Super STAAR 130 Facts Just the Facts!

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1 Super STAAR 130 Facts Just the Facts! 1. Mercantilism is an economic system in which the mother country controls the trade of its colonies. 2. The following colonies were established for religious freedom: Massachusetts - John Winthrop (Puritans) Pennsylvania William Penn (Quakers) Rhode Island - Roger Williams (exiled by Puritans for dissention) Maryland - Cecillius Calvert (Catholics) 3. Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607 for economic reasons. 4. TheTransatlantic Slave Trade (triangular trade) was started due to labor shortages in Virginia, resulting in the first slaves bei0 ng brought to the Southern colonies. 5. The Mayflower Compact - an agreement signed in 1620 by the Pilgrims in Plymouth. It is the 1st attempt at self government in America. 6. The VA House of Burgesses was the first representative assembly in the new world. 7. Thomas Hooker wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first written Constitution in America. It is one of the first examples of a representative democracy (self government). 8. The 13 colonies were divided into 3 regions: New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies 9. The French & Indian War involved England and the 13 colonies fighting against France and the Native Americans for control of the Ohio River Valley. It resulted in increased taxation and violation of certain rights. 10. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War. The debt from the war led to increased British taxation of the colonies. 11. Ben Franklin wrote the Albany Plan of Union Join or Die! encouraging the colonies to unite against the French during the French & Indian War. 12. The Proclamation of 1763 limited the colonies from expanding west of the Appalachian Mountains 13. These acts following the French & Indian War ticked off the Colonies and eventually led to the Revolution! Sugar, Stamp, Tea, Quartering, Townshend, Coercive 14. King George III of England: He offended the colonies with his taxes and abuses of our rights as Englishmen. 15. The Sons of Liberty organized the Boston Tea Party to protest the Tea Act. In response, England passed the Intolerable Acts as punishment. 16. Important American Revolution minorities: Crispus Attucks African American killed at the Boston massacre who was the 1st colonist to die for American independence James Armistead 1st African American double spy whose information helped defeat the British at the Battle of Yorktown Haym Salomon Jewish immigrant and American spy who helped finance the American Revolution Mercy Otis Warren woman who wrote plays such as The Group and The Blockheads which were critical of the British government s actions

2 Bernardo de Galvez Spanish governor of Louisiana and General who won many battles against the British in present day southeastern U.S Marquis de Lafayette commander of the French forces in the 13 colonies, instrumental in American victory at Yorktown 17. John Adams was the 2nd president of the U.S., 1st vice president, signed the Declaration of Independence, and served as Ambassador to England during the Revolutionary War. His wife, Abigail Adams, was a pioneer for women s rights 18. Sam Adams, a member of the Sons of Liberty and leader of the Boston Tea Party, stirred public support for American independence. 19. The first battle of the American Revolution was at Lexington and Concord in April Common Sense - a pamphlet by Thomas Paine that convinced many colonists to support independence from Great Britain. 21. The fiery orator, patriot and Anti-Federalist Patrick Henry called for American independence and later opposed the Constitution because it did not protect individual liberties. 22. George Washington was the leader of the Continental Army who later became the first President of the United States. 23. A patriot is someone who supported American independence during the Revolution. 24. A loyalist is someone who supported maintaining British rule over the colonies during the Revolution. 25. The Declaration of Independence - a list of grievances against King George III - was written by Thomas Jefferson-July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia. It declared the colonies independent from England. 26. Unalienable rights are rights that cannot be given up, taken away or transferred. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are some of those rights. 27. The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the American Revolution (French entered the war). 28. Valley Forge was where George Washington s troops camped during the winter of More than 1/5 of his soldiers died of disease and malnutrition. 29. The British defeat in 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia by George Washington s troops signaled the end of the American Revolution. 30. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American Revolution and forced Britain to recognize the United States as an independent nation. 31. The Magna Carta, signed in 1215 by King John, was the first document that limited power of the ruler. Idea of Trial by jury used in Bill of Rights. 32. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 protected the rights of English citizens and became the basis for the U.S. Bill of Rights. 33. Early government was influenced by the works of European philosophers such as: Charles de Montesquieu (French) - separation of powers and 3 branches John Locke (English) unalienable rights William Blackstone (English) natural rights and Bill of Rights 34. The Articles of Confederation Our 1st National government with one branch (legislative). The states have most of the power. It would be replaced by the Constitution in 1787.

3 35. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the procedures for the expansion of the United States and explains that new states are admitted to the Union equal to existing states. 36. A tariff is a tax on imported goods (goods brought into a country) designed to protect home industries. 37. Shays Rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation & convinced many Founders of the need for a stronger national government. 38. The Great Compromise created a bi-cameral (2 House) Legislature we call Congress. Representation in the House of Representatives: population; the Senate: each state gets The Great Compromise settled the issue of how slaves would count for representation and taxation in Congress. Each slave would count as 3/5 of a person. 40. Checks and Balances is a system set up by the Constitution in which each branch of the federal government has the power to check, or control, the actions of the other branches. 41. Separation of Powers: system in which each branch of government has its own powers. 42. Republicanism is a system of representative government in which voters elect representatives to make laws for them. 43. Federalism is the sharing of power between the states and the national government. 44. Federalists were supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong national government and the Bank of the United States. 45. Anti-federalists were people opposed to the Constitution, preferring more power be given to the state governments than to the national government. Against the Bank of the U.S. Thomas Jefferson and George Mason were leading Anti-Federalists. 46. The Federalist Papers - a series of essays written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton defending the Constitution and the principles on which the government of the United States was founded. 47. The Legislative Branch makes the laws. The Executive Branch enforces the laws. The Judicial Branch interprets the meaning of the laws. 48. Constitutional Republic - system of limited government where elected officials represent the people and must govern according to the laws of the Constitution. 49. The Constitution (our written plan of government) - Created: Philadelphia, Provides a strong national government with power balanced between the 3 branches. 50. James Madison is considered to be the Father of the Constitution. 51. Ratify means to approve by vote. 52. Amend means to change. As in amend the Constitution so it works better. Amendment = change to the Constitution 53. Constitutional Amendment is passed when 2/3 of Congress (House & Senate) and ¾ of the state legislatures vote in favor of that amendment. 54. The Bill of Rights - 1st ten amendments to the Constitution --designed to protect our individual liberties. 55. The First Amendment protects freedom of Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech (RAPPS) 56. The 2nd Amen A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

4 57. The 3rd Amendment - "No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law." 58. Due process how laws are enforced fairly For example Amendments The 9th Amendment - The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. (We get more rights than what is in the Constitution) 60. The 10th Amendment The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Meaning FEDERALISM 61. George Washington s service as president of the U.S. was an example of. He accepted the presidency because he felt it was his duty to serve the people, rather than retire to his plantation. 62. Alexander Hamilton: a leader of the Federalists, first Treasurer of the United States, and creator of the Bank of the U.S. - killed in a duel by the V. P. of the U. S. ELASTIC CLAUSE 63. The following Supreme Court cases, ruled by Chief Justice John Marshall, helped to strengthen the power of the federal government over the states. McCulloch v. Maryland(1819) Use of the elastic clause Gibbons v. Ogden(1824) Federal government regulates interstate trade 64. Free Enterprise is an economic system where citizens are free to choose how to make a living, with very little government intrusion. 65. President Washington demonstrated the increased power of the federal government by sending the army to stop the Whiskey Rebellion. 66. The first political parties were formed as a result of disagreements over the power of the federal government between Hamilton and Jefferson. 67. George Washington s Farewell Address advised the United States to stay neutral in its relations with other nations and to avoid entangling alliances. 68. President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France in Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, became the 3rd President of the United States and purchased the Louisiana territory, doubling the size of the United States. 70. Marbury v. Madison was the 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review - the right to determine whether a law violates the Constitution. John Marshall s ruling established judicial review. 71. British impressment (forcing people to serve in a foreign country s army or navy) resulted in the Embargo Act, which banned trade with all foreign countries and hurt the U.S. economy. 72. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and England. Causes of the war included impressment, seizing of American ships, and British encouragement of Indian attacks. 73. Andrew Jackson was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, and later became the 7th president of the United States. 74. James Monroe: 5th President & author of the Monroe Doctrine, which shut down the western hemisphere to European expansion or interference. 75. Industrial Revolution: industry changed from the production of goods at home (cottage industry) to factory production using powered machinery.

5 76. Robert Fulton s steamboat improved transportation of goods and people during the Industrial Revolution. 77. The telegraph, invented in 1835 by Samuel Morse (Morse Code), made communication more efficient across great distances. It would become an important tool in the North, during the Civil War. 78. Textile Mills - Thief: Samuel Slater Importance: Led to large-scale factory production of cloth through the use of power looms. Provided new job opportunities for young women. 79. Interchangeable Parts Inventor: Eli Whitney Importance: Allowed factories to make products faster & cheaper. Parts could be replaced easily if broken. 80. Cotton Gin 1793 Inventor: Eli Whitney Importance: Allowed for fast separation of cotton from seeds, greatly increasing profitability of cotton. This made the use of slavery on plantations essential to cotton farmers in the South. 81. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 made slavery illegal North of the line. From 1820 to 1850, newly admitted states above the line would be free states, while new states below the line would be slave states. 82. John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was the 6th president of the United States, and the only one to serve in Congress after being president. He was best known for opposing the spread of slavery. 83. Andrew Jackson was a self-made man & founder of the modern Democratic Party. He was responsible for the Trail of Tears and he supported the Union during the Nullification Crisis 84. Andrew Jackson s election in 1828 as president led to increased suffrage for white men in the United States. 85. Trail of Tears also known as the Indian Removal Act, forced the Indians in the southeastern U.S. to move west of the Mississippi River. 86. Nullification is the idea of a state declaring a federal law unconstitutional or not in force in that state. 87. Daniel Webster - a Massachusetts Congressman and Senator who spoke for the North and the preservation of the Union. 88. John C. Calhoun was a South Carolina Congressman and Senator who spoke for the South before and during the Civil War. 89. Henry Clay, nicknamed the Great Compromiser, was a powerful Kentucky Congressman and Senator who proposed the Compromise of 1850, and the American System. 90. Popular Sovereignty - the practice of having the authority to make decisions for oneself. 91. Manifest Destiny is the belief that the United States should own all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 92. Westward Expansion - Label the Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Mormon Trail, and California Trail. 93. Transcontinental Railroad - sped up the process of Westward Expansion as settlements and towns grew along the railroads. 94. Erie Canal - man made waterway that allowed for more efficient movement of manufactured goods and raw materials from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.

6 95. The annexation of Texas created tension between the U.S. and Mexico, resulting in the Mexican War. The U.S. victory resulted in the acquisition of land known as the Mexican Cession. 96. Public education promotes knowledge and skills that open the doors to opportunity. Horace Mann 97. Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, creating the Women s Rights Movement in the United States. 98. The Temperance Movement was a campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol. 99. An abolitionist was a person who wanted to end slavery in the United States. Abolish - to get rid of The Compromise of 1850 would try to solve the divisions between free and slave states or territories Sectionalism is a strong sense of loyalty to a state or section instead of to the whole country Frederick Douglass was a former slave who became a well-known abolitionist in the country Uncle Tom s Cabin, an Anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, created widespread abolitionist support among Northerners Dred Scott v. Sanford was the Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not citizens and thus can t sue in court. It would find the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to be unconstitutional and aggravated sectional tensions between North and South In 1859 John Brown, An abolitionist who believed armed resistance to slavery was necessary, seized a federal arsenal in Harper s Ferry, Virginia, in an attempt to begin a slave rebellion. He was captured and later executed The Civil War was fought from The 3 causes of the Civil War were: slavery, state s rights, sectionalism 108. Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States (Union); served during the Civil War 109. Jefferson Davis was the President of the Confederacy during the Civil War Ulysses S. Grant was the General of the Union Army and accepted Lee s surrender at Appomattox Court House, ending the Civil War Robert E. Lee was the General of the Confederate Army. His defeat at Gettysburg would be a turning point in the Civil War 112. Thomas Stonewall Jackson was the 2nd best General of the Confederate Army. His accidental death in 1863, was a huge loss for Robert E. Lee s Army During the Civil War, the Southern economy s dependence on slavery, led to a lack of: factories and railroads in the South 114. Lincoln s First Inaugural Address stated that, no state can lawfully get out of the Union, but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it The first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter - Charleston, South Carolina The Battle of Antietam, with 23,000 casualties, was the bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War. (and all of U.S. History) September 17, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, setting all slaves in the Confederate states free.

7 118. The Battle of Gettysburg, July1-3,1863, was the turning point in the Civil War where Lee s army is defeated The Gettysburg Address - speech given by Lincoln dedicating a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is considered to be a profound statement of American ideals The capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi by the North in 1863, was important because it gave the Union Army control of the Mississippi River Appomattox Court House, Virginia is where Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War Lincoln s Second Inaugural Address was meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of Civil War. It stated the South should be treated fairly John Wilkes Booth s assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, led to increased tension between the North and South and strict requirements for Southern states to meet in order to regain representation in Congress after the Civil War Both of the following men were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for their heroism during the Civil War. William Carney & Philip Bazaar 125. Hiram Rhodes Revels from Mississippi, was the first African American elected to Congress in th Amendment Slavery shall (not) exist within the United States The 14th Amendment Defined the rights of citizenship & prevented states from interfering with the rights of citizens The 15th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race 129. The 19th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied on account of sex Primary Sources are the original records of an event. They include eyewitness reports, records created at the time of an event, speeches, and letters by people involved in the event, photographs and artifacts. Secondary Sources are the later writings and interpretations of historians and writers. Often secondary sources, like textbooks and articles, provide summaries of information found in primary sources.