The Changing American Population

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2 The Changing American Population Population booms Improvements in public health, high birth rate, & immigration Immigration and Urban Growth English, French, Italian, Scandinavian, German, & Irish flood the U.S. Rise of Nativism Speculators and investors welcomed immigrants Others viewed immigrants with contempt and prejudice Know-Nothings

3 Transportation, Communications, & Canal systems Growth encouraged by steamboats Technology Construction mostly left to the states Early Railroads Most served as links between waterways Funded by: Private investors, foreign investors, government funding Communication improves Telegraph, Newspapers

4 Commerce and Industry From barter to Corporation Charters are easier to obtain Credit creates instability Factory system flourishes New England: Textiles Massachusetts: Shoes New Technology Interchangeable parts Factory towns such as Lawrence and Lowell emerge

5 Men and Women at Work Transforming American Culture Lowell system: recruited farmer s daughters Closely supervised Suffered loneliness and disorientation Sarah Bagley: Female Labor Reform Association Immigrants begin to replace the Lowell system Unskilled, extreme low wages

6 Men and Women at Work Factory System Capitalist v. Independent craftsmen Trade unions increase with the widening of markets Attempts to regulate hours Express Contract & Child Labor laws Commonwealth v. Hunt Strikes=lawful Failures of early labor unions Animosity towards immigrants Economic and political power of the industrial capitalists Free Labor Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw

7 Patterns of Industrial Society Widening gap between rich and poor Merchants and industrialists accumulated great wealth and settled in cities such as New York Poverty plagues America Middle class Social mobility Movement of laborers from one city to another New household inventions ease life and add to class distinctions Wall paper, carpet, etc.

8 Patterns of Industrial Society Family roles change Families worked together in factories Agricultural work became more commercialized Women s roles become more distinct

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10 The Cotton Economy Increased demand for cotton Demand for cotton increases: Cotton is king! Slave population increases Alabama, Mississippi, Virginia South lags behind Transportation De Bow advocate of southern economic independence

11 White Society in the South Planter Class Considered themselves true aristocrats Honor in the south = ethical behavior Brooks v. Sumner Women of the South = typically more subordinate to men Plain folk subsistence farming Education was limited Southern highlanders slavery threatens their independence

12 Slavery: The Peculiar Institution Slave codes Not always enforced Task v. Gang system Life in slavery Made enough to live on Women worked in the fields and took on traditional chores Suffered all forms of abuse City slave-life much less strict

13 Slavery: The Peculiar Institution Slave Resistance Prosser & Turner Rebellions Harriet Tubman Language Pidgin Religion Slave Religion Protestant Evangelicalism Slave Family Kinship Networks More Paternal in nature

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15 The Romantic Impulse Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting Hudson River School Literature and the Quest for Liberation Cooper and the American Wilderness Herman Melville Literature in the Antebellum South Southern Romanticism

16 The Romantic Impulse The Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson Thoreau Civil Disobedience Visions of Utopia New Harmony Redefining Gender Roles The Shakers The Mormons Joseph Smith Establishment of Salt Lake City

17 Remaking Society Revivalism, Morality, and Order Finney s Doctrine of Personal Regeneration The Temperance Crusade American Society for the Promotion of Temperance Cultural Divisions over Alcohol

18 Remaking Society Medical Science Discovery of Contagion Reforming Education Rapid Growth of Public Education Horace Mann: Achievements of Educational Reform Rehabilitation The Asylum Movement Prison Reform The Indian Reservation

19 Remaking Society The Emergence of Feminism Seneca Falls Limited Progress for Women

20 The Crusade against Slavery Early Opposition to Slavery American Colonization Society Garrison and Abolitionism Garrison and the Liberator American Antislavery Society Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass Anti-Abolitionism Violent Reprisals

21 The Crusade against Slavery Abolitionism Divided Moderates versus Extremists Harriet Beecher Stowe Abolitionism s Enduring Influence