UNIT 4: EXPANSION & REFORM LESSON 4.1: EFFECTS OF MANIFEST DESTINY & INDUSTRIALIZATION

Transcription

1 UNIT 4: EXPANSION & REFORM LESSON 4.1: EFFECTS OF MANIFEST DESTINY & INDUSTRIALIZATION

2 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does expansion and industrialization contribute to growing sectionalism within the United States during the mid-19th century?

3 FRAYER MODEL What do you think it means? Definition. Sectionalism Examples. Synonyms

4 THE OREGON TERRITORY Despite what had been established during the Convention of 1818, the U.S. believed it had a right to ALL of the Oregon Territory. This included the 49 th Parallel. Their rallying cry became, Fifty-four Forty or Fight. This declared that the U.S. should control all of Oregon below the line of 54*50 north latitude.

5 By June of 1846, the two nations negotiated the Oregon Treaty. This stated that the U.S. would receive all of Oregon south of the 49* north latitude and west of the Rocky Mountains. In exchange, Britain would gain navigation rights on the Columbia River.

6 THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR Causes: Texas gaining independence. Mexico encouraging border raids and warning against annexation. President Polk moving American forces in between disputed territory of the Rio Grande and Nueces River.

7 April : American soldiers under the command of General Zachary Taylor were attacked by the Mexican Army in the disputed area.. Because of their superior weapons and artillery, Taylor was able to defeat the Mexican forces at Paolo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Despite heavy losses, Mexico s leaders refused to surrender.

8 President Polk decided to force things to a close by sending ships to the port of Veracruz. From there they were to march west and capture the capital, Mexico City. American forces finally captured Mexico City on September 14, 1847 under General Winifred Scott. Mexico will surrender unconditionally.

9 On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo will be signed by Mexican leaders. Mexico will cede, or give up, 500,000 square miles of territory to the U.S. The Rio Grande River will serve as the southern border of Texas. The U.S. will assume $3.25 million of Mexican debt and pay them $15 million.

10 THE GADSDEN PURCHASE With the advent of the transcontinental railroad, new routes were required in order to make the railroad a reality. Southerners preferred a southern railroad to start near New Orleans. The problem being that in order to be transcontinental it would have to pass through Mexican territory. James Gadsden was sent to buy land from Mexico.

11 In 1853, Mexico accepted $10 million dollars for what became known as the Gadsden Purchase. The Gadsden Purchase was a 30,000 square-mile strip of land that today is a part of southern Arizona and New Mexico.

12 ASSESSMENT PROMPT 1 How does the idea of manifest destiny affect the United States?

13 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s and consisted of several new technological developments. The Industrial Revolution allowed new technologies to develop and began the transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an industrial nation.

14 REASONS FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION 1. Free Enterprise System: based on private property rights. Individuals could acquire capital and decide how to use it without strict government controls. 2. Free enterprise encouraged competition between companies to see who could make goods cheaper and transport them faster. 3. Low taxes meant that entrepreneurs had more money to invest. 4. States passing general incorporation laws. (Companies became corporations without having to obtain a charter from state legislature. Limited investor liability.)

15 Began in the Northeast. Rivers and streams could provide waterpower to mills. Home to entrepreneurs capable of investing in new techniques.

16 AMERICAN ADVANCEMENT 1789: Samuel Slater built a British water frame from memory. The device would take raw cotton fiber and spin it into cotton thread. 1814: Francis C. Lowell began opening a series of mills in Northeaster Massachusetts. Allowed for the mass production of cotton cloth. Built housing for his workers (mostly women & children who would work for lower wages than men).

17 1807: Robert Fulton steered the Clermont up the Hudson River 150 miles in just 32 hours. Fulton s steamboat made river travel more reliable and upstream travel easier. 1830: based on British designs, American industrialist Peter Cooper built the first American locomotive Tom Thumb and pulled the first load of people along 13 miles of track at 10 miles an hour.

18 Eli Whitney: New Englander famous for the invention of the cotton gin, also popularized the concept of interchangeable parts. Cotton gin removed seeds from the bolls. Machines turned out large quantities of identical pieces that workers assemble into finished pieces. Samuel Morse: began working on the telegraph in 1832 and developed Morse code for sending messages. 1844: the first long distance telegraph line was established from Washington D.C. to Baltimore.

19 ASSESSMENT PROMPT 2 List two (2) causes of the Industrial Revolution.

20 THE NORTHERN ECONOMY Economy The primary focus was still agriculture even with the advent of the Industrial Revolution. Northern farmers would produce enough surplus to sell to Eastern cities and towns. Large textile mills emerge.

21 Society: Families consisted of two parents and many children. Men worked and were expected to rule the family. Women, especially, in the middle class were expected to remain at home unless they shared in the running of a family business. Public schools did not exist till the 1850s and attendance wasn t mandatory. Boys tended to gain an education whereas girls were tutored in the home or at special academies. Working class girls were lucky to know how to read.

22 Tariffs: Were supported by many in the Northeast because it protected Northeastern manufacturing and provided funding for canals and banks. National Bank: Provides a source of investment capital for the manufacturing industry as well as the booming shipping industry

23 Slavery: Some Northerners totally reject the institution of slavery as a moral abomination that should be immediately abolished. Others strongly oppose abolition fearing that the result would be an influx of freed slaves into the Northeast. The one thing that can be agreed upon is opposition to extending slavery into the territories.

24 ASSESSMENT PROMPT 3 Northern Economy? Society? Tariffs? National Bank? Slavery? Southern TO BE FILLED IN LATER

25 THE SOUTHERN ECONOMY Economy: Primarily an agrarian society. Cotton is king. The cotton gin increases reliance on slavery. Did not industrialize as fast as the North. Only three large cities (Charleston, Baltimore, and New Orleans). Relied heavily on imported goods. Accounted for only 16% of national manufacturing in total.

26 Society: You ve seen this before.

27 Tariffs: Opposed to a high protective tariff which adds a large tax to the price of imported goods. With the main trading partner as Europe, the South imports large amounts of manufactured products and ends up paying higher prices as a result of the tariff. Southerners provide two-thirds of the national revenue collected by the tariff. Furthermore, European countries invariably respond by imposing their own tariffs on the cotton that you are selling, thereby causing your profits to fall.

28 National Bank: Opposed to extending the charter of the Bank. Many advocate states rights and the most obvious role of the US Bank is federal regulation of local banks. Furthermore, the US Bank would have little benefit for the Southeast where the need for investment capital is limited and money is tied up in slaves or land.

29 Slavery: Opposed to any bills that would have a negative impact on the institution of slavery. Northern have been calling for the abolition or restriction of slavery. Southerners are insulted by these diatribes and the constant focus on slavery has prevented the consideration of other issues of significance.

30 ASSESSMENT PROMPT 4 Northern THIS SHOULD BE FILLED IN ALREADY Economy? Society? Tariffs? National Bank? Slavery? Southern

31 JOURNAL How did U.S. expansion lead to sectionalism? Make sure you include evidence to support your reasoning.