A post-positivist approach to IR influenced by Marxist thought advanced by the 'Frankfurt School'.

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1 Critical theory A post-positivist approach to IR influenced by Marxist thought advanced by the 'Frankfurt School'. Critical theory rejects three basic postulates of positivism: 1. an objective external reality, 2. the subject/object distinction, 3. and value-free social science. Critical theorists emphasize the fundamentally political nature of knowledge. They seek to liberate humanity from the conservative forces and 'oppressive' structures of hegemonic (U.S.-dominated) world politics and global economics. Critical theorists are similar to idealists in their support for progressive change and their employment of theory to help bring about that change.

2 Neogramscianism Based on Machiavelli, Marx, Max Weber, Karl Polányi Power: exploitation and consent Consent leads to formation of a loyal civil society Historic blocs: determined by the hegemonic ruling classes Historical change: through the rivalry of hegemonic interest groups and counter-hegemonic interest groups Kees van der Pijl

3 Hegemonic states vs contender states Lockean heartland: England, USA Contender states: France, Germany, SU, China Rivalry England - France England, USA - Germany West - Soviet Union West - Islam West - China

4 Hegemonic states vs contender states Lockean heartland: England, USA (capitalist interest groups freeing themselves from the state and using the state for their own reasons) Contender states: France, Germany, SU, China (interest groups positioning themselves around the state and being controlled by the state) Rivalry England - France England, USA - Germany West - Soviet Union West - Islam West - China

5

6 Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Charles de Gaulle

7 Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Enrico Mattei

8 Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Willy Brandt

9 Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses European Roundtable of Industrialists Jacques Delors

10 Atlantisation of Europe and Europe s responses Gerhard Schröder Jacques Chirac

11 Preparing the neoliberal turn Henry Ford, New Deal, Keynes 1960s and 1970s Mont Pelerin Society Chile, Allende vs Pinochet (Milton Friedman as economic advisor)

12 Preparing the neoliberal turn Aldo Moro

13 Making the neoliberal turn Harold Wilson Margaret Thatcher

14 Making the neoliberal turn Bilderberg Group Trilateral Commission (CFR, D. Rockefeller)

15 Making the neoliberal turn Rupert Murdoch

16 Making the neoliberal turn Paul Volcker

17 Breaking the Soviet nut Gorbachev Yeltsin

18 Breaking the German will to reunite Europe under German control Olof Palme

19 Breaking the German will to reunite Europe under German control Thatcher and Gorbachev

20 Breaking the German will to reunite Europe under German control Helmut Kohl Alfred Herrhausen

21 Atlantism on the Balkans

22 Compensating neoliberalism Compensating the poors for the losses suffered because of neoliberal structures of the economy Tobin-tax Oskar Lafontaine Dominique Strauss-Kahn

23 China, the rise of the new superpower Teng Hsiao Ping Rise of the state capitalist elite + overseas Chinese Macau, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore Ratio within population Quoted capital share Thailand 10% 81% Indonesia 3.5% 73% Malaysia 29% 61% Philippines 1.8% 60% Since 1979: World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention

24 China, the rise of the new superpower Reserves more than $2000 billion

25 China, the rise of the new superpower

26

27

28

29 Hu Jintao

30

31 Thaksin Sinatwatra Bhumibol Adulyadej

32 Who owes the money makes the musicians play Hurray! Hurray! I ve climbed to the top of the greasy pole! Benjamin Disraeli when he was named to be the Prime Minister in England (1868) Setting the rules of the game The business of business is business. (Milton Friedman) Theorizing the rules of economics (setting the domain of thinking about socioeconomic relations) History is written by the winners. Writing history social sciences: making truth claims There is a certain amount for which my hair gets scaly. Thematizing the public opinion

33 Who owes the money makes the musicians play opinion shapers influencing the framework according to their own value order and/or interests (influential groups using market mechanisms i.e. money) Rules (politics) Theories (economics) Making truth claims (history) Thematizing the society (media)

34 Muslim distribution

35 Muslim distribution

36 Arab world

37 Arab world

38 Arab world official language: green one of official languages: blue

39 Mohammed Mossadegh ( )

40 Mohammed Mossadegh ( )

41 Iraq-Iran war

42 Iraq-Iran war

43 Tehran hostage crisis 1979

44 Lockerbie, al Megrahi

45 April Glaspie - Saddam meeting

46 Charlie Wilson s war

47 Saudi Arabia - JECOR Dollar for oil, government bonds for dollar, modernization for bond yield

48 Pakistan - Zia ul Haq

49 Ahmed Chalabi

50 Russia

51

52 South stream Blue stream Nabucco

53 Russian privatization Anatoly Chubais

54 Oligarchs Berezovsky Khodorkovsky Abramovich

55 3 Power Centers in Russia Soskovets Chernomyrdin Luzhkov

56 Primakov after the crisis Primakov

57 And then... Putin

58 Hobbes vs Locke Hobbes Locke

59 George Bush s War (ON Terror) Ahmadshah Massoud Money spent on terrorsim is 54 times more People killed by coronary heart disiease is 6600 times more $1 spent on a victim of coronary heart disease while $ spent on a victim of terrorism

60 George Bush s War (ON Terror) 2007: US department of defense spent $161,8 billion on global war on terrorism 2004: roughly 2000 people were killed internationally due to supposed terrorist attacks (70 were American) Ahmadshah Massoud Money spent on terrorsim is 54 times more People killed by coronary heart disiease is 6600 times more $1 spent on a victim of coronary heart disease while $ spent on a victim of terrorism

61 George Bush s War (ON Terror) 2007: US department of defense spent $161,8 billion on global war on terrorism 2004: roughly 2000 people were killed internationally due to supposed terrorist attacks (70 were American) Ahmadshah Massoud What is the leading cause of death in America? Roughly people dies in America in coronary heart disease 2007: Government spending on research on coronary heart disiease: $3 billion Money spent on terrorsim is 54 times more People killed by coronary heart disiease is 6600 times more $1 spent on a victim of coronary heart disease while $ spent on a victim of terrorism

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