SITE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

Transcription

1 IOM BANGLADESH NEEDS AND POPULATION MONITORING NPM SITE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY September 2018 v3 NEEDS AND POPULATION MONITORING (NPM) IOM Bangladesh Needs and Ppulatin Mnitring (NPM) is part f the IOM s glbal Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) prgramming. DTM is IOM s infrmatin management system t track and mnitr the displacement and ppulatin mbility. It is designed t regularly and systematically capture, prcess and disseminate infrmatin t prvide a better understanding f the mvements and evlving needs f displaced ppulatins, whether n site r en rute. Cnceptualized in 2004 in Iraq, fr the IDP assessments and mnitring exercises, the DTM has been cntinuusly refined and enhanced thrugh years f peratinal experience in cuntries in bth cnflict and natural disaster settings. It delivers essential rle in prviding primary data and infrmatin n displacement, bth in cuntry and at the glbal level. IOM Bangladesh NPM was first launched in Cx s Bazar district, Bangladesh in Spring CONTEXT Fllwing an utbreak f vilence n 25 August 2017 in Rakhine State, Myanmar, a new massive influx f Rhingya refugees t Cx s Bazar, Bangladesh started in late August Mst f the Rhingya refugees settled in Ukhia and Teknaf Upazilas f Cx s Bazar, a district brdering Myanmar identified as the main entry area fr brder crssings. Previus inflws were recrded in Octber 2016, when apprximately 87,000 crssed int Bangladesh, and ther waves were registered during the previus decades. The number f Rhingya refugees, bth registered and unregistered, residing in Cx s Bazar prir t August 2017 is estimated t be arund 213,000 individuals. 1. NPM SITE ASSESSMENT (SA) The NPM Site Assessment (SA) rutinely cllects infrmatin n numbers, lcatins, mvements and multi-sectral needs f Rhingya refugees in all areas mst recently affected by the sudden influx. The SA was launched in February 2017 and fur runds f data cllectin were cmpleted befre the mass influx f August 2017 (March, April, June, July). Rund 5 included the new influx, and was cmpleted in September. The NPM SA cllects infrmatin abut the verall Rhingya ppulatin, including refugees wh arrived befre 25 August It des nt cllect infrmatin n the entire Rhingya ppulatin in Bangladesh, but in Cx s Bazar district nly. The NPA SA cvers all sites where Rhingya refugees have been identified irrespectively f the lcatin type, including makeshifts settlements, spntaneus settlements, hst cmmunities, and frmal refugee camps. Infrmatin is cllected by a team f 110 enumeratrs thrugh field level key infrmant (KI) interviews using a clsed-ended KB questinnaire. Enumeratrs are lcally recruited and thus able t cnduct interviews in Bengali, Rhingya, and Chittagnian. The latter, Chitaggngian Bangla, is highly similar t the Rhingya language. The findings f the KI interviews are triangulated at the field level thrugh direct bservatins, interviews with Site Mangagement fcal pints and spntaneus cmmunity grup discussins. Nt planned ahead, these grup discussins are a prduct f the interest paid t KI interviews cnducted in the field and are an imprtant element in giving a vice t the lcal ppulatin and identifying their pinins cncerning needs and vulnerabilities. On average, during a three week data cllecitn perid a single rund f the NPM SA cllects apprximately 1900 t 2000 interviews with individual KIs. The NPM SA cntains tw separate but interlinked phases; a baseline study and the full multisectral needs assessment. Internatinal Organizatin fr Migratin Page 1

2 Needs and Ppulatin Mnitring (NPM) Bangladesh Methdlgy Dcument September NPM SA BASELINE The NPM SA Baseline prvides an verview f key ppulatin figures whilst als identifying the lcatins t be assessed during the full NPM SA. Firstly, previus NPM SA lcatins are verified, and afterwards new lcatins are identified and added. Displacement and ppulatin figures are recrded as well as the exact GPS crdinates f the KI. The NPM baseline thus is the fundatin f the 2 nd stage multisectral needs assessment. Cre infrmatin cllected is: Estimated ppulatin size by lcatin (husehlds); Gereferenced lcatin (district, upazila, unin, lcatin and GPS crdinates); Key infrmants name and cntact details. Up t NPM SA Rund 7, the baseline and the multisectral needs assessment were carried ut at the same time, with a delay f apprximately a day between the tw. The baseline infrmatin was cllected apprximately a day in advance since the effrt f identifying new lcatins and key infrmants was an explratry activity and thus exceptinally time cnsumring. Frm Rund 8 hwever, as mre infrmatin abut the verall structure f lcatins and key infrmants was available,, the tw exercises were split and cnducted at separate times. 1.2 MULTISECTORAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT The multisectral needs assessment gathers infrmatin n the living cnditins, needs f ppulatins residing in the lcatins pre-identified by the NPM baseline. The data cllected by the assessment fcuses primarily n displacement trends and figures, multi-sectral vulnerabilities, pririties f assistance, and future bjectives. The questinnaire has been cmpiled t supprt the Inter Sectr Crdinating Grup (ISCG) with sectrs leaders and their infrmatin managements teams engaged thrughut. Inputs frm the sectrs are received frequently, and thus, regularly cntribute t the revisin f the tl. The purpse f the NPM multi-sectral needs assessment is nt t replace the rle r need fr in-depth, sectr specific investigatin. Rather, the NPM SA aims t prvide a regular updated multi and crss-sectral verview f refugees needs. Mre specifically, it allws fr the identificatin f redflag issues, which supprts sectrs ability t mre precisely target specific gegraphic lcatins with mre in-depth assessments, tailred t the specific issue that NPM SA managed t highlight.the SA is cmprised f tw sectins sets f infrmatin; ppulatin figures and multi-sectral needs POPULATION FIGURES The SA cllects infrmatin abut the cmpsitin f ppulatin settled in the assessed lcatin. Cre infrmatin rutinely cllected includes: Ppulatin size by lcatin (individuals and hsehlds); Gegraphical infrmatin (divisin, district, upazila, unin, lcatin and GPS crdinates f the lcatin); State, district and twnship f rigin f refugees frm Myanmar; Secndary displacement; Time f arrival (befre r after 25 f August 2017); Presence f vulnerable grups. Internatinal Organizatin fr Migratin Page 2

3 Needs and Ppulatin Mnitring (NPM) Bangladesh Methdlgy Dcument September MULTI-SECTORAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT The SA cllects infrmatin abut the needs f ppulatin settled in the assessed lcatin. The NPM SA cvers the fllwing sectral areas: Shelter & NFI WASH Fd Security and Livelihds Nutritin Health Educatin Prtectin Cmmunicatin with cmmunities (CwC) 1.3 SETTLEMENTS TYPES The Rhingya ppulatins is settled acrss different settlement types. The settlement types are defined by the ISCG in clse cperatin with the Site Management Sectr. Up t February 2018 (NPM SA Rund 8), the agreed settlement types were the fllwing: (Frmal) Refugee Camps were the tw frmal refugee camps established in the early 1990s. They are run by UNHCR and are hme t the nly registered and recgnized refugees in Bangladesh. The tw camps are Kutupalng and Nayapara Refugee Camps. These tw camps als receive new arrivals, but they are nt frmally registered as refugees. Makeshift Settlements (MS) were the settlements established by the Rhingya refugees wh arrived after 1991 and prir t 25 August There are fur primary makeshift settlements: Kutupalng MS, Balukhali MS, Leda MS, and Shamlapur MS. Hwever, the first tw have nw been subsumed int the Kutupalng Extensin site. Fr the purpse f NPM data cllectin exercise, each Makeshift Settlement is cnsidered separately. Spntaneus Settlement referred t refugee encampments that sprung up as a result f the new influx since 25 August The number and size f spntaneus settlements changes regularly, with many f the smaller sites emptying as the Gvernment encurages peple t mve tward the Kutupalng Extensin site. 1 Hst Cmmunity Lcatins referred nrmally t Bangladeshi villages where Rhingya refugees are currently settled. The line between spntaneus settlement and hst cmmunity can at times be difficult t ascertain. These lcatins include Rhinya ppulatins wh might be fully assimilated int a Bangladeshi village and thus are difficult t identify whilst in ther cases an influx f new arrivals might have settled surrunding an existing village, but have nt been integrated int it. T clarify the distictin between Spntaneus Settlements and Hst Cmmunity Lcatins, frm March 2018 (NPM SA 9) the ISCG and Site Management Sectr revised the settlement types as fllws: Cllective site refers t camp-like settings where nly Rhyngya refigees live. This categry encmpasses the previus Frmal Refugee Camps, Makeshift Settlements and part f thse Spntaneus Settlements where n Bangladeshi cmmunities live. Cllective site with hst cmmunity refers t thse cllective camp-like settlements that develpped arund existing Bangaldeshi cmmunities, and hence present a mixed ppulatin. Dispersed site in hst cmmunity refers t villages and dispersed lcatins where Rhingya refugees reside amng Bangaldeshi hst cmmunities. This categrizatin is peridically reviewed tgether with the site management sectr and ISCG. 1 Kutupalng Extensin site refers t land prvided by the Gvernment t huse the new arrivals. It nw encmpasses Kutupalng makeshift, Balukhali makeshift and Mainnerghna. Internatinal Organizatin fr Migratin Page 3

4 Needs and Ppulatin Mnitring (NPM) Bangladesh Methdlgy Dcument September GEOGRAPHIC UNIT OF REFERENCE AND KEY INFORMANTS Depending n the settlement type, the gegraphic unit f reference and the surce f infrmatin change within the NPM methdlgy, which is adapted t different cntexts. Hwever in rder t maintain ease f reference the term lcatin is used thrughut the tl in rder t refer t the key infrmants area f influence and the area abut which they are answering questins. Cllective sites: the unit f reference is the majhee blck. A majhee is a cmmunity leader, belnging t the Rhingya refugee ppulatin. A blck is the prtin f a settlement fr which he/she is respnsible. Majhees tend t be used as a fcal pint t deliver services in each blck, and are NPM s main key infrmants. (Frmal) Refugee Camps: as frmal refugee camps were established in the 90s, a frmer blck system cexists with a new blck system, develped with the new influx. NPM was given access by UNHCR t the majhees inside the tw frmal refugee camps during NPM SA Rund 7. Frm NPM SA Rund 1 t 6, NPM reprted slely the figures f registered refugees prvided by UNHCR, including pre- and pst- August The figure was then reprted n a site/camp level and n further breakdwn was prvided. Frm NPM SA Rund 1 t 6 n needs assessment was cnducted. Hst Cmmunity Lcatins: the gegraphic unit f reference is the village. Enumeratrs cllect and triangulate infrmatin cllected frm multiple key infrmants belnging t the cmmunity. The adptin f the majhee blck system as a gegraphic unit f reference presents advantages and limitatins: Advantages Frmal refugee camps, makeshifts and spntaneus settlements hst a highly-cncentrated ppulatin that settled in pen cuntry side r frest, where n pre-existing fficial gegraphic unit f reference culd be applied. Despite the varius effrts frm lcal authrities, UN agencies, army etc. as f January 2018, n unequivcal universally recgnized system f reference was in place. Especially nt ne that culd allw such a level f granularity. Fr peratinal purpses, the majhee blck system adpted by the army n the grund was identified as the mst reliable unit f reference fr ppulatin cunting and needs assessment. The majhee blck is the smallest gegraphic unit amng thse prpsed by ther actrs (i.e. znes, camps), it is small enugh (apprximately a hundred families) t be easily aggregated further, hence it is very flexible. The majhee blck has identifiable blck leaders (majhees) appinted by the army, wh are tasked t keep track f the ppulatin f his/her area f respnsibility, and are directly in cntact with the army r humanitarian actrs fr the delivery f services and aid. Refugees are aware f what blck they belng t and wh their majhee is, while they are nt familiar with any ther gegraphical references. Limitatins The blck as a gegraphic unit is bund t the majhee wh supervises it. The system is nt frmalized - blcks d nt always present intuitive, clear brders n the grund, the system des nt have a linear hierarchy, it is nt standardized acrss different sites, and it is susceptible t changes depending n the influx f new arrivals r the decisin f the army r ther authrities. There is cncern abut the pwer dynamics invlved in the majhee system, particularly affecting the cllectin f sensitive r prtectin-related data Majhees were riginally nminated by the army and nt elected/selected by their cmmunity. Majhees are infrmed abut the needs f their areas f respnsibilities and invlved in the delivery f services. Thus majhees pinins are indicative f the ppulatins f their blck and cannt be cnsidered as representative. Furthermre, as they are heavily invlved in the delivery f humanitarian assistance, majhees can be biased and susceptible t manipulate infrmatin fr their wn interest. Despite its limitatins, amng all the pssible ptins the majhee blck system was cnsidered the mst slid and reliable system t cllect granular ge-referenced data acrss a large area that culd be crsschecked and cmpared with infrmatin cming frm ther surces r actrs, be they engaged in peratinal r data cllectin activities. Internatinal Organizatin fr Migratin Page 4

5 Needs and Ppulatin Mnitring (NPM) Bangladesh Methdlgy Dcument September 2018 The majhee identificatin exercise cnducted by NPM t identify blcks and key infrmants was an explrative effrt that aimed t be descriptive and nt prescriptive. Effrts t establish an alternative gvernrance system have being carried ut by the Site Management Sectr (please see belw fr further details). Finally, data cllectin thrugh KIs is extremely flexible and in the event that new gegraphical units f reference were suggested and implemented by lcal authrities r ther actrs (such as Site Management Sectr fr instance), the methdlgy can be easily adapted t cver a newly created management system while cntinuing t mnitr the pre-existing ne. Develpments after August 2018 During rund 12 (August/September 2018), NPM significantly revised its SA methdlgy, and frmalized and systematized its qualitative apprach, shifting frm a mstly quantitative t a mixed methds methdlgy. This included incrprating interviews with different categries f KIs, sme f which were previusly inteviewed in an ad hc r spradic manner, but mving frward are carried ut systematically: Site Management Fcal Pints: All site managers are interviewed t triangualate and cnfirm findings captured thrugh the quantitative tl. Site Managers were chsen because they have a great verview f the situatin and needs in their respective camps and a privileged psitin in their relatinship with the CiC s and lcal authrities. Cmmittees and Gvernrance systems: Gvernance systems, such as the Para Develpment Cmmittees (PDCs) in the Teknaf camps (cllective sites with hst cmmunities), were develped in April and May 2018 and were incrprated int the NPM SA methdlgy in rund 10 (May 2018). Similarily, frm August/September 2018, NPM wrked clsely with the Site Management Sectr in mapping new blcks and sub-blcks, which will eventually be established as a new frm f gvernrance structure that replaces the current majhee system. As part f the prpsed gvernrance system, blck and sub-blck cmmittees will be established that will be cmpsed f tw men, tw wmen and ne third categry representative (f persns with specific needs). 2 In additin a Blck Representative will be elected and will represent the residents f a particular blck. Once this system is fully established, NPM will switch t the new gegraphical unit f reference and the new Key Infrmants (blck and sub-blck cmmittees). During the transitin phase, NPM will cver bth systems (Majhee and Blck cmmittees/representatives, until the latter is finally established). Female Key Infrmants: Signifcant effrts were als made t identify female KI s t further supplement findings. While effrts had been made in the past, the challenges assciated with identifying reliable female KI s were significant. This was largely due t cultural and gvernrance structures whereby Rhingya wmen were/are nt represented in public psitins f respnsibilites, nr have ever been in representatative psitins where they have been requested t speak n behalf f the cmmunity. Thrugh liasing clsley with UNFPA, UNICEF, Cmmunitating with Cmmunitiies (CWC), and the IOM Prtectin Unit, NPM has been able t reach ut systematically t female Rhingya cmmunity vlunteers wh engage directly with the cmmunity. By utilizing already functining mechanisms such as the Mdel Mthers, Yuth Vlunteers and Wmen s Safe Spaces 3, NPM has been able t incrprate Key Infrmant Interviews with Rhingya wmen in a systematic manner t its pre-existing methdlgy, prviding a crucial female specific lens t the findings. 1.5 TIMEFRAME AND DATA COLLECTION CYCLE The SA cllects infrmatin n the ttal number f families identified in the assessed lcatin at the time f data cllectin. Therefre, at the end f every rund f updates, the new cunt replaces the ld cunt. The new cunt can be lwer/higher than the previus cunt if the inflw is smaller/bigger than the utflw, r it can be zer if all refugees left the place where they were previusly identified. Hwever, the increase/decrease between tw runds shuld be read as a net increase/decrease, as the SA des nt capture the fluctuatins between tw different updates. A baseline assessment is cnducted n average every mnth. A full NPM assessment is cnduced n average n a bimnthly basis. 2 Gvernrance Task Frce (Site Management Sectr) Prpsed Guidelines fr a tw-phased apprach t establish a Gvernance system in the Rhingya refugee camps (Prcedures, Respnsibilities, and Cde f Cnduct), Mdel Mthers and Yuth Vlunteers are UNICEF cmmunity mbilizers cmprised f Rhingya wmen and yuth. These vlunteers cnduct husehld vists in the camps and deliver key lifesaving messages arund tpics such as nutritin, pregnancy but als mnsn and cyclne prepardness. UNFPA currently runs 19 Wmen s Friendly Spaces where wmen and girls can access psych-scial educatinal prgrams as well as vcatinal training ppurtunities, such as sewing. In additin, UNFPA cnduct utreach sessins thrughut the camps using female Rhingya vlunteers and Bangladeshi casewrkers. These utreach sessins include tpics such as nutritin, cunter trafficking, hygiene and sanitatin, etc. Internatinal Organizatin fr Migratin Page 5

6 Needs and Ppulatin Mnitring (NPM) Bangladesh Methdlgy Dcument September DISSEMINATION SA data and reprts are published regularly after validatin by the ISCG. Reprts, site prfiles, and the full clean dataset are shared publically nline alngside the reprt if nt befre. Prtectin-sensitive data such as cntact details are nt publicly accessible but can be privately requested by relevant actrs. NPM Data and infrmatin prducts are made available n: NPM Prtal : Displacement.im.int : Humanitarian Respnse : HDX: OperAerialMap: Internatinal Organizatin fr Migratin Page 6