Challenges of the. Developing World EIGHTH EDITION * * * Howard Handelman Emeritus Professor, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Transcription

1 Challenges of the Developing World EIGHTH EDITION * * * Howard Handelman Emeritus Professor, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham Boulder New York London

2 Detailed Contents ^ * List of Tables Preface 1 Understanding Underdevelopment Developing World Commonalities: The Natura of Underdevelopment Economic Underdevelopment 3 Social Underdevelopment 6 Political Underdevelopment 10 Corruption: A Critical Obstacle to Political and Economic Development 12 Some Relationships between the Components of Development A Major Consequence of Underdevelopment Today: Mass Migration 17 The Causes of Underdevelopment Modernization Theory and the Importance of Cultural Values Dependency Theory: The Core and the Periphery 22 Modernization and Dependency Theories Compared 25 Contemporary Perspectives 27 How Much Progress Has Been Made? Key Terms I Discussion Questions 2 The Surge and Partial Retreat of Democracy Democracy Defined Democratic Transition and Consolidation Authoritarian Beginnings Justifying Authoritarian Rule The Third Wave and Its Effect on the Developing World International Causes and Consequences of the Third Wave ix

3 X Detailed Contents The Prerequisites of Democracy in Individual Countries 48 Social and Economic Modernization 49 Class Structure SO Political Culture 52 The Curse of Oil 57 Democratic Consolidation Examined 58 How Do Democracies Perform? Public Policy Compared 59 Improving the Quality of Democracy 61 Conclusion 63 Key Terms I Discussion Questions 65 3 Religion and Politics 68 The Meeting of Church and State 70 Great Religions of the Developing World 71 Religion, Modernity, and Secularization 73 Structural and Theological Bases of Church-State Relations 75 Religious Fundamentalism and Islamism 77 Defining and Explaining Fundamentalism (Revivalism) 78 Fundamentalists: Radical and Conservative 79 The Iranian Revolution: Radical Shia' Islamism as a Reaction to Western-Style Modernization 80 al-qaeda and Militant Islamism 82 Islamic State: The Terror State 86 Islamist Terrorists in ^Hestern Europe: A New Frontier 86 The Progressive Catholic Church 87 The Future of Religion and Politics in the Developing World 90 Religion and Democracy 92 Key Terms I Discussion Questions 95 4 The Politics of Cultural Pluralism and Ethnic Conflict 99 Defining Ethnicity 103 Ethnic and State Boundaries 105 Types of Ethnic and Cultural Divisions 106 Nationality 106 Tribe 110 Race 111 Religion 113 Dependency, Modernization, and Ethnic Conflict 117 Levels of Interethnic Conflict 118 Minimal Conflict 119 Uneasy Balance 119 Enforced Hierarchy (Ethnic Dominance) 120 Systematic Violence 122

4 Detailed Contents xi Outcomes and Resolutions 122 Power Sharing: Federalism and Consociationalism 123 Secession 125 Outside Intervention 126 Settlement through Exhaustion 130 Toward a Peaceful Resolution of Conflict 130 Ethnic Pluralism and Democracy 131 Key Terms I Discussion Questions 133 Women and Development 136 The Political and Socioeconomic Status of Women in the LDCs 139 Women in the Economy: Rural and Urban 141 Women and Politics 144 Women's Political Activism at the Grassroots 145 Women as National Political Leaders 148 Reserved Seats and Quotas: Female Representation in Parliament 151 The Effect of Reaching a Critical Mass on Policy Outcomes 158 Women and Revolutionary Change 158 Modernization and the Status of Women 160 Democracy and the Role of Women in Society 161 Key Terms I Discussion Questions 162 The Politics of the Rural and Urban Poor 165 The Rural Poor: The Peasantry in the Developing World 166 Rural Class Structures 167 Peasant Politics 169 The Politics of Agrarian Reform 172 Patterns of Land Concentration 172 The Future of the Rural Poor 177 Rapid Urbanization and the Politics of the Urban Poor 178 The Developing World's Urban Explosion 178 The Political Consequences of Urban Growth 182 The Search for Employment 182 The Urban Poor's Struggle for Housing 185 Public Housing and the Role of the State 186 Spontaneous Housing 188 Sites-and-Services Programs 189 The Problem of Urban Crime 190 The Politics of the Urban Poor: Conflicting Images 192 Forms of Political Expression among the Urban Poor 195 Individual Political Behavior 196

5 Xii Detailed Contents Collective Goals: Housing and Urban Services 197 Radical Political Behavior 200 Conclusion: The Role of the Rural and Urban Poor in Democratic Change 201 Key Terms I Discussion Questions Revolutionary Change 205 Defining Revolution 207 Underlying Causes of Revolution 210 Inexorable Historical Forces 210 Regime Decay 211 Challenges front Below 214 Explaining Islamist Uprising 218 Causes of Revolution: A Summary 219 Levels of Populär Support 220 Peasants as Revolutionäres 223 Why Peasants Rebel 223 Which Peasants Rebel 224 Revolutionary Leadership 226 Revolutionaries in Power 228 Conclusion: Revolutionary Change and Democracy 232 Key Terms I Discussion Questions Soldiers and Politics 237 The Causes of Military Intervention 240 The Nature of the Armed Forces 241 The Nature of Civil Society 241 Progressive Soldiers and Military Conservatives 245 The Types and Goals of Military Regimes 248 Personalistic Regimes 248 Institutional Military Regimes 250 Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes 253 Revolutionary Military Regimes 254 The Accomplishments and Failures of Military Regimes 255 Combating Corruption 255 Defending Military Interests 256 Patterns in Military Spending 257 Establishing Stability 261 Improving the Economy 263 Military Withdrawal from Politics 264 New Roles for the Armed Forces 267 The Military as the Deciding Factor in the Arab Spring 268 Improving Civil-Military Relationships 269 Conclusion: Democracy and the Military 270 Key Terms I Discussion Questions 272

6 Detailed Contents XÜi 9 The Political Economy of the Developing World 275 The Role of the State 276 The Command Economy 278 Latin American Statism 281 East Asia's Developmental State 285 The Neoliberal Model 288 Finding a Proper Role for the State 290 Industrialization Strategies 291 Import-Substituting Industrialization 292 Export-Oriented Industrialization 294 Growth with Equity 295 Economic Development and the Environment 297 The Costs of Growth 299 Environmental Decay as a Developing World Problem 299 Environmental Decay and Global Warming 300 The Search for Sustainable Development 302 Some Signs ofprogress 304 Finding the Right Mix 306 The Effects of Globalization on Developing Nations 307 Conclusion: Democracy and Economic Development 313 Key Terms I Discussion Questions 314 Glossary 317 Index 327 About the Author 351