INDUSTRY AND MIGRATION/THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH. pp

Transcription

1 INDUSTRY AND MIGRATION/THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH pp

2 What drives history? Table Talk: Brainstorm some things that have driven history forward What do these things have in common? What changes have come to society as a result of them?

3 Industrial Revolution Began in England in mid 1700s Richard Arkwright Spread to America around1800 when ideas smuggled to U.S. by employee Samuel Slater Changed in the way goods were made Began with textiles (cloth) the water mills in Pawtucket, RI and Lowell, MA

4 The Factory System All stages of production occur under one roof Began in textile industry Today common in all mass produced goods Raw Materials in Finished goods out

5

6 Change Table Talk: Pretend it s Talk about what your day is like how do you spend your time? What do you accomplish? How do you acquire the things you need? Etc

7 IR changes everything! Before IR: family farms, goods made at home, little actual money used, skilled craftsman After IR: Machines did the work people ran machines People left the family farm to work in industry Earned wages (unlike before) to support family Purchased food and manufactured goods with money earned from job

8 The Lowell Girls

9 New England 3 reasons why New England was ideal place for this revolution to occur #1 poor soil for farming people willing to leave farm to work elsewhere #2 Many rivers and streams to create needed power #3 Close to other resources: coal, iron, and ports

10 Capitalism Competitive economic system Investors with money to spare, put in capital ($) in hopes of making profit Helps support new businesses Encourages innovation Free enterprise people are free to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want

11 Invention New machines drove the Industrial Revolution New weaving and spinning machinery - spinning jenny, water frame, and the power loom Steam engine (new source of power no river needed)

12 Spinning Jenny Water Frame Power Loom Cotton Gin

13 The Cotton Gin Machine invented in 1793 Eli Whitney Removed seeds from cotton One worker running machine could replace 50 workers using hands This increased the profit of the farmer and the demand for cotton Machine was mass produced and used interchangeable parts cheaper and easier to repair

14

15 Cotton Becomes King! Explosive growth of cotton in south between 1790 and from 3,000 to more than 300,000 bales a year Invention of cotton gin required less labor Surplus labor (slaves) moved to field More acres of cotton can be planted with this labor Timed perfectly with the rising demand for cotton from the more-efficient textile factory

16 Growth of Cities Factories in northern cities needed labor due to increased trade opportunities and demand for manufactured goods Citizens struggling with small farms abandoned them Moved to fill growing need for labor force in cities As cities grew added libraries, museums, and shops stuff unavailable in rural areas Beginning of the urbanization of the U.S.

17 Census Data (every 10 years) 1 st census nearly 4 million people - most lived east of the Appalachian mountains By 1820 Census - 9 million people - 2 million living west of the Appalachians

18

19 Travelling West Travelled by wagon and by river Journey of many months roads rough, rivers squiggly route Enter private companies Toll roads and turnpikes (fee roads) are the first roads Later Congress builds the National Road Most roads government built today

20 Then National Road

21

22

23 The Erie Canal Invention of steamboat (Robert Fulton s Clermont) expedited river travel Canal needed to move goods from Great Lakes to NY and the Hudson River (to port) Canal took 2 years to build Revolutionized shipping by joining the East and the Midwest Its success led to others by 1850 US had 3600 miles of canal

24 Canals

25

26 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH TAKE DIFFERENT PATHS

27 The North Technology and Invention The Factory System Growth of Northern Cities

28 Technology and Invention Sewing machine - Elias Howe - manufacture of clothing became major northern industry Steamboat - Robert Fulton to move goods and people on inland waterways Clipper ship - voyage from New York to Great Britain now only14 days. Railroad - By 1860 almost 31,000 miles of railroad (mostly in North and Mid-west) Telegraph Samuel Morse dramatically changed the speed of communication.

29 Agricultural Invention * Agricultural inventions allowed farmers to move west and begin farming the Great Plains Steel tipped plow John Deere cut through hard packed soil Mechanical reaper Cyrus McCormick harvested grain more quickly

30 The Factory System First factories in addition to textiles, making shoes, guns, watches, sewing machines, agricultural machinery Working Conditions brutal! hours per day average in dangerous machines resulted in many accidents lost fingers common - hot in summer - cold in winter - children, free African Americans, women in labor force

31 Labor Trade Unions Organization of workers with same skill or trade Tried to improve working conditions

32 Growth of Northern Cities Huge growth between 1820 and 1860 why? Immigration 1.5 million Irish between 1846 and 1860 due to potato famine -- Irish often too poor to buy land so moved to cities for work 1 million German between 1846 and 1860 due to failed democratic revolution -- wealthier often bought farms in mid-west Nativists people opposed to immigration generally anti-catholic too (Know Nothing Party)

33 Little Industry in the South The South remained largely agricultural not industrial, why? 1 high profits from cotton kept farmers committed to agriculture (and slavery) 2 lack of capital (investment dollars more abundant up north) 3 less demand for manufactured goods in south (few with $ to buy - large slave population ) 4 culture of the south anti-industry, simply preferred agriculture

34 Southern Transportation Natural waterways (rivers and coastline) Most towns located near river or ocean Some short, local railroad not nearly as much as north

35 Farms of the South: Yeomen: owned land, no slaves, : small farms Tenant Farmers: farmed landlord s acreage for share of profit, no slaves Rural Poor: subsistence farmers dirt poor Plantation Owners: often thousands of acres, dependent on slave labor, only 4 % had 20 or more slaves located near port cities: New Orleans, Charleston, Savannah, etc.

36 Slave Trade Importation of slaves outlawed by Congress in 1808 Slavery legal in the South, but no import Concurrently demand rises due to the textile industry and the cotton gin How is labor demand met? Reproduction (families encouraged by slave owners) By 1860 almost all slaves born in America! Game changer.

37 The Slave Codes Southern slave owners (outnumbered) feared slave rebellions Codes prohibited slaves from assembling in large groups or leaving their owner s farms without a pass Prohibited teaching a slave to read or write Codes for everyone!

38 Nat Turner s Rebellion A slave who taught himself to read and write Led violent rampage in VA, killing 55 whites However, led only to stricter slave codes due to increased fear among southern whites

39 Underground Railroad Led by Harriet Tubman Basically series of safe houses offered assistance to runaway slaves from the Upper South

40

41 Southern Cities Baltimore 212,000 in 1860 New Orleans 168,000 However, compare these to NYC 800, 000 and Philadelphia 500,000 at same time

42 Education in the South Private schools common for plantation owners kids No state public school system until mid 1800s Some city public schools

43 Literacy Comparison Literacy = number of people who can read and write Overall literacy in the South lower than the North Why? 1 Geography rural and spread out makes getting to school difficult until busses 2 Culture many southerners believed school was a family matter and did not want to spend state money on education

44 Literacy Rates continued 1870, 20 percent of the entire adult population illiterate, but 80 percent of the black population was illiterate. By 1900 still 44 percent of black people remained illiterate The South still lags behind the north in literacy!

45