ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT FROM THEN TO NOW TAKEN FROM

Transcription

1 ECONOMY AND DEVELOPMENT FROM THEN TO NOW TAKEN FROM

2 FIRST OCCUPANTS 1. TRADE NETWORKS BARTER BETWEEN NATIVES; NOMADIC GROUPS EXCHANGED GOODS WITH OTHERS, LIKE SEDENTARY GROUPS: (FURS, GAME, FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, ETC. *SEE NOTES) 2. EUROPEAN FISHERIES FISHERMEN IN THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE INTRODUCED EUROPEAN PRODUCTS INTO NATIVE TRADE NETWORKS (METAL OBJECTS, FABRICS, ETC.); RECEIVED FURS - BEGINNING OF FUR TRADE...

3 FRENCH REGIME 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMY IN NEW FRANCE: MERCANTILISM: ENRICH MOTHER COUNTRY THROUGH ACCESS TO CHEAP RESOURCES AND TRADE COLONY'S ROLE: PROVIDE CHEAP RAW MATERIALS; PURCHASE FINISHED GOODS FROM FRANCE = NEGATIVE IMPACT... TRIANGULAR TRADE: INCREASE EXPORTS (TALON, 1665) 2. ECONOMY BASED ON THE FUR TRADE: NATIVES HUNT, PREPARE AND TRANSPORT THE FURS TO FUR TRADING POSTS RESULTS: (1) TERRITORY EXPANDED (POSTS, FORTS) HOWEVER, IT WAS SPARSELY POPULATED; (2) CONFLICTS WITH THE IROQUOIS AND THIRTEEN COLONIES

4 FRENCH REGIME 3. AGRICULTURE: SEIGNEURIES ESTABLISHED ALONG RIVERS (IRRIGATION) MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR MOST SETTLERS (75%) (SUBSISTENCE FARMING) ATTEMPTS TO DIVERSIFY CROPS & EXPAND THE MARKET AFTER 1663; WHEAT MAIN AGRI. EXPORT 4. CRAFT ACTIVITIES: ARTISANS MOSTLY FOUND IN CITIES (STONEMASONS, HATS, WIG-MAKING, SHOES...) IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS (BUILDING CHURCHES, TOWN MARKET SQUARE )

5 FRENCH REGIME 5. GOVERNMENT ATTEMPTS TO DIVERSIFY THE ECONOMY (AFTER 1663) TRIANGULAR TRADE (NF: WOOD, FISH, WHEAT - WEST INDIES: RUM, SUGAR FRANCE: MANUFACTURED...) AGRICULTURE: DIVERSIFIED CROPS - ADDED FLAX, HEMP, BARLEY... INDUSTRIES: SHIPBUILDING, IRON WORKS... OBSTACLE TO ECONOMIC DIVERSITY: NF LIMITED BY MERCANTILISM (POLICIES DIDN'T ALLOW FOR COMPETING INDUSTRIES IN THE COLONY); ALSO, THROUGHOUT THE TIME PERIOD, THE FOCUS REMAINED ON FUR

6 BRITISH RULE 1. ECONOMY BASED ON FUR: CANADIENS AND NATIVES CONTINUED TO WORK IN THE FUR TRADE; CHANGE: BRIT. MERCHANTS TOOK OVER 1783: INDEPENDENCE OF USA; TERRITORY SOUTH OF GREAT LAKES IS LOST. MONTREAL MERCHANTS ESTABLISHED THE NORTHWEST COMPANY TO EXPLOIT FUR IN THE NORTH-WEST; THESE REGIONS WERE FAR (EXPENSIVE) 1821: HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY AND THE NWC MERGED; MONTREAL LOST ITS IMPORTANCE AS A FUR TRADE CENTRE

7 BRITISH RULE 2. ECONOMY BASED ON TIMBER (1810): NAPOLEON'S BLOCKADE CUT ENGLAND OFF FROM EUROPEAN WOOD TO ENCOURAGE TIMBER MERCHANTS IN LOWER CANADA, ENGLAND APPLIED A PROTECTIONIST POLICY; LOWER CAN. BENEFITTED FROM THESE PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS IN BRITAIN IMPACT OF TIMBER: MODERNISED FINANCIAL STRUCTURE (BANK); CANALS CONSTRUCTED TO UPPER CANADA; JOB CREATION (LOGGERS, ESPECIALLY FRENCH-CANADIENS & IRISH); A BUSINESS CLASS (ENGLISH) AND PROFESSIONAL BOURGEOISIE (FRENCH) DEVELOPED; EXPANDED OCCUPIED TERRITORY (MAURICIE, OUTAOUAIS, SAGUENAY FOR SETTLEMENT)

8 BRITISH RULE 3. AGRICULTURE: RURAL CRISIS, 1830'S: SOIL EXHAUSTION, OUTDATED TECHNIQUES, WHEAT CROP DEFICITS... FARMLAND IN ST. LAWRENCE VALLEY BECAME DIFFICULT TO PURCHASE; THE INCREASED POPULATION IN THE SEIGNEURIES AND NOT ENOUGH JOBS NEW TOWNSHIPS WERE TOO EXPENSIVE (BRITISH AMERICAN LAND COMPANY) MIGRATION BEGAN TO TOWNS, BUT MOST WERE BEGINNING TO EMIGRATE TO THE USA 4. EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION: CANALS (LACHINE, RIDEAU) AND EARLY RAILWAYS (ST. LAWRENCE... GRAND TRUNK)

9 BRITISH RULE 5. ECONOMIC POLICIES: EARLY 19 TH CENTURY: PROTECTIONISM (ENGLAND NEEDED WOOD AND ENCOURAGED THE COLONY'S EXPORTS BY APPLYING PREFERENTIAL TARIFFS MID-19 TH CENTURY: FREE TRADE (INDUSTRIALISTS IN BRITAIN WANTED TO TRADE WITH ANY COUNTRY; THUS, UNITED CANADA'S EXPORTS DECREASED) 1854: RECIPROCITY TREATY (UNITED CANADA SIGNED A FREE TRADE TREATY WITH THE USA; A NEW MARKET FOR OUR EXPORTS, LASTS ABOUT 10 YEARS) 1867: CANADA'S CONFEDERATION CREATED A DOMESTIC MARKET AMONG THE NEW PROVINCES

10 CONTEMPORARY PERIOD 1. RESOURCES AND OPENING OF NEW REGIONS LATE 19 TH C: 1ST PHASE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: STEAM (COAL); MONTREAL, FOOD, LEATHER, TEXTILES, TOBACCO, WOOD EARLY 20 TH C.: 2ND PHASE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION - HYDROPOWER (REGIONS - MOSTLY CDN. SHIELD), GASPÉ (COPPER) RESOURCE TOWNS DEVELOPED IN REMOTE REGIONS; CONNECTED BY NEW ROADS, RAILWAYS, AND TO PORTS 2. AGRICULTURE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY: MECHANIZATION, COOPERATIVES, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, MARKET- ORIENTED, DAIRY...

11 CONTEMPORARY PERIOD 3. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT: END 19 TH : 1ST PHASE - DIVISION OF LABOR, CHEAP LABOR (IMMIGRANTS, CHILDREN, WOMEN); SUFFERED LONG HOURS, FINES, LACK OF SAFETY EARLY 20 TH : 2ND PHASE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION - HYDROPOWER (SPECIALIZED LABOUR; MORE SOPHISTICATED MACHINERY) WORLD WAR II: INCREASED INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT TO MEET NEEDS OF WAR (FOOD, MUNITIONS) IN EUROPE POST-WAR BOOM, : DEVELOPMENT OF NOUVEAU QUEBEC (METALS) IN ORDER TO RECONSTRUCT EUROPE, TO MEET THE NEEDS OF AMERICA'S MILITARY GROWTH, & TO BUILD QUEBEC'S INFRASTRUCTURE QUIET REVOLUTION, : GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION & NATIONALISATION OF INDUSTRIES (HYDRO, GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS); GOAL: "RATTRAPAGE", MODERNISATION, ELIMINATE FOREIGN CONTROL : NEOLIBERALISM, GLOBALISATION, DECLINE IN MANUFACTURING, DEBT & DEFICIT REDUCTION

12 CONTEMPORARY PERIOD 4. URBAN EXPANSION: INDUSTRIALISATION, : UNHEALTHY WORKING CLASS NEIGHBORHOODS NEAR FACTORIES, WEALTHY NEIGHBORHOODS HAD SERVICES (SEWAGE) AND PARKS (RURAL EXODUS, IMMIGRATION) GOVERNMENT MEASURES: SEWERS, AQUEDUCTS, TRAMWAYS, DEPARTMENT STORES, ROADS, SEAWAY ST- LAURENT SINCE 1950: CONCENTRATION MAINLY IN CITIES; URBAN SPRAWL AND SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT (CARS & TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE...)

13 CONTEMPORARY PERIOD 5. ECONOMIC CYCLES: DEPRESSION, 1870'S (SOLUTION: NATIONAL POLICY) DEPRESSION, 1930'S: (SOLUTION: PUBLIC WORKS, DIRECT RELIEF, RETURN TO LAND) ECONOMIC GROWTH: QUIET REVOLUTION, 1960-LATE-1970'S: STATE INTERVENTION (NATIONALIZATION OF HYDRO, CROWN CORPORATIONS ESTABLISHED) RECESSION, 1970'S: CAUSE: OIL CRISIS ENDED PERIOD OF GROWTH AFTER WWII ECONOMIC GROWTH SINCE THE 1980'S - CYCLICAL AND DEPENDENT ON WORLD EVENTS

14 CONTEMPORARY PERIOD 6. ECONOMIC POLICIES: END 19 TH : MACDONALD'S "NATIONAL POLICY" (PROTECTIONISM, IMMIGRATION, AND UNIFYING RAILROAD) GREAT DEPRESSION, 1930'S: PUBLIC WORKS, DIRECT RELIEF, BACK-TO-THE-LAND QUIET REVOLUTION: GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AND NATIONALIZATION OF INDUSTRIES 1980'S: NEOLIBERAL IDEAS... DECREASE IN STATE INTERVENTION (PRIVATIZATION TO REDUCE EXPENDITURES, DEBT); LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE (FREE TRADE, EG. NAFTA), AFFECTED BY A GLOBALIZED WORLD, MANUFACTURING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ESP. ASIAN (COMPETITION)