What post-war issues caused the Western Allies and the Soviet Union to disagree? What did Churchill mean by an iron curtain has descended?

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1 The Cold War I. Friend and Foe A. During WWII the US and USSR were. B. The could not have been beaten without the Soviets. C. Near the end of the war the allies met to discuss the. II. The A. Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta. B. There, they decided to and occupy Germany temporarily. C. Stalin promised there would be in Eastern Europe. D. Germany Divided 1. For the time being Germany was divided up into to be governed by the victorious allies. 2. The Capital of was also divided into 4 pieces. III. Two : Different Goals A. United States 1. The US left WWII relatively unscathed. 2. We wanted to make $ and. B. Soviet Union: Post WWII Goals 1. Stalin had no plans to fulfill his 2. Stalin had two goals in a. To spread communism b. To create a of friendly governments as a defense against Germany (who had invaded Russia twice in the 20th century, killing millions) What post-war issues caused the Western Allies and the Soviet Union to disagree? 3. Occupying Eastern Europe a. As the Soviet Army returned to Russia, many troops countries b. Local in these countries, backed by the Red Army, took over, even assassinating democratic leaders What did Churchill mean by an iron curtain has descended? c. Yalta Violation i. These communist countries became Stalin s. ii. He directly violated his promise at the d. Until 1991, the world will be divided between East and West

2 IV. Cold War A. These disagreements over the in Eastern Europe and arguments over caused tensions B. Both the US and the Soviet Union felt deep C. The Cold War had begun What was the Cold War? What were some causes? 1. State of between nations aligned with the US on one side and the Soviet Union on the other, without between the major rivals V. Cold War will lead to: A. 1. The Soviets wanted to keep Germany divided into pieces. 2. The US wanted to, and allow them to rebuild (just not their military) 3. The Western Allies and allowed the people to write their own constitution 4. Berlin Blockade a. The Soviets were angry about the rebuilding of Germany b. Soviets responded by cutting off access to in June of c. Stalin believed that the West would give in rather than watch West Berlin starve. 5. The Berlin Airlift a. The West refused to give up West Berlin. b. For nearly a year the allies flew 278,000 missions to bring of supplies to West Berlin. 6. Crises Averted a. Eventually the Soviets. b. The airlift was a tremendous success, and showed the world that the US would not to the communists. Why was the Berlin Crisis so significant? What did it show? B. Opposing Alliances 1. This initial crisis led the US to make a military alliance with several nations pledging to protect each other a. 2. The Soviets responded with their own a. How might these alliances have increased tensions between the East and West?

3 C. The Arms Race 1. The US was the only country to have until the Soviets built one in The US wanted to keep its, and began to develop increasingly powerful nuclear weapons. 3. In 1952 The United States tested the first successful. a. One year later, the Soviets had their own Hydrogen bomb. 4. ICBMs a. In 1957 the Soviets developed a new method of delivering a nuclear device to its target. b. Inter Continental could travel long distances, and could not be shot down easily. 5. MAD a. With ICBMs, if one side launched a full scale, the other side would be able to hit back. b. Thus a nuclear strike would result in (MAD), or nuclear annihilation What role did nuclear weapons play in the Cold War? D. Space Race 1. On October 4, 1957 the USSR used an ICBM to launch, the first artificial into orbit. 2. The US feared that they had fallen behind in science and technology. 3. Space Race competition with the Soviets would lead to the creation of, billions of dollars in research, and a How was Neil Armstrong landing on the moon related to the Cold War? E. 3rd World Competition 1. 1st World: 2. 2nd World: Soviet Union and its Allies 3. 3rd World: Nation allied with 4. The U.S. and Soviets promoted their to 3rd World countries hoping to gain supportive nations 5. Would lead to wars and both nations reaching out to aid Cold War hotspots

4 THE BERLIN WALL East West rivalry. Why? What elements of the Cold War exist here? Berlin divided contrast the two halves. WEST EAST What they wanted WEST EAST Nikita Khrushchev died in His successor as leader of the Soviet Union was Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev was no Stalin, but he was smart, ruthless and extremely. "We will you!" John F. Kennedy Sworn in as President of the United States January 20,. Ask not what your country can do for ; ask what can do for your country. Kennedy aggressively combats Khrushchev. Khrushchev sees Kennedy as intelligent, but. The Berlin Wall: Split between East and West The Wall Goes Up In the Summer of 1961 The Soviets shocked the world. Should They have been shocked?

5 The object of the wall was not to keep West Berliners in, but rather to keep East Germans. John F. Kennedy s Berlin Speech Is this a convincing speech or not? Give two examples to support your point. Results for Berlin, Germany and the Cold War: Berlin was divided, free access ended between East and West, many families split, many attempted to escape to the West-between 1961 and 1989; almost people died trying to cross the Berlin Wall Who do you think came out on top? Khrushchev or Kennedy? Khrushchev lost face by failing to the West from Berlin JFK, though looking weak to some, is able to save face with his Berlin. The wall will prevent crossing until and will be demolished in KRUSHCHEV SPEECH

6 COLD WAR: AREAS OF TENSION I. US Policy Towards USSR A. The US feared that if one country fell to communism, others around it would fall as well 1. theory B. Because any country could start the falling dominos, the U.S. developed a policy of: 1. : Containing communism in its borders at all costs (with military and economic aid) C. Containment at Work 1. Doctrine Truman promises aid to any friend in need against communists, particularly to Turkey and Greece 2. Plan US gives $12.5 billion to help rebuild and stabilize Europe. II. Areas of Tension A. Europe 1. The Berlin Wall 2. Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia a) Some Eastern European countries revolted against Soviet domination b) In each case, Soviet forces the rebellions, while the U.S. failed to act Poland 1956 Hungary 1956 Czechoslovakia 1968 B. CHINA 1. War Continues a) The civil war that had been raging in China was put on hold during WWII. b) Now that the Japanese had been defeated, the war resumed in earnest. 2. Kai-shek a) Leader of the b) Supported by the c) Unpopular, Incompetent/corrupt military 3. ZeDong a) Leader of the Communists. b) Supported by Soviets. c) Popular, Experienced army. 4. Communist Victory a) Mao s guerilla army was able to gain control in mainland China by b) It was renamed The People s of China. c) Chiang fled to where he set up his own government 5. China Transforms a) Mao was determined to reshape the Chinese according the his version of Marxism. b) Created a command economy c) The Hundred Campaign i. At first Mao welcomed other opinions

7 ii. Hundred Flowers campaign sought the advice of intellectuals iii. Eventually the program ended, and those who spoke out were d) The Great Leap Forward i. In order to expand agricultural production, Mao announced the creation of vast farms. ii. Experts were rarely consulted, and things were done poorly. iii. The great leap forward, became a great leap backward for China. e) The Revolution i. In 1966 Mao ordered the organization of the Red youth militia. ii. They promoted an anti- intellectual society where the hard working was the new hero. f) The Little Book i. Mao set himself up to be revered by his people ii. Mao s teachings were published in the little red book, iii. It is the second most published book. C. Korea 1. The Korean War a) Communist North Koreans attacked U.S. backed South Korea b) The U.S. responded (in form of forces) to attack by sending Douglas to push North Koreans back c) Initial U.S. success will result in stalemate after China joins the fray 2. Korea Remains Divided a) No peace treaty was ever signed ending the conflict, but a cease fire was declared in. b) After nearly 4 million people had died, the border ended up right where it began on the parallel. c) Virtually nothing had been accomplished. D. Cuba 1. Revolution a) In 1959, communist Fidel took over Cuba after a bloody revolution b) He was backed by the c) The U.S. was not happy with an enemy so close to home 2. Cuban Missile Crisis a) In October, 1962 US spy planes discovered the USSR was putting missiles in Cuba. b) Kennedy demanded that Khrushchev have them removed, and a nuclear showdown followed. i. Kennedy ordered the Navy to stop Soviet ships bound for Cuba. ii. Soviet Ships continued to Cuba, risking nuclear war with the US. c) The Secret Deal

8 E. The Vietnam War i. At the last minute a deal was struck between Kennedy and Khrushchev and the crisis was averted. ii. The US promised never to invade if the USSR would take its missiles. First a handful of advisers. Then the Marines. Finally an army of half a million. That was the Vietnam War. It was an undeclared war. A war without front lines or clear objectives. A war against an elusive enemy. A war.

9 I. Roots of the Conflict Vietnam A. before WWII Vietnam had been colonized by. 1. Opposition to French colonial rule came from. B. Ho Chi Minh 1. Vietnamese nationalist leader Well educated, fluent in many languages and well traveled. 2. Embraced communism as a means to. C. Role in WWII 1. During WWII, Vietnam was taken by the Japanese. 2. Ho returned to Vietnam in 1941 to fight for Vietnamese independence. a. He was supported in secret by the. 3. Ho believed Vietnam would become independent after Surrendered Instead, the Chinese began moving into Northern Vietnam. Reluctantly, The Viet Minh allowed the French back in. D. Things Fall Apart. 1. The Viet Minh and French could not agree on anything at all. 2. Ho and his followers began an insurgency from the. E. First Indochina War 1. The US backed France, and Ho was forced to turn to for aid. 2. Ho was VERY popular in the countryside. 3. Viet Minh used tactics. F. Dien Bien Phu Viet Minh victory at Bien Phu. 2. The French were forced to surrender to Ho Chi Minh, and Vietnam was divided into North and South. G. Ngo Dinh Diem II. US Involvement 1. Ngo Dinh Diem became the President of South Vietnam after rigging an. He was extremely unpopular 2. communist guerillas called the Vietcong (VC), or the National Front (NLF), began to take power in the countryside. 3. Strategic Program In an attempt to limit his people s exposure to VC, Diem put his people into camps. 4. Assassination a.in 1963, The US learned that Diem s were plotting to kill him. b. Diem and his brother were both shot in November,. c. A communist victory seemed.

10 A. Truman 1. Provides upwards of 1 billion dollars to support France against the Vietminh. Why? 2.Authorizes U.S. military advisors to aid French troops B. Eisenhower continues this policy believing in the D Effect. 1. Geneva Conference and Accords July 1954 a. consensus that Vietnam would become reunited in 1956 (likely communist) b. Neither the U.S., nor Vietnam sign this 2.Nov. 1, Authorizes U.S. military to aid South Vietnamese troops 3. official beginning of U.S. involvement in Vietnam C. Escalation! 1. On November 22, 1963 John F. was assassinated in Dallas Texas 2. at 2:38, VP Lyndon was the new president D. Gulf of Tonkin Incident III. Jungle Fighting USS Maddox reported being attacked, twice by NLF torpedo boats in the Gulf of 2. With the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, without declaring, Johnson was now able to send over 180,000 US troops to Vietnam A. US army was far larger and far better than the Vietcong. B. the Vietcong were familiar with the jungle terrain which the US technological advantage. C. C. Ho Chi Minh VIETNAM VIDEO 1. America s involvement in Vietnam began in 1954 when a political split the country in two. 2. August 2, 1964 The USS is attacked by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats. 3. Both the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese view the Gulf of Tonkin resolution as a declaration of by the U.S. 4. On March 8 th 1965 at 8:15 3,500 marines land in south. 5. With South Vietnam near collapse, General Westmoreland asks President Johnson for permission to take the. IV. Further Escalation A. Early failures lead to increasing troop build ups in Vietnam. 1. the would have to be expanded more than half a US troops were serving in Vietnam. B. Long, Costly, and Unpleasant.

11 V. Tet Offensive 1. The South Vietnamese government was becoming increasingly unpopular. 2.The American presence in Vietnam was also becoming a source of for the Vietnamese people, and Americans back home. A despite assurances from the Johnson administration that the war was going well and would soon reach a successful conclusion, the Vietcong launched a series of attacks all over South Vietnam. 1. beginning of the end for the in Vietnam. VI. America attempts to control the situation A. The U.S. used million gallons Agent Orange to eliminate jungle and regain control of the fight 1. later revealed to cause serious health issues including tumors, birth defects, rashes, psychological symptoms and B. Operation Rolling VII. US Withdrawal 1. Due to politics and borders, the U.S. was unable to attack the Ho Chi Minh trail 2. sustained bombing against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) 3. Killed ,ooo people. A. Richard Nixon began winding down American involvement in Vietnam. VIII. Aftermath 1. The last US troops left in. A. By 1975 South Vietnam was overrun by the communists. B. Cambodia 1. million Vietnamese had died 2. American deaths. 3. War Powers Act a. U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of by Congress 1. overrun by communist insurgents called the Khmer. 2. Their leader,, violently transformed Cambodia into an agrarian communist society. 3. Cambodians were murdered. VIETNAM VIDEO You are to decide whether or not the Vietnam war was worth it. As you watch the video, you need to find 10 pieces of evidence to help you decide, Was the Vietnam war worth fighting? Be sure to be specific!!! 1.

12

13 END OF THE COLD WAR:FALL OF THE USSR I. What caused the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe? A. When Gorbachev took over, Soviet military expenditures accounted for of the Soviet GDP (at the peak of the Reagan defense buildup, US defense spending was 6.5% of the US GDP). B. is the Soviet Vietnam 1. The war was going poorly for the Soviets 2. Gorbachev allocated more money to defense, and authorized an offensive to break the stalemate of the Afghanistan War ,000 + Soviet casualties 4. In April 1988, Gorbachev ordered a phased Soviet from Afghanistan that was completed in February C. By the end of the 1980s the entire Soviet Union had just desktop computers while the US had 25 million. D. Soviet s realized there was little incentive to work harder. II. The Final Players Mikhail Gorbachev A. Was born in 1931 B. Came to power in 1985 C. He sought, and the end of Cold War confrontations D. He pulled troops out of Afghanistan and looked to fix the USSR s Ronald Reagan A. President from B. Thought that the US needed an stance against communism C. Called the Soviets, the Empire D. Worked tirelessly to the Soviet Union in Cold War conflicts III. Soviet Union Reforms! A. Gorbachev initiates reform 1. Glasnost - 2. Perestroika was Gorbachev s attempt to reform the economy and government by B. Impact of Reforms a. Reducing the size of the b. Endorsing enterprise 1. Increased in the Soviet Empire 2. Demand for more and reform 3. uprisings spread throughout Eastern Europe - Gorbachev stepped down Reagan Berlin Wall Speech - Is this an effective or ineffective speech? Cite two Examples C. Communism collapses in Europe

14 largely peaceful revolutions swept through eastern Europe 2. October 1989, Berliners tore down the Berlin Wall 3. Eastern Europe rapidly became IV. Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe - demands of Freedom increase A. Hungary 1970 s small economic reform s criticize the USSR New freedoms allowed. B. In April 1989 the Polish held national elections led by Lech. C anti-communist dissident Vaclav came out of prison and was elected president of Czechoslovakia V. Russian Republic A is the beginning of a in Russia that lasts 10 years. B. Gorbachev is for everything C. Boris is elected Russian president in June 1991, but there is still a Gorbachev to deal with. D. After a coup, Gorbachev signs over nuclear arsenal to Yeltsin, 1991 which symbolically ends the USSR the USSR ceases to Which quote fits how you feel about the Cold War. In your opinion, did the United States win the Cold War? Consider the costs (Vietnam, Korea, Nuclear arms, McCarthy, etc.) Cite two pieces of evidence to support your answer. As the world s leading military power, is it the responsibility of the United States to be the World s Policeman?

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