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1 Advertisements for Students 1. Want to be part of Model UN this semester and travel to Canada? Want to be on TV? Talk to Dr. Boehmer 3. Want to work as a Research Assistant for Drs. Boehmer and Peña on a project examining open and closed international borders?

2 My current web site? Here is my current website, which as of yesterday was no longer linked to the political science department. The new address will be linked to the Political Science website in the coming weeks. Stay Tuned!!

3 The Art of Politics: Machiavelli Part 2

4 Book V This book is less pertinent to Iraq example when discussing people used to living free. However, note the options for a conquered land pose a question about what comes next after Saddam and Iraqi military have been defeated: 1. Ruin Them 2. Go and live there colonize 3. Collect tribute -- imperialism

5 Book VI: One s s Own Arms and Virtue Machiavelli here makes clear some advice to individual politicians on how to obtain and keep power. It is critical that Politicians are self-reliant and knowledgeable. Politicians must possess Virtu,, virtue to succeed. By this, Machiavelli does not mean morality, but instead charisma, military & leadership skills, power base of loyal supporters, etc.

6 Book VI: One s s Own Arms and Virtue Those with Fortune,, the rich may come from an elite class, and thus may obtain power. However, other elites may turn on you, and people may not remain loyal, unless there are other qualities of leadership that attract people. In the USA, the rich dominate politics, but this does not mean that they succeed in their policies.

7 Book VI and Iraq What if you are Prime Minister Allawi in Iraq. How does this play out? What else can we learn from this book? To stabilize Iraq, strong leadership is needed, but this does not mean duplicating Saddam s s reign? The job of Allawi, and for the US as main supporter, are difficult given change and chaos.

8 Book VI and Iraq A key problem for Interim Prime Minister Allawi, or his successor: How do you get Iraqis to follow you? Nothing is more difficult to handle, more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to manage, than to put oneself at the head of introducing new orders. For the introducer has all those who benefit from the old orders as enemies, and he has lukewarm defenders in all those who might benefit from the new orders.

9 Book VI and Iraq We can see that many of the Sunni Iraqis benefited from Saddam. Also, the Shiites and Kurds are not yet sure to what degree they will benefit from the new order or elections in Iraq. Thus, why should they commit to follow the new regime if it may not last?

10 Book VI and Iraq This lukewarmness arises partly from fear of adversaries who have the laws on their side [those who control the new government] and partly from the incredulity of men, who do not truly believe in new things unless they come to have a firm experience of them. Consequently, whenever those who are enemies have opportunity to attack, they do so with partisan zeal, and the others defend lukewarmly.

11 Book VI and Iraq From this we can see why Iraqis have not performed well as police or in military units in the new government. We also see why they are a target. To defeat these new representatives of the state is to undermine the new government, reducing confidence and optimism that the new order will succeed. This was the same problem that doomed the government of South Vietnam.

12 Book VII: Acquired through others arms A Prince must especially possess virtue in order to retain a principality acquired through others arms. This pertains to Allawi and any new Iraqi leadership in the near future they came to power not necessarily on their own power base but through intervention by foreigners. How do they maintain power in the future?

13 Book VII: Acquired through others arms Virtue is the key! Secure himself against enemies Gain friends Make oneself loved and feared by the people Conquer by force or fraud Be followed and revered by soldiers Eliminate an unfaithful military, create a new one

14 Book VII: Acquired through others arms Virtue is the key! Eliminate those who can or might offend you Renew old orders through new modes Be severe and pleasant, Be magnanimous and liberal Renew old orders through new modes

15 Book VIII: Power Through Crime Can one obtain power through crime? Yes, and it may be turned into legitimate government What is the difference between using crime in a bad or good way, according to Machiavelli?

16 Book VIII: Power Through Crime Here we see the difference between the word virtue as used conventionally and by Machiavelli. To Machiavelli, what may seem immoral religiously, philosophically, legally, does not pertain well to those situations where political realism dictates that harsh measures be used to bring order to a land.

17 Book VIII: Power Through Crime Clearly, being too harsh is not virtuous nor does it allow one to maintain power. I I believe that this comes from cruelties badly used or well used. Those can be called well used (if it is permissible to speak well of evil) that are done at a stroke, out of necessity to secure oneself, and then are not persisted in but are turned to as much utility for the subjects as one can.

18 Book VIII: Power Through Crime Those cruelties are badly used which, though few in the beginning, rather grow with time than are eliminated. Hence, it should be noted that in taking hold of a state, he who seizes it should examine all the offenses necessary for him to commit, and do them all at a stroke, so as not to have to renew them every day

19 Iraq: Power through crime, intervention, or civil support The US forces clearly failed to use necessary support to prevent further uprising, which itself presents a moral dilemma for a democracy. Future Iraqi governments may either come through civil support (elites or the people) internally or through crimes (illegitimate coups).

20 Civil Principalities Machiavelli notes that the powerful will wish to dominate and oppress the people, but the people wish not to be so. Which is better to have as a base of power, political support, rich elites or the people? The Prince (Leader needs to keep support of elites if possible but lay support more with the people, since they are more numerous and likely to be swayed more by ideas

21 Civil Principalities The People, since the rich are small in number and prone to stab you in the back if you do not act as their puppet. Hostile populace is grave danger! A leader needs to have the people need his/her regime. This is why fortune is of limited use in the long-run for a leader one needs a solid base of support earned by virtue and political skills.

22 Machiavelli s s Advice Virtue,, in his sense of the meaning, combined with political wisdom, what he sees as a professional skill/training, with charismatic and natural leadership traits, may lead to populism that produces a strong government and military. It is then that later a strong REPUBLIC may be formed!!

23 Book X: State and Protection A good Prince makes sure that it is he (she) that is the protector of the people, in regard to both internal and external enemies. Sound familiar? Is it a shock then that the Bush Administration took this tact during the election cycle, even going so far to heighten fear?

24 Book X: State and Protection The theme of Virtue appears constantly through these middle books of the Prince, later giving way to more particular and practical advice. We see here though that good leadership skills, including military, combined with popularity may make a leader, and his state, a very opposing foe. Examples: Tito in Yugoslavia, Bolivar in the Americas, Mao in China, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, FDR in USA?, Lenin in Russia, etc.

25 Book XII: Mercenary Soldiers, etc. The principal foundations that all states must have, new ones as well as old or mixed, are good laws and good arms. Implications? Stability and Order are key to the good life in a polity. there cannot be good laws where there are not good arms

26 Book XII: Mercenary Soldiers Should a Prince rely on Mercenaries troops? Mercenaries are fickle and the point is to not die! If victorious, then may become a problem if they try to gain more influence in your polity.

27 Book XIII: Auxiliary Troops These are troops from another principality, or polity. In short, allies may be useful but also dangerous. Why? May contribute to you losing battles if not dedicated, but even in victory you are then dependent upon these forces. In short, Machiavelli is a Realist and makes a similar warning as Thomas Hobbes in that a Prince, and his land, must be self-reliant in an environment where there are political enemies both inside and outside the Principality. This is good advice for politicians in general: power base and virtue.

28 Book IX: Military Skills Prince should have: Military Experience Train in physical arts Become Military leader Knowledgeable of Military History and Tactics

29 Book IX: Military Skills Q. How can one take this advice in a democratic polity such as the United States? Should Presidents serve in the military, especially during a war, as a prerequisite to office? After WWII, most Americans could not have been elected to Congress without having served in WWII or Korean Wars: Kennedy, G. H. Bush, Bob Dole, Eisenhower, many others.