Chapter 2 Economy & Development
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1 Chapter 2 Economy & Development
2 Chapter 2 Economy & Development Section 4: The Contemporary Period (1867-PRESENT) Part 3: 2 nd Phase of industrialization & the Great Depression
3 2 nd Phase of Industrialization There are some changes from the 1 st phase to the 2 nd phase of industrialization What stayed the same? Factories in urban areas use of coal Same industries in cities food processing, clothing/textiles, tobacco products LIGHT INDUSTRIES Cheap labour in factories Railways and boats as transportation
4 2 nd Phase of Industrialization There are some changes from the 1 st phase to the second phase of industrialization What changed/what was added? Large focus on the EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES copper, zinc, gold, asbestos, timber HEAVY INDUSTRIES Periphery regions were used to exploit natural resources Abitibi, Cote-Nord, Gaspésie In addition to coal in factories extraction of natural resources required HYDROELECTRICITY as a power source
5 2 nd Phase of Industrialization There are some changes from the 1 st phase to the second phase of industrialization What changed/what was added? Primary investment in Quebec industries changes from British to American In addition to railways and boats trucks used for transportation Unskilled workers were still used More SKILLED workers were used Focus on external markets selling natural resources & goods to other countries like the USA
6 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Where: Urban regions like Montreal continued to produce manufactured goods in factories (Light industry) Addition of periphery regions for natural resource extraction (Heavy industry) Abitibi, Cote-Nord, Saguenay-Lac-St. Jean, Gaspésie
7 2 nd Phase of Industrialization What: Factories in cities (light industry) food processing, clothing/textiles, tobacco products Periphery regions (Heavy industry) Focus on natural resources Mining (copper, gold, asbestos, iron, etc.) Aluminium Pulp & Paper/forestry Hydroelectricity exploiting waterways
8 Natural Resource Extraction during the 2 nd phase of industrialization Legend C = copper A=Aluminum production I=Iron-ore P=Pulp & Paper = hydroelectricity AS= Asbestos I I G C S P P P A A P AS
9 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Amalgamated Asbestos Corporation mine. Thetford Mines, Quebec. 1910
10 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Asbestos processing mill. Asbestos Mines, Quebec. 1910
11 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Eustis Copper and Pyrite mine. Eustis, Quebec. 1918
12 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Asbestos Mine. Thedford Mines, Quebec. 1918
13 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Hydro Electric Dam. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation, Quebec. 1917
14 2 nd Phase of Industrialization View of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1917
15 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Interior of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Company. Shawinigan, Quebec. 1909
16 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Machine room-drying paper. Laurentide Pulp Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1908
17 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Stockpile of timber. Laurentide Pulp Company. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1918
18 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Arial view of Laurentide Pulp Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec. 1919
19 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Canadian Electro Products Company (Chemical plant). Shawinigan, Quebec. 1930
20 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Railway lines close to Thedford Mines. Thedford Mines, Quebec. 1930
21 2 nd Phase of Industrialization How: Boats and railways still important New regions are developed because of natural resources exploitation/extraction Railways are used to access these regions Ports/harbours are renovated/expanded to handle more ships & larger amounts of goods/natural resources Trucks are starting to play a role in the transportation of goods/natural resources
22 2 nd Phase of Industrialization How: Investment was still coming from British investors at the start of the 2 nd phase of industrialization However into the 1920s/1930s American investment takes over American companies are setting up shop in Quebec
23 2 nd Phase of Industrialization How: Companies are seeking out external markets Sending goods/natural resources outside of Quebec and Canada The USA is developing quickly need for: Materials for construction Paper for newspaper
24 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Who: Factories still require cheap labour Low wages & horrible working conditions French Canadiens/immigrants Heavy industries required more specialized workers Training Higher wages Possessed specific skills mining technologies, machinery for pulp and paper, etc.
25 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Why did the 2 nd phase of industrialization happen? ALL the same reasons as the 1 st phase of industrialization With the addition of: A focus on heavy industries/natural resource extraction in periphery regions Hydroelectricity as the main power source for natural resource extraction many waterways for hydroelectricity Increased American investment More skilled workers Increase in railway / road infrastructure to access periphery regions Access to external markets for goods & natural resources
26 Industrialization & Working Conditions During the 2 nd phase of industrialization working conditions remained horrible very little changed 6 day work weeks of 60 to 70 hours Dangerous / unsanitary work spaces in factories Too cold, too hot, machinery could cut off limbs or worse, minimal to no ventilation Dangerous working conditions in the natural resource exploitation sectors (breathing in dust in mines, etc.) Physical/verbal abuse from supervisors No sick days Minimal compensation if laid-off Child labour continued Women & children paid less than men for the same work
27 Industrialization & Working Conditions Unions in the first half of the 20 th century in Quebec continued to grow 10% of workers were unionized in This grew to about 21% in Unions continued to have influence with the provincial and federal governments Starting in 1910 the Catholic Church started to organize unions mainly in Quebec response to American unions in Quebec
28 Industrialization & Working Conditions Laws implemented to help workers By 1929 most provinces made it illegal for children under 14 to work in factories Laws establishing minimum wages for women Compensation for workers who suffered injuries on the job and an official commission to investigate such incidents
29 Industrialization & Urbanization During the 2 nd phase of industrialization: Cities continued to grow Montreal took over outlying areas as the city grew More factories built in the urban territories Continued polarization between wealthy/business class neighborhoods and working class neighborhoods More public services (growing police force, services for citizens, etc. ) Rise of department stores in Montreal
30 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Rideau Shoe Factory. Montreal, Quebec. 1910
31 2 nd Phase of Industrialization John W. Peck shirt & Clothing factory. Montreal, Quebec. 1910
32 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Goodwin s Department Store. Ste-Catherine s Street. Montreal, Quebec. 1912
33 2 nd Phase of Industrialization YMCA Swimming pool. Montreal, Quebec. 1914
34 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Top Left: Goutte de Lait clinic Montreal To help provide children with pasteurized milk. Top Right: Public Bath, Le Genereux Montreal To provide people with a place to wash. Bottom Right: Public Bath & gymnasium, Montreal
35 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Police involved in the St. Patrick s Day Parade. Montreal, Quebec. 1930
36 Effects of industrialization (phase 1 & 2) Summary: How did industrialization affect society and the territory? Urbanization Growing urban population, different types of neighborhoods Living conditions different for working class and elites Factories in cities Changes the urban landscape Horrible working conditions Development of transportation Transport natural resources and manufactured goods across the country quickly access to all markets Exploitation of natural resources Periphery regions mining, pulp and paper, hydroelectricity
37 The Great Depression of the 1930 s What was the Great Depression (GD)? A period of time where the world-wide economy suffered Many companies in Canada went bankrupt Many people in Canada lost their jobs Many people in Canada lost their homes
38 The Great Depression of the 1930 s When did the Great Depression happen? The GD started on October 24 th, 1929 known as Black Thursday the stock market in New York City crashed The GD was very difficult in Canada for at least 6-7 years When World War 2 began Canada was pulled out of the great depression
39 The Great Depression of the 1930 s How did the Great Depression happen? During the 1920s the economy was too hot Many homes were bought using mortgages that were too big for the buyers Goods for homes were also bought on lots of credit Businesses were financed using credit (up to 90%) Stock investors bought stock using credit (speculation) People started to realize that stock prices were artificially high not worth as much as people were paying for them PANIC stocks were sold off quickly prices dropped Companies were not as valuable investors lost their money
40 The Great Depression of the 1930 s How did the Great Depression happen? Companies went bankrupt People lost jobs couldn t pay for homes or anything else they had on credit Less consumption = even more companies downsized and/or closed = more jobs were lost
41 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Who was affected by the Great Depression? Companies Couldn t pay off loans Over produced goods that no one could afford to buy Factories and stores were closed
42 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Who was affected by the Great Depression? Banks Loans that banks gave out were not always paid back Individuals withdrew savings from banks in large quantities Over 9000 bank failures in the United States
43 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Who was affected by the Great Depression? People Factory workers lost jobs Some people had to take pay cuts Farmers had to accept lower prices for their agricultural products bushel of wheat (60 pounds) sold for $1.68 in 1929 and $0.32 in 1932 Farms in Western Canada suffered droughts and crop failures Doctors and dentists didn t have as many clients people were trying to save money Unemployment reached 25%-30% in Canada
44 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Unemployed men sleeping on park benches. Montreal Quebec. 1935
45 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Food line at the Young Street Mission. Toronto, Ontario. Early 1930s
46 The Great Depression of the 1930 s This picture is titled: Moving Day Why? Montreal, Quebec. 1930
47 The Great Depression of the 1930 s The Dustbowl in the Prairies. Late 1920s-early 1930s
48 The Great Depression of the 1930 s What did the government do to help people during the Great Depression? Public works projects Work relief camps Direct aid
49 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Public works projects Construction projects that were run by the different governments (federal, provincial or city) Gave people (usually men) work with low wages Building bridges, renovating infrastructure, building roads to nowhere (any type of infrastructure)
50 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Men burying electrical wires on Parc Avenue. Montreal, Quebec. 1935
51 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Work relief camps Camps (looked like sleep away camps) that men would travel to Construction projects close to the camps Run by the federal or provincial governments Roads, bridges, highways, etc.
52 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Men from a work relief camp building a road. Ontario. 1934
53 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Work relief camp. Ontario. Mid 1930s
54 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Direct aid Aid given to citizens by different levels of government Food stamps, coupons, tokens for staple foods like milk and bread Soup kitchens (sometimes run by community groups and religious organizations) Free clothing and haircuts
55 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Soup kitchen in a church basement (?). Montreal, Quebec. 1930
56 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Monks giving free shoes and haircuts. Montreal, Quebec. 1930
57 The Great Depression of the 1930 s Unemployed men getting haircuts. Montreal, Quebec. 1935
58 Connections to the Progressions of learning
59 Connections to the Progressions of learning
60 Connections to the Progressions of learning
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