Critical Dates/Events to Remember Event Date Why it Matters Key Events Event Date Why it Matters

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1 Critical Dates/Events to Remember Event Date Jamestown 1607 First successful colony in North America Declaration of Independence 1776 Document stating that the 13 colonies were a free and independent nation Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia Convention) 1787 Gathering of state representatives to revise the Articles of Confederation Northwest Ordinance 1787 Article that set up a government for the Northwest Territory, guaranteed basic rights to settlers, and outlawed slavery there Louisiana Purchase 1803 Vast territory between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains, purchased from France in 1803 Civil War War between the North and the South Key Events Event Date French and Indian War A war that took place between England and France, both aided by Native American Allies, that led to the end of French power in North America Treaty of Paris 1763 Agreement between England and France that ended the French and Indian War Declaration of Independence 1776 Document stating that the 13 colonies were a free and independent nation Articles of Confederation 1777 First American constitution which created a loose alliance of 13 independent states Battle of Bunker Hill 1775 First major battle in the Revolution Battle of Lexington and Concord 1775 Conflicts between Massachusetts colonists and British soldiers that started the Revolutionary War Battle of Saratoga 1777 The first major American victory in the Revolution Battle of Yorktown 1781 Final battle in the Revolution Washington s Farewell Address 1796 Announced he would not seek a third term and gave his views on the best policies for the United States War of War between U.S. and England Missouri Compromise 1819 Agreement proposed by Henry Clay to keep the number of slave and free states equal; allows slavery in some western territories Indian Removal Act 1830 Forced removal of Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi

2 Nullification Crisis 1832 Crisis caused by act passed by South Carolina that declared the 1832 tariff illegal Trail of tears 1838 Forced journey of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to a region west of the Mississippi Mexican War 1846 War over disputed territory between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River Mexican Cession 1848 Mexican territory of California and New Mexico given to the U.S. under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Compromise of Agreement on slavery by which California joined the Union as a free state and a strict fugitive slave law was passed Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, giving popular sovereignty to decide on issue of slavery Lincoln s first inaugural address 1861 Lincoln expresses ideas about union and government Fort Sumter 1861 First shots of Civil war fired there Battle of Gettysburg 1863 Major Civil War battle; the Confederates never invaded the North again Gettysburg Address 1863 Speech written and delivered by Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Vicksburg 1863 Union victory which geographically split the Confederacy in two Emancipation Proclamation 1863 President Lincoln s declaration freeing slaves in the Confederacy Lincoln s second inaugural address 1865 Lincoln expresses ideas about liberty, equality, union, and government Appomattox Court House 1865 Virginia town that was the site of the Confederate surrender Assassination of Lincoln 1865 Lincoln shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth five days after Confederate surrender People Christopher Columbus John Smith Pocahontas Samuel Adams Benjamin Franklin King George III Thomas Jefferson Explorer whose voyage in 1492 from Spain to North America opened the Atlantic World Leader of Jamestown colony Native American who married Jamestown Englishman John Rolfe Bostonian who led the Boston Tea Party Colonial inventor, printer, writer, statemen; contributed to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution King of England during the American Revolution Third President of the United States; wrote Declaration of Independence; supported minimal government and spoils system

3 Marquis de Lafayette Thomas Paine George Washington Alexander Hamilton Patrick Henry John Adams Sacagawea James Madison George Mason Andrew Jackson Frederick Douglass John Paul Jones James Monroe Elizabeth Cady Stanton John C. Calhoun Henry Clay Daniel Webster Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee French officer who assisted the Americans during the Revolution Political philosopher and author of Common Sense which urged colonists to declare their immediate independence from Great Britain First President of the United States, commander of Continental Army during Revolution, president of the Philadelphia or Constitutional Convention; wanted United States to maintain neutral foreign policy Co-author of Federalist Papers with James Madison and John Jay, developed economies to help strengthen American economy, including establishment of the Bank of the United States Member of Virginia state convention who opposed ratification of the Constitution; instrumental in causing adoption of the first 10 amendments to the Constitution Second President of the United States, in office during the XYZ Affair; wanted tp keep United States neutral; supported the Alien and Sedition acts Shoshone woman who accompanied Lewis and Clark expedition as translator Fourth President of the United States, co-author of the Virginia Plan, the Federalist Papers, and the Bill of Rights; asked Congress to declare war on Britain in 1812 A strong supporter of the Bill of Rights, refused to sign the Constitution in 1787 Seventh President of the United States; his election reflected a growing spirit of democracy and the spread of political power to the common people; the modern Democratic party traced its roots to this time Escaped slave, abolitionist, speaker, and writer; author, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass American Navy captain who fought and defeated the British in 1779, the greatest sea victory for the Americans during the Revolution Fifth President of the United States; issued the Monroe Doctrine American woman suffrage leader and co-organizer of the first woman s rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY Vice President under Jackson and later Senator from South Carolina, supporter of states rights, argued in favor of nullification Senator who suggested Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 Senator who opposed nullification but who supported the Compromise of 1850 Elected President of the Confederate States of America in 1861 Commander of the Union forces during the Civil War who ordered his generals to fight a total war Confederate General who surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the Civil War

4 Abraham Lincoln 16 th President of the United States; President during the Civil War; gave Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address; assassinated five days after Lee s surrender Geography Five Themes 1. Location 2. Place 3. Interaction 4. Movement 5. Regions Using Cartographer s Tools Compass identifies directions and relative locations Scale estimates distance Latitude and Longitude grid to determine exact location Key or Legend directory of map symbols and colors Using special purpose maps Used to analyze and interpret maps of: Natural features, such as elevation and climate Features made by people, such as land use, roads, countries, population density, and battles Physical characteristics and influence on population, settlement patterns, and economic activities Economics Mercantilism Protective tariff Taxation Banking System Plantation System Theory that a nation s economic strength came from protecting and increasing its home economy by keeping strict control over its colonial trade A tax on imported goods to protect a country s industry from foreign competition by making the foreign goods more expensive Government system to raise money by seeking payment from citizens; British government sought to raise money to pay for the French and Indian war by imposing the Sugar and Stamp Acts on American colonists Alexander Hamilton asked Congress to set up a national bank; Congress created the Bank of the United States in 1791 Agricultural system in the South which relied on slave labor to work the large farms and estates Slave Trade The first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619; by 1700 the Southern colonies had begun to rely on slave labor and the transatlantic slave trade developed and grew 19 th Century Industrialization Rapid growth was a result of the Industrial Revolution the process by which machines replaced hand tools and steam and other new sources of power replaced human and animal power 19 th Century Urbanization Process of a population s shifting from farms to cities, especially as a result of the Industrial revolution during the 19 th century

5 Free Enterprise Culture Abolitionist movement Reform movements Science, Technology, and Society Steamboat Cotton Gin Bessemer Process Transportation systems System in which the government plays a limited role in the economy Movement to end slavery in the United States and its territories Public education schools and educational systems supported by public taxes Temperance movement campaign against alcohol consumption Women s rights movement organized campaign to win property, education, and other rights for women Prison reform movement to improve conditions for people being held in prisons Care of the disabled in 1817 Thomas Gallaudet set up a school for the deaf and Samuel Gridley Howe founded the first American school for the blind in 1832 Robert Fulton and John Fitch used the steam engine to power boats; revolutionized travel in the West; carried passengers and gave farmers and merchants an inexpensive way to transport goods Invented by Eli Whitney to speed the process of cleaning cotton seeds from the fiber; a single worker using the gin could do the work of 50 doing it by hand Method developed in the 1850s for making stronger steel at a lower cost It was thought a better transportation system with roads, bridges, and canals, would make it easier and cheaper for farmers in the West and the South to ship goods to city markets; Henry Clay s American System Government, Foreign Policy, and Politics Event Date Magna Carta 1215 A British document that contains two basic ideas; monarchs themselves have to obey the laws, and citizens have basic rights Virginia House of Burgesses 1619 Representative assembly in colonial Virginia Mayflower Compact 1620 Agreement for governing the Plymouth colony, signed by the Pilgrims before they landed at Plymouth Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 A plan of government in the Puritan colony in Connecticut; expanded the idea of representative government in the English colonies

6 English Bill of Rights 1689 Signed by monarchs William and Mary of England; document guaranteeing the rights of English citizens Declaration of Independence 1776 Document written by Thomas Jefferson listing grievances against Great Britain and King George III and stating that the colonies were a free and independent nation Federalist Papers 1787 Co0authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, these essays defended the Constitution and discussed the political theory behind the American system of government Antifederalists People who opposed the Constitution and a strong national government Articles of Confederation 1777 First American constitution which created a loose alliance of 13 independent states U.S. Constitution 1787 Plan for the United States government and ratified by nine states by 1788 Bill of Rights 1791 First ten amendments to the Constitution Limited Government Republicanism Checks and Balances Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Federalism Separation of Powers Indian policies/indian removal Popular Sovereignty The government has only those powers that the constitution gives it Instead of taking part directly in government, citizens elect representatives to carry out their will System by which each branch of government can check, or control, the actions of the other branches Branch of government that passes laws Branch of government that carries out the laws Branch of the government that decides whether laws are carried out fairly Division of power between the states and the national government Principle by which the powers of government are divided among separate branches During Jacksonian era, policy to remove Native Americans from land to make room for settlers; Trail of Tears Idea that people hold the final authority in government, allowing each territory to decide whether to allow slavery

7 Individual Rights Amendment process The basic rights of all humans are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights; these are freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom to assemble peacefully The process by which citizens may change the Constitution 13 th Amendment 1865 Bans slavery throughout the nation 14 th Amendment 1866 Grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States 15 th Amendment 1870 Guarantees voting rights for all men. Regardless of race Manifest Destiny 1840s Belief held in the 1800s that Americans had the right and the duty to spread across the continent all the way to the Pacific Ocean Westward expansion Movement of settlers into the western territories Marbury v. Madison 1803 Supreme Court ruling that it had the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to reject laws that it considered unconstitutional McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 Supreme Court ruling that states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 Supreme Court ruling upholding the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce Dred Scot v. Sandford 1857 Supreme Court case in which a slave sued for his freedom and lost; the case brought into question the federal power over slavery in the territories Unalienable Rights Rights so basic that they cannot be taken away Two important rights guaranteed Free Speech and Press to American citizens in the Bill of Rights Monroe Doctrine 1823 President Monroe s foreign policy statement warning European nations not to interfere in Latin America