developmet, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 2. Blowers A., (1992) Plaig for a Sustaiable Future: Problems, Priciples ad Prospects" i Coutry Plaig.vol Chadwick, G., 1987, Models of Urba ad Regioal Systems i Developig Coutries, Pergamo Press, Oxford, New York. 4. Foaruqhi, S., (2004) Tows ad Towsme of Ottoma Aatolia, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yay, İstabul (I Turkish). 5. Giritlioğlu, C. (1991), "Urbaizatio ad I, i Suher, H. et. All., Urbaizatio ad Civilizatio Policies, Publicatios of Foudatio of Social, Ecoomic ad Political Research, Istabul. 6. Holta, R.J., (1999) Cities, Capitalism ad Civilizatio, Imge Publicatios, Istabul (I Turkish versio, traslated by Keleş R.), Kazga, G. et. Al. (1999) Research i Kustepe 1999, Bilgi Uiversity Pub.,Istabul, 9. Kirişçi, K., Wirow, G.M.(1997), The Kurdish Questio ad Turkey: A Example of a TrasState Ethic Coflict, The Ecoomic ad Social History Foudatio of Turkey Publicatios, İstabul (I Turkish). 10. Malecki, E.J. (1991), Techology ad Ecoomic Developmet, Logma, UK 11. Meadows, G.H. et.al, Beyod the Limits, Chelsa Gree Pub, Co. 1992, Vermot. 12. Nijkamp, P. (1999), Evirometal Security ad Sustaiability i Natural Resource Maagemet: A Decisio Support Framework i Loerga, S.C. (ed) Evirometal Chage, Adaptatio, ad Security, pp: Kluwer Academic Publishers, herlads,

10 13. Richardso, H.W, Towroe, P.M., (1986) "Regioal Policies i Developig Coutries" i Nijkamp,P., (Ed.), Hadbook of Regioal ad Urba Ecoomics, Volume I, Amsterdam, 14. Richardso, H.W. (1971), Regioal Developmet Policy i Spai, i Freidma, J., Aloso, W., (Eds) Regioal Policy : Readigs i Theory ad Applicatios, The MIT Press, USA 15. SAP RDA (1993) SAP Regioal Trasportatio ad IfraStructure Pla, Fial Report, Excecutive Summary, SAP RDA Publicatios, Akara, 16. Siemillioglu, M.O. (2005) Mass Housig ad Chagigs i Housig Demad, Case of Diyarbakir, Turkey i Proceedigs of the 45 th Cogress of Europea Regioal Sciece Associatio (ERSA), Amsterdam, Hollad, August 27 th 31 st, Siemillioğlu, M.O., 1998, The Dilemma Betwee Regioal Developmet ad Regioal Disparities: The Case of Southeaster Aatolia Project (GAP), PhD Thesis, Istabul Techical Uiversity 18. SIS, (2002) 2000 Cesus of Populatio Year Geeral, Akara, Akara, Turkey, 19. Tekeli, İ., Erder, L. (1978), I as Accordace Process of Settlemet Structure, Hacettepe Uiversity Publicatios, Akara. 20. Todaro, M.P.(1994), Ecoomic Developmet, Logma, New York 21. UNDP (1996) Public Sector Maagemet, Goverace, ad Sustaiable Huma Developmet, New York. 22. WCED (1987), Our Commo Future, Oxford Ui. Press, Oxford, New York, 23. Williamso, J.G., (1991), " ad Urbaizatio" i Cheery, H., Siriivasa, T.N. (Eds) (1991), Hadbook of Developmet Ecoomics, Volume I, Elsevier Sciece Publishers, Amsterdam. 24. World Resource Istitute (WRI) et. al. (1996), World Resources, New York, 1996.

11 Appedix 1. ad Ratio of Regios Mediterrea ea East Aatolia Periods I o o Ratio of I o o Ratio of o o I o o o Ratio of I o , , , , , , Aegea , , South East Aatolia Cetral Aatolia , , , , , , , Black Sea , , MARMARA , , Referece: SIS, (2002) 2000 Cesus of Populatio Year Geeral, Akara, Turkey, , , Migrat io Ratio of o , , , , , , ,93 3

12 Appedix 2. ad Ratio of Periods Cities I o Ratio of I Ratio of I Ratio of I Ratio of o DİYARBAKIR , , , ,74 GAZİANTEP , , , ,46 K.MARAŞ , , , ,18 MARDİN , , , ,33 SİİRT , , , ,64 Ş.URFA , , , ,84 BATMAN ,46 ŞIRNAK ,63 Referece: SIS, (2002) 2000 Cesus of Populatio Year Geeral, Akara, Turkey

By Michael Reisch, Ph.D. Colloquium Presented at the University of Washington School of Social Work June 19, 2001

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