Issues of Decolonization: (2)Local Issues: non-settler colonies
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1 Issues of Decolonization: (2)Local Issues: non-settler colonies
2 Basil Davidson Africa: rise of nationalism [1:00 5:33] (unfortunately not on YouTube)
3 Debate: which were more significant in the Decolonization process external or internal factors? - last day examined some of the so-called external issues: colonial domestic politics, post-war weak European economies, larger empire problems (including independence of India), conflicting pressures of Cold War (need to ally with US and its goals), Pan- Africanism (as international movement, can also be seen as African generated)
4 - today and Friday will explore internal (local) African issues as experienced and articulated by Africans - these differed significantly between nonsettler colonies (like French Soudan, Gold Coast) and settler colonies (like Mozambique, Kenya, Belgian Congo and South Africa) [see 5 th Pan-African Congress Testimonies in Additional Readings; full programme in 5 th Pan-African Documents, in Resources includes section specifically on South Africa] Look at in class!
5 Gold Coast: - considered most advanced of colonies (followed by Nigeria both knew parallel political developments) [see Monday s lecture ] - investment in economic development on one hand, coupled by continued restrictions on foreign trade on the other - coupled with frustrations with European merchants group dominating export trade (part of issue)
6 - exacerbated by policy on disease affecting main export crop, cocoa - swollen root disease: crops to be destroyed, no exceptions Economic Policies Heightening Discontent!
7 February, 1948: - rise in prices European goods: led to boycott - successful, merchants lowered prices - paved way for protest march (28 Feb.): several hundred ex-servicemen seeking overdue pension payments, long-promised jobs!! - rallying point for discontent
8 - march neared Governor s Residence: army ordered to fire on marchers - 29 killed, 237 injured Not Major Event in terms of Larger Picture BUT had significant and widespread implications Video: Davidson: Africa: Rise of Nationalism [5:34 8:20min]
9 Locally: - showed younger generation that its elders had been co-opted into belief in moderation that was ineffective - clearly UGCC could no longer speak for the people : a new voice was needed
10 Neither Nkrumah nor youth league of UGCC (CYO) involved in Riots but profited: : Nkrumah created Convention People s Party (rooted in youth group) CPP Poster &Flag
11 West Africa: - spoke to servicemen everywhere - accentuated in context of labour uproar over French West African rail-strike (below) - revealed British weakness in resorting to violence
12 Britain: - challenged illusion of peaceful, prosperous Gold Coast, model colony - violence did not play well to domestic crowd: popular support in Britain declining - led to major, public investigation
13 the investigation into the riots proved most significant for the future of the[gold Coast] territory. From this eventually emerged the Henley Coussey Commission, led by a prominent African lawyer of that name, whose recommendations, which included a new constitution based on new democratic procedures and greater representation for Africans at all levels
14 the Henley Coussey Commission, led by a prominent African lawyer of that name, whose recommendations, which included a new constitution based on new democratic procedures and greater representation for Africans at all levels, formed the basis of the future based on new democratic procedures and greater representation for Africans at all levels - Still it was clear Britain desired to maintain strict control over the future of the Gold Coast (and by extension, West Africa) [quotation from Wind of Change, 2006, Additional Readings]
15 What Were Local Grievances? Mostly economic but had several sources of discontent: - foreign trade and continued dominance of Europeans: merchants/import-exporters - cocoa economy more generally (e.g. disease) - expectations of WWII veterans of pensions, health care, jobs - had political ring in servicemen s voices: fought for Britain where is return?
16 Consequences: - attempt to paint resistance as Communist, led by UGCC (hence Nkrumah): led to his imprisonment - party not involved but Nkrumah and followers imprisoned: became martyrs - inquiry led to more reforms... Impact far outweighed actual event itself!
17 French West Africa: - positive aspects of Brazzaville emphasized, exploited - new political voices, among them Rassemblement Democratique Africaine (Bamako, 1946) - political activity paralleled in all 12 colonies
18 - included many future leaders - aims to achieve better deal within French Empire [particular understanding of decolonization see lecture Feb. 11] - repeal of Forced Labour, work of Lamine Gueye of Senegal, first major step - underscoring importance of labour issues
19 - labour unions representative of post-war discontent - most well-known, influential action: Oct Mar strike by railway workers throughout French West Africa, supported by wharf workers Dahomey, Ivory Coast - over 17,000 railway workers and 2,000 workers in the wharfs refused to work.
20 Goals: to - set effective date that the auxiliaries (temporary workers with limited rights) were allowed into cadres (hierarchy in which permanent personnel were placed) - set level employee had to attain on test to get a promotion - ameliorate conditions for furloughs
21 Goals: To - give housing to all employees - give the indemnity zone benefit (supplement to wages intended to offset geographical differences in cost of living) to all eligible employees
22 - France took three months to respond, believing difficulties of being out of work would bring end to strike without action on its part - wrong: workers received support from communities merchants, farmers, local religious clerics - newspaper-funded collection drive - women played central role
23 - ultimately successful - only Ivory Coast withdrew from strike and accepted negotiated agreement - others received desired benefits - strike had important impact on French economic development plans in AOF
24 Now-famous novel Gods bits of wood was penned by Senegalese writer and film maker Sembene Ousmane to memorialize strike
25 Himself once a dockworker in Marseilles, all his novels are highly politicized. The men and women who took part in this struggle for a better way of life owe nothing to anyone: neither to any civilizing mission, nor to any parliament or parliamentarian. Their example was not in vain. Since then, Africa has made progress. ( Gods bits of wood novel excerpt in Selected Stories )
[From B. Davidson, Modern Africa, p.130]
![[From B. Davidson, Modern Africa, p.130]](/thumbs/77/75436596.jpg "[From B. Davidson, Modern Africa, p.130]")
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