Chapter : Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada. Section 2: Second Phase of Industrialization & the Union Movement

Transcription

1 Chapter : Nationalisms and the Autonomy of Canada Section 2: Second Phase of Industrialization & the Union Movement

2 Pages that correspond to this presentation Second Phase of Industrialization: Pages Union Movement: Pages

3 Recap: the First Phase of Industrialization Where did industrialization happen in Quebec? Who did all the hard work? Who owned the factories? What is a working class neighborhood? What was the life of a factory work like? How did workers start to stand up for themselves? Where did investment come from? What sectors of industrialization were the most popular? What was the main source of energy for factories? How were raw materials and good transported?

4 We begin to see a new phase of industrialization at start of the 20 th century (1900s) until the 1930s What helps push the 2 nd phase of industrialization? Wilfred Laurier reinstated protectionist style tariffs on goods coming from other countries More immigrants coming to Canada = a workforce for factories and natural resource extraction Immigrants could also be seen as consumers (buying Canadian products) Increased wheat cultivation in Western Canada = Canada s largest export Abundance of other types of natural resources: timber, minerals and precious metals, water, etc. Intensified trade with England and the USA WW1 = war industry = Manufacturing goods for soldiers, etc.

5 When? The 2 nd phase of industrialization took place from 1896 until 1930 Where? The 2 nd phase of industrialization took place in: Urban areas = cities = Montreal Periphery regions = outside of large cities = Abitibi- Temiscamingue, Joliette, Levis & Thedford Mines Keep in mind: we are focusing mostly of Quebec s situation during the 2 nd phase of industrialization Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia benefitted the most from the 2 nd phase of industrialization population, transportation networks & access to natural resources

6 Map of Industrial Activity in Quebec Around 1910 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 133

7 What? Factory production in cities continued into the 2 nd phase of industrialization Textiles, food canning, tobacco products, leather products, timber products, etc. Hydroelectricity production took place outside of cities in regions with waterways that could support hydro dams Hydroelectricity replaced coal as the main source of energy

8 Rideau Shoe Factory- Montreal, Quebec Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.<

9 John W. Peck shirt & Clothing factory- Montreal, Quebec Source: McCord Museum Collection Online. <

10 Hydro Electric Dam. Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation, Quebec Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.<

11 View of the Powerhouse- Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation. Shawinigan, Quebec Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.<

12 Interior of the Powerhouse. Shawinigan Company. Shawinigan, Quebec Source: McCord Museum Collection Online.<

13 What? Electrometallurgy became an important part of the 2 nd phase of industrialization in Quebec Electrometallurgy is using electric current to produce products made from metals Electrochemistry also became an important part of the 2 nd phase of industrialization in Quebec Electrochemistry is using electric current to produce chemical products

14 What? The predominant sector of the 2 nd phase of industrialization was the extraction and use of natural resources found in Quebec: Water, timber, Mining: copper, gold, silver, zinc, asbestos Water = hydroelectricity Timber = products made from wood AND PULP & Paper production Pulp & Paper = breaking down timber fibers to make paper products

15 Mining Production in Quebec Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 132

16 Amalgamated Asbestos Corporation mine named King s Pit. Thetford Mines, Quebec Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <

17 Asbestos Mining Industry. Asbestos Mines, Quebec. Around 1923 Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <

18 Railway lines close to Thetford Mines. Thetford Mines, Quebec Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. <

19 Asbestos Mine. Thetford Mines, Quebec Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <

20 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Left: Inside Mine King, Thetford Mines, QC, 1933 Right: Conveyor for selecting raw ore, Thetford Mines about 1919 Source: McCord Museum Online Collection

21 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Stockpile of timber. Laurentide Pulp Company. Grand-Mere, Quebec Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection

22 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Machine room-drying paper. Laurentide Pulp Mills. Grand-Mere, Quebec Source: Mccord Museum Online Collection. <

23 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Worker transporting large roll of paper used for newspaper production. Sault-Ste-Marie, Ontario around 1925 Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. <

24 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Canadian Electro Products Company (Chemical plant). Shawinigan, Quebec Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. <

25 What/who? Industrialization attracted more people to the cities (continuation from phase 1) from rural areas Immigrants chose to stay in cities because of the availability of work in factories Working class neighborhoods continued to grow and become overcrowded disease, epidemics, unsanitary conditions, makeshift homes

26 What/who? Industrialization caused a class divide between the working class and the upper/business class This can be seen in the living conditions of both classes: Working class: horrible working conditions in neighborhoods such as St. Henri, Griffintown, Pointe St. Charles Upper/Business class: much better working conditions in neighborhoods such as Golden Square Mile, Outremont, Westmount

27 Photograph of a working class home in Montreal (neighborhood unknown) Source: McCord Museum Online. <

28 Photograph of a working class home in Montreal, corner of Barré and Aqueduct Streets Source: McCord Museum Online. <

29 Photograph of a Garden party at Mr. Meighen's residence, Golden Square Mile-Montreal-1908 Source: McCord Museum Online. <

30 Mr. Meighen's house, Drummond Street, Montreal Source: McCord Museum Online. <

31 Mr. Meighen's house/ Mount Stephen Club- Drummond Street, Montreal Source: Montreal Gazette Online. <

32 W.R. Miller's house and garden, Stanley Street, Montreal-1896 Source: McCord Museum Online. <

33 Who? The provincial government The Quebec provincial government was run by the Liberal Party from They were focused on job creation, industrialization and the extraction of natural resources The provincial government in the early 20 th century also favored economic liberalism willingness to do business with other countries if the price was right As part of the responsibilities of the provinces after confederation Quebec owned natural resources found within it s own territory

34 Quebec Liberal Party in 1897 lead by Felix Marchand Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 134

35 Who? The provincial government The Quebec Liberal Party took advantage of having full control over natural resources They allowed private companies to either lease land and exploit the natural resources OR pay the government royalties based on the resources exploited The government made lots of dolla dolla bills by receiving money from leases or royalties from private companies Royalties = money given based on certain actions = private companies will give more money in royalties if they exploit more resources

36 Who? The provincial government By allowing private companies to exploit natural resources within Quebec, the government would benefit Through leases and royalties The attraction of immigrant to live and work within Quebec To increase it s taxpayer base when new people work and live in Quebec

37 Who? Investors Investors are people who have a lot of bling (money) They choose to give money to companies to help these companies grow The goal is to see the companies they invest in do well make profit for the investors During the first phase of industrialization up until 1920 most of the capital in the industrial sectors of Canada came from British investors Capital = money invested in a company

38 Who? Investors After 1920 American investors begin to give more capital to the industrialization sectors in Quebec Industries such as pulp & paper and hydroelectricity were sectors that Americans invested in heavily Pulp & paper newspapers in the USA were a VERY BIG business there was a need for paper to produce all of the newspapers and magazines being printed in the USA

39 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 135

40 2 nd Phase of Industrialization How? Investment was still coming from British investors at the start of the 2 nd phase of industrialization However into the 1920s/1930s American investment takes over American companies are setting up shop in Quebec

41 How? Foreign trade Canada saw a lot of industrial diversification during the 2 nd phase of industrialization Industrial diversification = focusing on many types of industries instead of only a few Canada was able to do this because of the abundance of natural resources Many foreign countries needed these resources in addition to the products made in Canada This need resulted in lots of trade with foreign countries Examples include pulp & paper from Quebec AND wheat from Western Canada

42 In the early 1900s Canada usually exported more goods and resources than it took in from other countries However, there were some years that Canada took in more than it exported This is called trade balance the difference between the amount exported compared to imported Example of Canada s Foreign Trade in 1921 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 136

43 How? Development of INFRASTRUCTURE to help businesses and make trade easier Infrastructure = things developed/built by governments to help businesses and the general public Examples in 2017: roads, highways, sewage systems, telephone poles, cell phone towers, etc. The federal government understood with increased trade there needed to be an increase in the development of infrastructure In the Federal and provincial governments worked together to continue to develop transportation infrastructure: An increase in railway lines, expanding ports for ships, the enlargement of railway bridges and the development of roadways for cars and trucks

44 Gotfredson trucks- Canadian National, Montreal-about 1930 N.B.: The 1920s into the 1930s The development of motor vehicles allowed companies to transport raw materials and goods in smaller quantities There wasn t as much of a reliance on railways and water transportation Source: McCord Museum online collections. <

45 Photograph of the Port of Montreal between Source: BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. < N.B.: Railway lines were important during industrialization as they has the potential to connect regions that COULD NOT be connected by waterways For example: Western Canada could connect to Montreal by railways to transport grain

46 The Angus shops/yards consisted of a large area of Montreal dedicated to the manufacturing and maintenance of trains used by CP Railway The Angus shops served as a home base for CP Railway trains Inside 1 of the manufacturing buildings of the Angus shops/yards in Montreal Source: McCord Museum Online Collection. < >

47 Map of Montreal Zoom in of the angus Shops/Yards Depiction of the Angus Shops/Yards in Montreal Notice the connection to the port of Montreal Source: Rolly Martin Country. <

48 LEFT: Artistic depiction of the Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge Right: St. Lawrence Railway Bridge (Same bridge) expansion-1913 Source: : BANQ Numérique Patrimoine québécois. < 20pacific%20railway%20bridge > Source: Wikipedia. < Laurent#/media/File:St._Lawrence_Bridge,_C.P.R._Lachine_P.Q.jpg>

49 How? Montreal and the expansion of the Port of Montreal Montreal was/is an important port city Montreal was connected to many cities within North American either through water ways OR railway lines Montreal also saw many ships leave to Europe or arrive from Europe for trade purposes Natural resources would pass through Montreal on it s way out or way in timber, grain, minerals, etc. As foreign trade grew, Montreal needed to keep up with an increasing number of ships Montreal had to expand the port

50 How? The expansion of the Port of Montreal in the late 1800s 1930s The port of Montreal grew in size and some projects included: 1898: stone walls were built along the port along the river/more piers were added 1902: Modern grain elevators under construction in the port 1910: a project to deepen the river near the port so larger boats could access the port

51 Construction of additional quays in the Port of Montreal Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time. <

52 Construction of Grain Elevator No. 1 - Port of Montreal- around 1915 Source: Port of Montreal: Montreal Throughout Time Facebook Page. <

53 Grain Elevator No. 5 - Port of Montrealaround 1920 Source: Old Montreal. <

54 How? Monopoly Capitalism Monopoly = being the only business to offer a good or service Capitalism = an economic system/idea where profit is the most important Certain companies would overtake or buyout competitors until only 1 company was left in the market In addition, certain companies would buy all the sub companies associated with a product or service

55 How? Monopoly Capitalism Examples of monopoly capitalism in the early 20 th century: Banks certain banks would acquire competitors Power, light and heating: The Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company acquired competitors, giving them a monopoly on heating and lighting in Montreal they could charge higher rates because there were no competitors Hydroelectric companies Other industries such as textile firms Canadian Banks Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 138

56 Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building around 1927 Source: McCord Museum Online. <

57 Construction of the Dominion Textile Mill building around 1927 Source: McCord Museum Online. <

58 Dominion Textile Mill, Sainte-Gregoire-de-Montmorency, Quebec- around 1927 Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 138

59 2 nd Phase of Industrialization Who? Factories still require cheap labour Low wages & horrible working conditions French Canadiens/immigrants Heavy industries required more specialized workers Technical training Higher wages Possessed specific skills mining technologies, machinery for pulp and paper, etc.

60 Industrialization & Working Conditions During the 2 nd phase of industrialization working conditions remained horrible very little changed 6 day work weeks of 60 to 70 hours Dangerous / unsanitary work spaces in factories Too cold, too hot, machinery could cut off limbs or worse, minimal to no ventilation Dangerous working conditions in the natural resource exploitation sectors (breathing in dust in mines, etc.) Physical/verbal abuse from supervisors No sick days Minimal compensation if laid-off Child labour continued Women & children paid less than men for the same work

61 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Unions in the first half of the 20 th century in Quebec continued to grow 10% of workers were unionized in This grew to about 21% in Unions continued to have influence with the provincial and federal governments Starting in 1910 the Catholic Church started to organize unions mainly in Quebec response to American unions in Quebec

62 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century American Unions: By the start of the 20 th century Most unions in Quebec were American run Knights of Labour ran 40 unions in Quebec in 1900 The American Federation of Labour was another strong union organization from the USA surpassed the Knights of Labour in terms of size because of their involvement with craft/trade workers Knights of Labour emblem Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. <

63 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Unions became larger more members as the 20 th century progressed However employers did not always take union demands seriously Unions asked the government to help them consider the needs of workers when they establish labour laws The Quebec government did implement laws to help workers however laws were not always followed

64 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Some Labour Regulations in Quebec Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 141

65 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Laws implemented to help workers By 1929 most provinces made it illegal for children under 14 to work in factories Laws establishing minimum wages for women Compensation for workers who suffered injuries on the job and an official commission to investigate such incidents Source: MELS

66 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century How did unions get the message across to employers that workers rights needed to be respected? Pressure tactics such as strikes and walkouts Strikes were meant to put pressure on employers no workers = no production = less profit Governments did not always favour workers when they went on strike police sent in to keep an eye on the striking workers violence Employers used STRIKEBREAKERS/ scabs workers that filled in for strikers

67 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Horn Mine workers strike (aka the Foreigner's Strike ) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec Source: Vitual Museum-Community Stories. <

68 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Discontent among workers was not just an issue in Quebec Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 (Winnipeg, Manitoba) May 15 th -June 25 th, 1919 Metal workers and builders union entered into negotiations with management Negotiations broke down A general strike was called 30, 000 workers went on strike labourers, polices, train operators, postal workers, department store workers, etc. Riots! Many sympathy strikes across the country Unionization across the country grew after the Winnipeg General strike

69 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century Striking workers overturn a streetcar during the Winnipeg General Strike- Winnipeg, Manitoba June 21 st, 1919 Source: Canadian Museum of History Online. <

70 The Union Movement in the Early 20 th Century RCMP officers charge in on horseback into a crowd of strikers/rioters Winnipeg, Manitoba June 21 st, 1919 Source: Canadian Encyclopedia Online. <

71 Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 1. How did the 2 nd phase of industrialization affect OR continue to affect society and the territory? Urbanization Growing urban population, different types of neighborhoods Living conditions different for working class and elites Factories in cities Changes the urban landscape Horrible working conditions Development of transportation Transport natural resources and manufactured goods across the country quickly access to all markets Exploitation of natural resources Periphery regions mining, pulp and paper, hydroelectricity

72 Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 2. Which factors made the 2 nd phase of industrialization possible? Investment of capital British then more American Labour force workers in factories, mines, paper mills AND specialized workers that had training Transportation network boats, railways, road network Leasing of land to mining companies by the Quebec provincial government Monopoly Capitalism companies grew larger and larger by acquiring the competition

73 Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 3. Did workers gain fair working conditions in the 2 nd phase of industrialization? No! unions did not gain much for workers during phase 1 OR the rules to support workers were not always applied Dangerous, unsanitary working conditions, long hours, low wages, child labour

74 Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 4. Were unions popular in Quebec in the early 1900s? They were NOT SUPER POPULAR they were gaining strength and numbers Many American unions came to Quebec to help workers in the province Employers still did not take unions seriously Unions pressured the federal/provincial governments to implement laws to make working conditions better the government DID create legislation (laws) to help workers still not enough

75 Big Ideas/Take Aways from this PowerPoint: 5. Pressure tactics used by unions: Strikes Walkouts Pressure on employers no production = less profit Horn Mine workers strike (aka the Foreigner's Strike ) Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec 1934 The Winnipeg General strike of 1919

76 Connections to the Precisions of Learning