Several early American leaders believed that Tariffs were the best way for the government to generate funds that could be used to improve the country

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2 Several early American leaders believed that Tariffs were the best way for the government to generate funds that could be used to improve the country s transportation network as well as other government projects. Not everyone liked tariffs--southern farmers, in particular, resented the fact that they helped northern manufacturers but hurt southern farmer; when farmers sold their crops to Europeans they usually bought Europe-made products in return, but tariffs make these items more expensive. Many consumers did not like tariffs because they made manufactured items more expensive. John C. Calhoun was an important opponent of tariffs and his opposition caused the Nullification Crisis in 1828.

3 1. In the years before the American Civil War, which of these people would have been most likely to oppose high tariffs? A. Manufacturer from New York B. Craftsman with a shop in Massachusetts C. Plantation owner in South Carolina D. Slave working in Kentucky

4 NORTH SOUTH The Cold Climate meant a short growing season Industrialization changed how northerners--worked and lived Urbanization-workers moved to the cities to find jobs. The warm climate meant a long growing season. Agriculture was the primary economic activity Farms and large plantations produced agricultural products Slaves did most of the farm work There were few cities--it was mostly a rural area.

5 2. What was on of the major economic differences between the South and the North before the Civil War? A. The South was much larger than the North and therefore had a greater economic economic base. B. Fewer southern farmers than northern farmers owned land. C. The South produced a wider variety of products than the North produced. D. The South s economy relied on slave labor, while the North s economy relied on wage labor.

6 3. Why did manufacturing become an important part of the Northern economy? A. The climate was too arid to produce many crops B. There were not enough cities where farmers could ship their crops C. There was a shorter growing season, and farmers could not produce as many crops in the rocky soil. D. There were not enough rivers to run water powered factories.

7 New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Tobacco 48% Dried Fish and Whale Oil Livestock Wood Products Other 44% 17% 13% 26% Grain Iron Wood Products Other 73% 5% 5% 17% Rice Bread, Flour, Grain (not rice) Indigo Ot her 20% 13% 7% 12% Use this chart to answer the question on the next slide.

8 4. How did the products grown in the South differ from those grown in the Middle or Mid-Atlantic Colonies? A. The New England Colonies grew a greater variety of farm products. B. The South developed mining and lumbering as secondary industries C. The Middle Colonies did not depend on grain products for most of their income D. The South grew luxury crops for cash, not only food products

9 Good Soil Slave Labor Numerous Rivers and Waterways 5. What economic development do the conditions listed in the box help to explain? A. Plantation system B. Mercantilism C. Fishing Industry D. Water-powered mills

10 Congress voted to outlaw the slave trade, but owning slaves was still legal in the South. Slavery was still able to spread. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 made it even easier and cheaper to grow cotton but growing cotton still required a lot of workers so more and more farmers used slaves to help them grow it. As America acquired new territories in the 19th century, slavery became a controversial issue; many farmers wanted to be able to use slaves in the new territories, but others wanted to outlaw slavery in the new territories. In the 19th century, many Americans migrated west, and grew cottons on the new lands.

11 6. Which of the following was not a reason for the spread of slavery? A. The cotton gin made it easier to produce cotton. B. More farmers began to grow cotton as they moved westward C. America acquired new territories which were suitable for growing cash crops D. Congress banned the slave trade

12 7. What affect did the Cotton Gin have on slavery? A. There is no relationship between the Cotton Gin and the spread of Slavery. B. The Cotton Gin made the sale of Cotton an extremely profitable Industry which increased demand for slave labor. C. The need for slaves in Europe increased because of the large scale production of the Cotton Gin. D. It decreased the need for slaves in the south because of the lowering of tariffs by the Federal government.

13 Missouri Compromise (1820) Compromise of 1850 Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

14 D. These compromises led to spread of slavery into California as it became a slave state in The goal of the compromises listed in the box on the previous page was to maintain a balance between slave states and free states, which of the following statements is true about their effect on the spread of slavery. A. The Missouri Compromise did not effect the spread of slavery because it was declared unconstitutional by the Dred Scott Decision. B. All three of these compromises actually allowed for the further spread of slavery C. Only Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska were truly affected by these compromises

15 Factors that Led to Urbanization Factories were built in towns and cities because there was often better transportation and communication links with the rest of the country; and there were more unemployed people that the factories could hire as workers. Once the factories were there, this encouraged more people to move to towns and cities; there were many push factors (reasons that people had to move away from farms) and pull factors that explained the growth of cities.

16 9. Which of the following might be a reason for rapid urbanization within a country? A. Factories might be built in a city, providing new jobs and this will attract more people including immigrants B. The need for workers on a plantation increased. C. The demand for soldiers for the military brought large groups of men to the cities D. New jobs for women where pay was equal to that of the local men were available in cities

17 10. Which of the following was a push factor that caused people to begin to move to cities? A. Slaves were a source of cheap labor, and white workers refused to work as cheaply as slaves did. B. It was becoming more difficult to find good farm land. C. People who had moved west, found out that it wasn t so great, so they returned to cities on the east coast D. Factories provided jobs in cities.

18 11. Why did people decide to move to cities? A. There were more jobs in cities. B. It was more healthy to live there. C. They could not earn a living as farmers. D. They wanted to get rich quick

19 Mercantilism Free Enterprise 1. British government imposed very strict controls on colonial economy. 2. America discouraged from producing manufactured goods 3. America encouraged to buy British goods 4. America trade with other countries is restricted 1. Government does not control economy; does create regulations to monitor fair participation. 2. Individuals free to produce whatever manufactured goods it wanted 3. Individuals free to buy goods from any country 4. Free Trade: the United States can trade with any country it chooses.

20 12. Using the chart on the previous page, what conclusion can be drawn about the reason why a free enterprise system of economic developed in the United States. A. The American Colonies enjoyed to great rewards of mercantilism, and developed a similar economic system. B. The American colonies chose to develop a system by which the government would tightly control industry. C. British mercantilist policy tightly controlled the American colonist, and a free enterprise system freed those controls and allowed the people to more control over their own economic success or failure. D. Mercantilism gave too much favor to competition. Competition is the enemy of the free enterprise system.

21 Features of the Free Enterprise System in the New Nation In a free enterprise economy, individual Americans--not the government--control the economy; they decide what products they want to make, what to sell those products for, and what products they want to buy. The free enterprise system says that if individuals are free to make those decisions without interference by the government they will make decisions that are best for themselves. The following list outlines the main features of the free enterprise system.

22 13. What is the government s role in a free enterprise system? A. Control the economy B. Set fair prices for manufactured goods, to allow for all citizens to have an equal chance to be successful C. Tell people how to run their businesses D. Make a minimum number of regulations to ensure fairness

23 14. Which of the following is not a feature of the free enterprise system? A.Supply and Demand B.Competition C.Individual Choice D.Slavery

24 Multiculturalism American culture and society has always been influenced and shaped by the contributions of different racial, ethnic, and religious groups. The goal of many groups, especially immigrants, was to assimilate. This means that they tried to adopt the traditions and way of life of other Americans. These groups, however, also brought with them their own language, customs and way of life, and these different cultures influenced American culture and society. This process is called the melting pot. The melting pot is an appropriate image because it demonstrates the idea that American society is a blending of cultures, each group s culture contributing to the larger American culture.

25 15. Which statement is not true? I. Since Africans arrived as slaves they could not have any influence on American culture? II. Only groups of people who arrived in America before the American Revolution had an influence on American culture. III. Only a few groups of people had an impact on American culture. A. I and II B. II only C. I, II and III D. I and III

26 16. Which of the following statements about the development of America culture is not true? A. The early success of American colonists depended largely on the skills taught to them by African Americans and Native Americans B. The metaphor that best represents American culture is a melting pot C. Different religious groups had an important influence on American culture. D. Though the great contributions of women in America can be seen easily today, women were unable to truly contribute to America until they were granted voting rights.

27 17. How were women in the North and South able to contribute during the American Civil War? A. They protested food shortages brought on by blockades B. The worked as nurses in the field and ran hospitals C. The collected and transported supplies for the troops D. All of the above

28 We are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed to declare our right to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife, to take the wages which she earns, the property which she inherits, and, in case of separation, the children of her love; laws as these that we are assembled to-day, and to have them, if possible, forever erased from our staute-books, deeming them a shame and a disgrace... Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Address Delivered at Seneca Falls and Rochester, N.Y. (1870)

29 18. In the previous passage, Elizabeth Cady Stanton tried to show that A. Marriage laws were unjust to women B. Thomas Jefferson would have supported the movement for woman s suffrage C. The Declaration of Independence applied to both men and women D. Women were being denied their constitutional rights

30 ABOLITIONISM Almost from the beginning of slavery in America some people declared that it was wrong, During the American Revolution, many Americans believed that they were fighting for the principles of liberty and equality. It became harder to justify keeping slaves and saying that they were inferior to white people. Congress banned the slave trade in Northern states outlawed slavery altogether, and some Northerners wanted the southern states to do the same. These people became known as abolitionist because they fought for the abolition of slavery in the South.

31 William Lloyd Garrison Fredrick Douglass Sarah & Angelina Grimke Sojourner Truth 19. Which reform movement belongs in the center circle? A. Public education reform B. Women s rights movement C. Abolitionist movement D. Temperance Movement

32 20. Abolitionist such as William Lloyd Garrison had been very successful in spreading the word of the abolitionist movement, but Fredrick Douglass and Sojourner Truth were able to bring added credibility to abolitionist movement. Why was this the case? A. They both were very wealthy, and common people looked up to them. B. They worked much harder than most other abolitionist C. They were both former slaves and had an understanding of what they were speaking about D. They had both participated in John Browns raid on Harper s Ferry, but survived and escaped unharmed.

33 Lack of money to live on Family problems Drunkenness undermining ability to work 21. The problems listed above resulted in what movement and reform in the 1830s? A. Temperance movement and the prohibition of the sale of alcohol in many states B. Labor union strikes and safer working conditions in factories C. Prison improvement and the separation of child offenders from adult prisoners D. Dorthea Dix s campaign for the mentally ill and the building of new hospitals.

34 Canals connecting interior areas to Lake Erie The National Road Steamboat travel on the Ohio and Mississippi River Railroads

35 22. How did the innovations in transportation listed on the previous page affect the national economy? A. They enabled different regions to specialize in the production of certain products which they could market to other parts of the country. B. They encouraged the federal government to impose protective tariffs on foreign technologies that might compete with them. C. They made it possible for immigrants to travel west where land and most new jobs were available. D. They led to the creation of a single currency for the entire country that would make it easier to calculate the cost of shipping goods by different means.

36 Transportation Systems Trade allowed some cities on the east coast to grow rapidly. Many people moved to the cities to find jobs, and improved roads and canals make it much easier to transport people and goods to and from the cities.

37 23. How did the transportation system affect urbanization? A. People could not travel west, so they moved to cities instead. B. There were more jobs in the cities because of the increased trade. C. Land became more expensive, so people had to move to cities D. Southern farmers could ship their crops to northern cities.

38 Technology Led to Industrialization The above list shows how inventions make industrialization possible. Steam power allowed factories to produce large amounts of goods quickly and cheaply; machines like power looms replaced workers and make the use of cheap, unskilled workers possible. New transportation technology like steamboats allowed the manufactured goods to be sold to more people.

39 24. Which of the following could be an affect of the development of the steamboat as a productive form of transportation? A. It became easier and cheaper for farmers to ship crops to cities B. The railroad would begin to die out as the most important form of transportation C. The United States Navy began to travel all over the world in these newer faster ships D. There would no longer be a need for government Tariffs on foreign goods.

40 Industrialization and Everyday Life In the years after the War of 1812, life in America changed dramatically. Advances in technology changed the way the Americans worked, farmed, lived and traveled. This process of change was known as industrialization. New machines replaced many workers and work was now done in factories instead of small workshops. Machines made it unnecessary for workers to take years to learn work skills; this allowed more women and children to work outside the home; many of these women and children worked at mills making textiles. Workers now worked for wages and worked for a set period of time each day for a long work day.

41 25. How did work change for many American after industrialization? A. Many more worked in small workshops. B. Many more worked on farms. C. Many more lost their jobs. D. Many more worked in factories.

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