FSD3067. Finnish National Election Study Codebook

Transcription

1 FSD3067 Finnish National Election Study 2015 Codebook FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE

2 The bibliographic citation for this codebook: Finnish National Election Study 2015 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor], This codebook has been generated from the version 2.0 ( ) of the data. Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIN University of Tampere FSD User Services: Aila Data Service Portal: Finnish Social Science Data Archive $ Koodikirjoitin.py :17: $

3 To the reader This codebook is part of the data FSD3067 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science Data Archive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English. Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If necessary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographic citation suggested by the archive: Grönlund, Kimmo (Åbo Akademi University) & Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina (University of Tampere): Finnish National Election Study 2015 [dataset]. Version 2.0 ( ). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. FSD3067 The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. The codebook contains information on data content, structure and data collection, and includes a list of publications wholly or in part based on the data, according to publication information received by the FSD. The second part of the codebook contains information on variables: question texts, response options, and frequencies. The third part contains indexes. Variable distributions presented in this codebook have been generated from the SPSS files. Distribution tables present variable values, frequencies (n), frequency percentages (%), and valid percentages (v. %) which take into account missing data. All distributions are unweighted. If the data contain weight variables, these will be found at the end of the variables list. In some cases frequency distributions have been substituted by descriptive statistics. Categorised responses to open-ended questions are not always included in the codebook. Distributions may contain missing data. The note "System missing (SYSMIS)" refers to missing observations (e.g. a respondent has not answered all questions) whereas "Missing (User missing)" refers to data the user has defined as missing. For example, the user may decide to code answer alternatives don t want to say or can t say as missing data. The codebook may contain attached files, the most common one being the questionnaire.

4

5 Contents 1 Study description Titles Subject description Structure and collection of the data Use of data Variables 9 3 Indexes Variables in the order of occurrence Variables in alphabetical order A naire in Finnish 249 B Drop-off questionnaire in Finnish 281 C naire in Swedish 297 D Drop-off questionnaire in Swedish 329 i

6

7 Chapter 1 Study description 1.1 Titles Titles and data version: Finnish National Election Study 2015 Titles and data version in Finnish: Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 This codebook has been generated from the version 2.0 ( ) of the data. 1.2 Subject description Other material Election Study Consortium website 1 Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) website 2 Authoring entity Grönlund, Kimmo (Åbo Akademi University. Social Science Research Institute) Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina (University of Tampere. School of Management) Borg, Sami (University of Tampere) von Schoultz, Åsa (Åbo Akademi University) Strandberg, Kim (Åbo Akademi University) Tiihonen, Aino (University of Tampere) Wass, Hanna (University of Helsinki) Westinen, Jussi (Åbo Akademi University)

8 1. Study description Copyright statement for the data According to the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Depositor Grönlund, Kimmo (Åbo Akademi. Social Science Research Institute) Date of deposit Keywords election campaigns; elections; Internet; parliamentary candidates; parliamentary elections; party identification; personality traits; political allegiance; political attitudes; political awareness; political influence; political interest; political participation; political support; trust; voting Topic Classification Fields of Science Classification: social sciences CESSDA Classification: elections; political behaviour and attitudes Series description The data belong to the series: Finnish National Election Studies Finnish National Election Studies are nationally representative surveys conducted in connection with parliamentary elections in Finland. Data have been collected by the Election Study Consortium from the year 2003 onwards. More information in the Finnish Election Study Portal. The data, collected through face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires, allow study of changes in public opinion and democracy over time. Some modules are repeated but each study also contains questions on current issues. Main themes include political participation, political attitudes, candidate and party choice, voting, and election campaigning. Abstract Finnish National Election Study 2015 charted the political participation, political attitudes, party allegiance, candidate and party choice, and voting behaviour of Finns. Further topics included citizens initiative, different ways of having a say, and future prospects of Finland. The data 2

9 1.2. Subject description were collected after the elections through face-to-face interviews and a self-administered dropoff questionnaire. The interview data contain Finland s contribution to the international CSES study (module 4). Data collection was funded by the Ministry of Justice. First questions in the interview covered interest in politics, attention paid to media coverage of the elections (including social media), Internet use, discussions about politics with others, party identification and self-perceived social class. The respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with some statements relating to voting, democracy, the electoral system, and decision-making. Willingness to influence things by own activity (for instance, by participating in a demonstration or joining a consumer boycott) was charted as well as membership in a political party. Concerning citizens initiative, the respondents were asked whether they thought the introduction of the initiative had promoted democracy in Finland and whether they had signed any initiatives. Opinions on the importance of the Internet and social media as channels of civic engagement were surveyed. The survey also carried a set of attitudinal statements on voting, politics, political parties, politicians and public political influence (e.g. I have no say in what the Government and Parliament decide or By voting, ordinary people can influence political decision-making. With regard to the future prospects of Finland, the respondents were asked which future directions they thought sounded good or bad (e.g. "more entrepreneurship and market economy", "better equality between men and women"). The CSES module explored the respondents opinions on the economic situation of Finland, own financial situation, whether public expenditure on various things should be increased or decreased, whether the Government should take measures to bridge the income gap, and whether it made a difference who was in power or who people voted for. The respondents were asked to place themselves and the parties on a left-right axis. s also covered satisfaction with democracy in Finland and whether the respondents felt close to any party. Voting behaviour was studied with questions on whether the respondents had voted, the candidate of which party they had voted for, whether they had considered voting for a candidate of any other party and if yes, which party, whether they had voted in the previous parliamentary elections and which party they had voted for. Opinions on the party leaders were surveyed. Finally, the respondents factual knowledge of politics was tested with a few questions. Non-voters were asked why they had not voted and how self-evident not voting had been to them. All those who had voted were asked what had influenced their choice of party, to what extent various issues had influenced their candidate choice, whether they had voted for a candidate who was of the same age and gender as themselves, and when they had decided which candidate and party to vote for. The respondents perceptions of how much different things and people had affected their political opinions were studied. Trust in government and other institutions, groups and people was charted as well as views on the performance of the Government in the previous electoral term. The self-administered questionnaire surveyed the extent to which the respondents agreed with a number of statements relating to values and Finnish politics, whether they identified with different groups, and information sources used for making the voting decision. The respondents were also asked whether they had been contacted personally by a party or a candidate during campaigning, whether their family or friends and acquaintances had tried to influence their voting decision, and how easy it had been for the respondents to find a suitable party and candidate. Online voting and political activities and participation on the Internet were charted as well as time spent on following news and other programmes on politics and topical issues. Other topics 3

10 1. Study description included views on own financial situation and the Finnish economy and employment situation, satisfaction with own life, and opinions on who should make the important political decisions. Finally, personality traits of the respondents were surveyed using the Ten-item personality inventory (TIPI). Variables beginning with k are national election study variables, q denotes CSES variables, p denotes variables in the self-administered questionnaire, a denotes CSES administrative variables and d denotes background variables. Background variables included, among others, the respondent s year of birth, gender, education, marital status, health status, trade union membership, economic activity and occupational status, employer type, unemployment periods, religiosity and religious attendance, mother tongue, gross annual household income, number of people in the household, type of neighbourhood/municipality, housing tenure, and electoral district. 1.3 Structure and collection of the data Country: Finland Geographic coverage: Finland Analysis or observation unit type: Individual Universe: People living in Finland and entitled to vote in the Finnish parliamentary elections in 2015, excluding the Åland Islands Collection date: Data collector(s): TNS Gallup Finland Data producer(s): Election Study Consortium Mode of data collection: Face-to-face interview, Self-administered questionnaire: Paper Type of research instrument: Structured questionnaire Time period covered: 2015 Time method of the data collection: Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section Response rate: 13.7% Number of variables and cases: The data contain 404 variables and 1587 cases. Sampling procedure: Probability: Multistage The sampling was based on prior knowledge of the groups into which the population can be divided into. In the first stage, the number of persons required by the study were regionally divided by NUTS2 major regions. In the second stage, municipality types were taken into account. Interviewees were selected based on the sampling. After the interview, the respondents were asked to complete a self-administered paper questionnaire with additional questions (drop-off questionnaire). The data consist of interviews of 1,587 people and questionnaires completed by 684 people. Out of the 11,500 people selected in the sampling frame, 4,044 refused to participate and 5,919 could not be reached. 4

11 1.4. Use of data 1.4 Use of data Data appraisal Variables D24_1 (specification of the respondent s religious community) and Q37_1 (specification of mother tongue) were removed from the data during archiving. Numbering of response alternatives in the archived data does not strictly follow the numbering in the original questionnaire. Persons mentioned in the Other Identification/Acknowledgements field of this data description participated in questionnaire design. Related publications Ahvo, Johannes (2018). Suomalaisten poliittinen verkko-osallistuminen. Tampere. Tampereen yliopisto. Politiikan tutkimuksen tutkinto-ohjelma. Kandidaatintutkielma. Bäck, Maria & Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina & Söderlund, Peter (2016). Suomalaisten poliittinen luottamus ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Borg, Sami & Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina & Westinen, Jussi (2015). Demokratiaindikaattorit Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Selvityksiä ja ohjeita 56/ Christensen, Henrik Serup (2017). Knowing and distrusting: how political trust and knowledge shape direct-democratic participation. European Societies, Online first: Christensen, Henrik Serup & Karjalainen, Maija & Setälä, Maija (2016). Kansalaisaloite poliittisen yhdenvertaisuuden näkökulmasta. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Christensen, Henrik Serup & Setälä, Maija & Jäske, Maija (2018). Self-reported Health and Democratic Innovations. The Case of the Citizens Initiative in Finland. European Political Science. Christensen, Henrik Serup & von Schoultz, Åsa (2018). Ideology and Deliberation: An Analysis of Public Support for Deliberative Practices in Finland. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Ahead of print: Grönlund, Kimmo (2016). Eduskuntavaalit Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Henrik Serup Christensen, Maija Jäske, Maija Setälä & Elias Laitinen (2017) The Finnish Citizens Initiative: Towards Inclusive Agenda-setting?, Scandinavian Political Studies, Early view, DOI: /

12 1. Study description Intke, Maarit (2018): Asiantuntijapäätöksenteko ja poliittinen epäluottamus: Häivedemokratian kannatus Suomessa vuosina 2007, 2011 ja Turku: Turun yliopisto. Valtio-opin pro gradu -tutkielma. Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina & Tiihonen, Aino & Westinen, Jussi (2018). Vääriä kysymyksiä vai vääriä vastauksia? Vasemmisto-oikeisto -ulottuvuus vuosien vaalitutkimusten valossa. Politiikka 60:2, Mattila, Mikko & Lahtinen, Hannu & Rapeli, Lauri & Wass, Hanna (2016). Terveys ja poliittinen kiinnittyminen. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Pikkala, Sari (2016). Naiset ja miehet äänestäjinä. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus Toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna. Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Rapeli, Lauri & Borg, Sami (2016). Kiinnostavaa mutta monimutkaista. Tiedot, osallistuminen ja suhtautuminen vaikuttamiseen. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Simi, Antti (2018). Ammattiliitto, jäsen ja sosialisaatio -Analyysi eroista ja yhtäläisyyksistä SAK:n, STTK:n ja Akavan jäsenliittojen jäsenten ja aktiivien talouspoliittisissa arvoissa. Tampere. Tampereen yliopisto. Politiikan tutkimuksen tutkinto-ohjelma. Kandidaatintutkielma. Sivonen, Jukka (2017). Poliittisesti eriytyneet asiantuntijat? Ammattirakenteen ja poliittisen suuntautumisen yhteys jälkiteollisessa Suomessa. Turku: Turun yliopisto. Taloussosiologian pro gradu -tutkielma. Söderlund, Peter (2016). Kannastaan epävarmat ja liikkuvat äänestäjät. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Strandberg, Kim (2016). Ehdokkaiden ja kansalaisten internetin ja sosiaalisen median poliittinen käyttö vuosien eduskuntavaaleissa. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Strandberg, Kim & Carlson, Tom (2017). Expanding the Online Political Demos but Maintaining the Status Quo? The Development of Finnish Voters Use of the Internet and Social Media Prior to Parliamentary Elections Scandinavian Political Studies 40(1), DOI: / Tiihonen, Aino (2015). Etujärjestöt, puolueet ja yhteiskuntaluokat Suomessa 2000-luvulla. Tampere: Tampereen yliopisto. Politiikan tutkimuksen tutkinto-ohjelma. Pro gradu -tutkielma

13 1.4. Use of data Tiihonen, Aino (2016). Etujärjestöjen, puolueiden ja äänestäjien väliset suhteet. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Tiihonen, Aino & Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina & Westinen, Jussi & Rapeli, Lauri (2016). Puoluekannan periytyminen vanhemmilta lapsille. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ von Schoultz, Åsa (2016). Puolueiden puheenjohtajien merkitys äänestyspäätöksen kannalta. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Wass, Hanna & Borg, Sami (2016). Yhdenvertaisuus äänestyskopissa: äänestysaktiivisuus vuoden 2015 eduskuntavaaleissa. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Wass, Hanna & Grönlund, Kimmo (2016). Johdanto: yhdenvertaisuus ja poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Westinen, Jussi (2016). Puoluevalinta Suomessa 2000-luvulla. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Westinen, Jussi & Borg, Sami (2016). Itä-Suomen vaalipiiriuudistuksen vaikutukset. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Westinen, Jussi & Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina & Tiihonen, Aino (2016). Äänestäjät arvo- ja asenneulottuvuuksilla. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/ Updated list of publications in the study description at Location of the data collection Finnish Social Science Data Archive Weighting There is a weight variable (paino) in the data that weights the sample to match the mother tongue, age, gender and electoral district distributions in the population as well as the actual 7

14 1. Study description vote share of parties in the elections. Restrictions The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study. 8

15 Chapter 2 Variables [FSD_NO] FSD study number FSD study number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1587 minimum maximum mean standard deviation 0.00 [FSD_VR] FSD edition number FSD edition number Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1587 minimum 2.00 maximum 2.00 mean 2.00 standard deviation

16 2. Variables [FSD_ID] FSD case id FSD case id Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1587 minimum 1.00 maximum mean standard deviation [A2] Interviewer (ID for individual interviewers) Interviewer (ID for individual interviewers) [A3] Interviewer gender Interviewer gender Male Female [A4_1] Date of the interview: month (1-12) Date of the interview: month (1-12) 10

17 A4_2B January February March April May June July August September October November December [A4_2A] Date of the interview: weekday Date of the interview: weekday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday [A4_2B] Date of the interview: day (1-31) Date of the interview: day (1-31) Descriptive statistics statistic value number of valid cases 1587 (continued on next page) 11

18 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) statistic value minimum 1.00 maximum mean standard deviation 9.18 [A6] Interview language (questionnaire language) Interview language (questionnaire language) Finnish Swedish [K1] How interested are you in politics? How interested are you in politics? Very interested Somewhat interested Not very interested Not interested at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_1] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television debates and party leader interviews How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television debates and party leader interviews 12

19 K2_3 A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_2] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television news and current affairs programmes How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television news and current affairs programmes A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_3] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television entertainment programmes featuring politicians How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television entertainment programmes featuring politicians A great deal of attention (continued on next page) 13

20 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_4] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Radio programmes How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Radio programmes A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_5] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Newspaper articles, columns or letters to the editor How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Newspaper articles, columns or letters to the editor A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all (continued on next page) 14

21 K2_7 (cont. from previous page) Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_6] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television advertisements How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television advertisements A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_7] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Newspaper advertisements How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Newspaper advertisements A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous)

22 2. Variables [K2_8] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Web news covering elections e.g. newspaper websites How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Web news covering elections e.g. newspaper websites A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_9] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Websites of the candidates and political parties How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Websites of the candidates and political parties A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_10] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Blogs How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Blogs 16

23 K2_12 A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_11] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Candidate selectors on the Internet How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Candidate selectors on the Internet A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_12] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Social media, e.g. Facebook, Twitter or Instagram How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Social media, e.g. Facebook, Twitter or Instagram A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention (continued on next page) 17

24 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_13] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Videos of the candidates or political parties on the Internet, e.g. YouTube How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Videos of the candidates or political parties on the Internet, e.g. YouTube A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K2_14] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: News broadcasts on the Internet or social media How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: News broadcasts on the Internet or social media A great deal of attention A fair amount of attention Only a little Paid no attention at all (continued on next page) 18

25 K4 (cont. from previous page) Can t say (spontaneous) [K3] How often do you use the Internet? How often do you use the Internet? Daily, over 2 hours per day Daily, less than 2 hours per day A few times a week About once a week Less frequently Not at all Can t say (spontaneous) [K4] Generally, that is, not only during elections, how often do you discuss political and social issues with people? Generally, that is, not only during elections, how often do you discuss political and social issues with people? Daily or almost daily Often Sometimes Seldom Never Can t say (spontaneous)

26 2. Variables [K5] How stable is your political party identification? How stable is your political party identification? Completely stable Fairly stable Not very stable Not at all stable Can t say (spontaneous) [K6] Which social class would you say you belong to? Which social class would you say you belong to? Working class Lower middle class Middle class Upper middle class Upper class Not to any class Can t say (spontaneous) [K7] Which of the following alternatives best describes your childhood home? Which of the following alternatives best describes your childhood home? 20

27 K9_1 Worker family Lower middle class family Middle class family Upper middle class family Upper class family Farmer family Entrepreneur family Can t say (spontaneous) [K8] How many different political parties have you voted for in parliamentary elections so far? How many different political parties have you voted for in parliamentary elections so far? Have always voted for candidates of one party Have voted for candidates of two or three different parties Have voted for candidates of four or more parties Have never voted Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_1] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? It is people s own business whether they want to use their right to vote or not To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? It is people s own business whether they want to use their right to vote or not Strongly agree (continued on next page) 21

28 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_2] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Democracy may have its problems but it is better than any other form of government To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Democracy may have its problems but it is better than any other form of government Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_3] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Important national issues should more often be decided by a referendum To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Important national issues should more often be decided by a referendum Strongly agree (continued on next page) 22

29 K9_5 (cont. from previous page) Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_4] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? To support representative democracy, public debates on policy issues should be organised for ordinary people To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? To support representative democracy, public debates on policy issues should be organised for ordinary people Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_5] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I myself would like to attend public political debates organised for ordinary people To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I myself would like to attend public political debates organised for ordinary people Strongly agree (continued on next page) 23

30 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_6] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I avoid people whose values, attitudes or opinions differ from my own To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I avoid people whose values, attitudes or opinions differ from my own Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_7] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I think voting is a civic duty To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I think voting is a civic duty Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree (continued on next page) 24

31 K9_9 (cont. from previous page) Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_8] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? In my opinion, the current Finnish electoral system works and there is no need to change it To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? In my opinion, the current Finnish electoral system works and there is no need to change it Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K9_9] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? If a voter so wished, he/she should be able to vote only for a party in parliamentary elections without having to choose a candidate To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? If a voter so wished, he/she should be able to vote only for a party in parliamentary elections without having to choose a candidate Strongly agree Somewhat agree (continued on next page) 25

32 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K10_1] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Elected politicians are the best people to lead Finland To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Elected politicians are the best people to lead Finland Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K10_2] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? In important political questions, citizens must have the final say To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? In important political questions, citizens must have the final say Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) (continued on next page) 26

33 K10_4 (cont. from previous page) [K10_3] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Citizens must be heard before any important political decisions are made To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Citizens must be heard before any important political decisions are made Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K10_4] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Things would be better in Finland if independent experts made the decisions instead of politicians and citizens To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Things would be better in Finland if independent experts made the decisions instead of politicians and citizens Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous)

34 2. Variables [K10_5] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? It is important that citizens constantly voice their opinions, for instance, by signing petitions and participating in demonstrations To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? It is important that citizens constantly voice their opinions, for instance, by signing petitions and participating in demonstrations Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K10_6] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Citizens must influence the direction of politics primarily by voting in elections To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Citizens must influence the direction of politics primarily by voting in elections Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous)

35 K11_1 [K10_7] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Things would be better in Finland if successful corporate managers made the decisions To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Things would be better in Finland if successful corporate managers made the decisions Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_1] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Write a letter to the editor Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Write a letter to the editor Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous)

36 2. Variables [K11_2] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Contact political decision-makers on an issue Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Contact political decision-makers on an issue Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_3] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Sign a petition Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Sign a petition Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_4] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in the activities of a political party Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in the activities of a political party 30

37 K11_6 Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_5] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in the activities of some other voluntary/civic organisation Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in the activities of some other voluntary/civic organisation Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_6] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Try to influence political or social issues through my consumer choices Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Try to influence political or social issues through my consumer choices Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do (continued on next page) 31

38 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_7] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Join a consumer boycott Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Join a consumer boycott Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_8] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in peaceful demonstrations Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in peaceful demonstrations Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous)

39 K12 [K11_9] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Demonstrate civil disobedience by participating in illegal, non-violent activities Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Demonstrate civil disobedience by participating in illegal, non-violent activities Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K11_10] Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Use violence to reach political goals Which of these have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Use violence to reach political goals Have done over the past four years Have not done but might do Would not do under any circumstances Can t say (spontaneous) [K12] Are you a member of any political party? Are you a member of any political party? 33

40 2. Variables Yes No, but have been previously Have never been a member of any party Can t say (spontaneous) [K13] In 2012, a state-level citizens initiative was introduced in Finland. What is your opinion on the following statement? The citizens initiative has promoted the performance of democracy in Finland In 2012, a state-level citizens initiative was introduced in Finland. What is your opinion on the following statement? The citizens initiative has promoted the performance of democracy in Finland Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K14] Have you signed any state-level citizens initiatives? Have you signed any state-level citizens initiatives? Have not signed and not going to sign Have not signed, but might sign Have signed 1-2 citizens initiatives (continued on next page) 34

41 K16_1 (cont. from previous page) Have signed at least 3 citizens initiatives Can t say (spontaneous) [K15] The Internet and social media have created new opportunities to influence things and seek information. How important to yourself do you regard the Internet and social media as channels of civic engagement? The Internet and social media have created new opportunities to influence things and seek information. How important to yourself do you regard the Internet and social media as channels of civic engagement? Very important Somewhat important Not very important Not at all important Can t say (spontaneous) [K16_1] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? By voting, ordinary people can influence political decision-making To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? By voting, ordinary people can influence political decision-making Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree (continued on next page) 35

42 2. Variables (cont. from previous page) Can t say (spontaneous) [K16_2] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Those elected to Parliament soon lose touch with the problems of ordinary people To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Those elected to Parliament soon lose touch with the problems of ordinary people Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K16_3] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Politicians are not interested in the opinions of ordinary people To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Politicians are not interested in the opinions of ordinary people Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous)

43 K16_5 [K16_4] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I have no say in what the Government and Parliament decide To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I have no say in what the Government and Parliament decide Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous) [K16_5] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Views of the citizens are taken into account in political decisionmaking through political parties To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Views of the citizens are taken into account in political decision-making through political parties Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Can t say (spontaneous)