27S AGENDA ITEM 107 NEW YORK. Offwial Records CONTENTS TWENTIETH SESSION

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1 ASSEMBLY TWENTIETH SESSION Offwal Records CONTENTS Agenda tem 107: The nadmssbity of nterventon n the domestc affars of States and the protecton of ther ndependence and soveregnty (con ÿtnued) G-e-ÿral debate (contnued).... Page 27S Cla'man: Mr. K&roly CSATORDAY (Hungary). at 3.20 p.m. NEW YORK 3. Hs Government had always abded strctly by the prncple of non-nterventon n the domestc affars of soveregn and ndependent States. It could not be otherwse n vew, frst.o.f all, of ts dedcaton to freedom, the equalty of all States and nternatonal peace, whch were essental condtons for the progress of ts people, and, n the second place, because t respected the nternatonal oblgatons ncumbent upon t as a Member of the Unted Natons and a foundng' member of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty. The further fact that the Republc of Gunea was a fully commtted member of the Afrcan-Asan famly of States, whose relatons were governed by the prncple of peaceful coexstence adopted at the Asan-Afrcan Conference at Bandung and reterated at the Conferences of Heads of State or Government of Non-Algned Countres at Belgrade and Caro, made t easy to understand why ts Government attached the hghest mportance to the present debate, f!,,,,, AGENDA ITEM 107 The nadmssblty of nterventon n the domestc affars of States and the protecton of ther ndependence and soveregnty (contnued) (A5977; Aÿ C.1L.343Rev.1, L.349Re.v.1 and Add.l, L.350 and Corr.1, L.351-L.353) GENERAL DEBATE (contnued') 1, The CHAIRMAN recalled that at the precedng meetng t had been proposed that the Commttee should wat untl a decson was taken concernng the establshment of a workng group before decdng when the lst of speakers wshng to take part n the general debate should be closed. Snce the establshment of that group nvolved complex problems, and other ways of acceleratng the work of the Commttee must be found, he suggested that the lst of speakers should be closed at 6 p.m. It was so decded. 2. Mr. ACHKAR (Gunea) sad that he was profoundly convnced that most of the current world conflcts were due essentally to the nterventon of certan States, n general the great Powers, n the domestc affars of other States for selfsh and unjustfable reasons and n defance of the most elementary respect for the ndependence and soveregnty of those States. 4. It was to. be noted wth regret that despte the many undertakngs entered nto by all States and despte the obvous need to respect those undertakngs scrupulously, acts of nterventon were multplyng and takng the most dangerous and dverse forms, rangng from flagrant aggresson to subverson nstgated, organzed and fnanced by States wth mperalst desgns on the terrtory of other States whose poltcal systems they sought to change by provokng acts of volence drected at tmes aganst leaders democratcally elected by the people. 5. The examples of flagrant aggresson were manfold. They ranged from the Unted States nterventon n the Domncan Republc, whch was the most recent, to the trpartte nterventon aganst Stanleyrfle n the Democratc Republc of the Congo, and they ncluded Cuba and Vet-Nam. There was no justfcaton or excuse for such actons, whatever the pretexts nvoked by the aggressors. 6. Hs delegaton had had occason to denounce such acts vgorously durng the debates n the Commttee establshed under General Assembly resoluton 1181 (XII) on the queston of defnng aggresson. The States whch were gulty of those forms of drect nterference were actng n accordance wth rratonal motves whch could be explaned by ther superorty complex n relaton to other States whose essental attrbutes of soveregnty they underestmated. No noble ntenton could be found n those acts of flagrant aggresson, for t was always the large States whch ntervened brutally--and wthout any great rsk-- n the domestc affars of small States. They were rather to be explaned by the unavowable desre to make the small States conform to the dctates of the powerful ones n order that all socetes mght be fashoned n the mage of what the powerful States regarded as the perfect socety. They were also to be explaned bythe desre to secure spheres of nfluence. Such atttudes ran counter to the most elementary concepts of moralty, for no moralty, no phlosophy, no nterest permtted a State, whether large or small, rch or poor, developed or undeveloped, to dctate ts wll to other soveregn States. 7. If. drect nterventon merted the strongest condemnaton, the other and more perncous type, whch took the form of dsgused nterference or nterference by proxy and whch was known as subverson, was equally to be condemned. It was manfested n a thousand ways, ncludng posonng the mnds of the 275 AC.ISR.1400 I",

2 276 General Assembly -- Twenteth Sesson -- Frst Commttee people of a soveregn and peaceful country by the use of the modern nformaton meda at the dsposal of another country, and by the establshment, organzaton and fnancng, wth a vew to the overthrow of the democratcally establshed order n countres not sharng ther poltcal, economc and socal preferences, of groups of adventurers who were natonals of those countres. 8. When the Gunean delegaton spoke of subverson, t knew what t was talkng about. Ever snce Gunea had acceded to ndependence on 28 September 1958, thus provokng the collapse of French mperalsm n Afrca south of the Sahara, t had been the object of constant attempts at subverson amed at reestablshng n ts terrtory a rÿgme dedcated to the cause of neo-colonalsm. As the Head of the Gunean State had sad recently followng a plot by mperalst forces aganst Gunea n whch two French Mnsters, Mr. Trboulet and Mr. Jacqunot, had played a decsve role: "There has been not one, not two, not three plots n Gunea...but one contnung plot whch wll last as long as the Gunean peoples' desre for progress, democracy, freedom and ndependence perssts. That plot s not only ant-gunean but also ant-afrcan." Presdent Sekou Tourÿ had added that the underlyng causes of the subverson aganst the Republc of Gunea were to be found n the "basc contradcton between Afrca and the selfsh nterests of mperalsm and the contradcton wthn the boundares of the Afrcan contnent, between the dfferng rÿgmes adopted by States, dependng on whether those rÿgmes adopted by States, dependng on whether those rÿgmes are progressve, popular and democratc or whether, on the contrary, they strve to mantan, n camouflaged form, the state of subjecton, explotaton and oppresson of ther peoples. Gunea, by reason of the choce that t has made, ts accomplshments and ts determnaton, s the natural target of the Powers whch wsh to prevent the emancpaton of the Afrcan contnent". 9. The most obvous manfestatons of subverson, and for neo-colonalsm the most vtal, were, of course, the mantenance of foregn mltary bases, foregn domnaton of the economy and cultural subservence. Aware of the dangers of that nsdous and perncous form of foregn nterference n the domestc affars of States, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty, at ts second sesson, held at Accra n October 1965, had solemnly undertaken not to tolerate any subverson orgnatng n ther countres aganst another member Statÿ of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty, not to tolerate the use of ther terrtory for any subversve actvty drected from outsde Afrca aganst any member State of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty, and to oppose collectvely, by every means at ther dsposal, every form of subverson conceved, organzed or fnanced by foregn Powers aganst Afrca, the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty or ts member States ndvdually. 0. The Afrcan States had a vtal need for stablty warmly welcomed the ntatve taken by the Sovet Unon. The consderatons whch he had just set forth would gude hs delegaton n votng on the varous draft resolutons before the Commttee.. Mr. SETTE CAMARA (Brazl} sad that he dd not ntend to revew, as had already been done so eloquently by several Latn Amercan representatves, the hstorcal background whch had led to the adopton by those countres of the prncple of non-nterventon. That was one of the pllars of ther system; t had been erected n the course of more than a century of sacrfces, and t consttuted today the expresson of the most legtmate aspratons of the peoples of the Western hemsphere. He would confne hmself to a dscusson of recent events wth a vew to stressng the need to focus the spotlght on new forms of nterventon, namely, the ndrect forms of nterventon amed at creatng condtons proptous for the overthrow of legtmate Governments and ther replacement by groups dedcated to one party and one deology. 12. The de facto poltcal character of stuatons n whch a State or group of States sought by means of ndrect aggresson to mpose ther poltcal system on other ndependent States made t a matter of urgency to revew the prncple of non-nterventon n the lght of the changng crcumstances n whch nterventon had been perpetrated snce the end of the Second World War. 13. Ideologcal mperalsm, obeyng the norms and prncples establshed by the theoretcans of a sngle party, had had to change ts methods n order to ensure the effcacy of ts messanc efforts n dfferent parts of the world. Earler, a seres of drect acts of aggresson had taken place. Today the world was confronted wth subtler forms of aggresson. By nfltraton and subverson a new form of nterventon, supported and fnanced from abroad, was threatenng the poltcal exstence of newly ndependent States, and undermnng the poltcal nsttutons of many other countres. Acts of sabotage, terrorsm and murder were beng commtted n Afrca, Asa and Latn Amerca n the name of so-called natonal lberaton movements. It was for those reasons that, whle condemnng all forms of nterventon, t was essental to pay attenton n partcular to actvtes drected by a State or group of States nstgatng, fnancng, tranng and supportng those movements wth a vew to expandng a poltcal system' based on ther deologcal creed. 14. States that had been vctms of that new knd of nterventon had the rght to take all pertnent steps to safeguard ther'sovere.guty and to preserve ther nsttatons. Groups of States also had the rght to resort to competent nternatonal organs for support and protecton aganst fore.gn nterventon. 15. In November 1965, at the Second Specal Inter- Amercan Conference at Ro de Janero, the Presdent of Brazl had stated that t was ndspensable to proceed to a revson of the concepts of aggresson and nterventon. The frst must not encompass "

3 fused wth counter-nterventon stemmng from collectve acton followng confrmaton of the exstence of deologcal subverson. He had stated that Brazl dd not want to watch any country takng unlateral decsons on behalf of the securty of the contnent, and was therefore prepared to run the rsks "and share the <esponsbltes of collectve acton. 16. Durng the general debate n the Commttee, reference had been made to a proposal for the establshment of a permanent nter-amercan force. The Brazlan delegaton was convnced that adequate counteracton was necessary to repulse all forms of nterference, whether open or based on conspracy, treason or foregn nctement to rebellon. Those representatves who had conveyed ther anxety and voced dsapproval could be reassured that such proposals would be mplemented only f they accorded wth the wll of the majorty of Member States. That had been the case n the past, and Brazl ntended to prevent t from beng otherwse n the future. 17. Reference had also been made to an artcle publshed n a Brazlan newspaper crtczng the proposal. In certan countres the newspapers dd not publsh artcles crtczng the polces of ther Governments, and he was therefore not n a poston to quote such artcles. 18. Many countres were strugglng to defend ther soveregnty and poltcal ndependence aganst varous forms of foregn nterventon. In Latn Amerca many countres had suffered the consequences of nfltraton, terrorsm and psychologcal warfare drected from abroad. Those countres whch served as a beach-head for the establshment of such movements n Latn Amerca could be assured that any new attempt to spread calumnes and 4ntrgnes, and to assst the nfltraton of professonal agtators, would be met wth prompt and effectve counteracton. 19. Hs delegaton trusted that the GeneraAssembly would reaffrm the pertnent prncples contaned n the Unted Natons Charter and condemn all forms of nterventon, drect or ndrect, ntended to mpar the soveregnty, autonomy or securty,0r the poltcal, economc and cultural ntegrty of any State. 20. For that reason hs delegaton had decded to jon lwth seventeen other Latn Amercan delegatons n sponsorng a draft resoluton (AC.IL.349Rev.I and Add. ) whch reaffrmed the prncple of non-nterventon. By adoptng that text, the General Assembly would provde all ndependent States wth the hghest moral assurance aganst all forms of foregn nterference that mght threaten ther normal evoluton as ndependent natons. 21. At the present stage n the debate, he saw no objecton to creatng a workng group, as proposed by the representatve of Afghanstan, to study nterventon n all ts forms, provded that the consttu- ton of the group followed the rules current n the Unted Natons. In vew, however, of the prolferaton of workng groups, t mght be desrable for the Charman to consult wth all the sponsors of draft resolutons wth a vew to arrvng at a consensus beforeÿtakng acton on the Afghan proposal. play ther part n strengthenng nternatonal cooperaton and extendng t to felds lkely to contrbute to the mprovement of nternatonal relatons. Wth reference to the queston under consderaton, the Brazlan delegaton was convnced of the mportance of the role to be played by the Unted Natons n facltatng the peaceful coexstence of States wth dfferent socal systems. 23. He reserved hs delegaton's ÿght to comment on the other drafts before the Conÿmttee at a later stage n the debate. 24. Mr. LOPE Z VILLAMIL (Honduras), speakng as a sponsor of the Latn Amercan draft resoluton sad that the General Assembly had gven constant attenton to the 'queston of non-nterventon, whch was mentoned n the Charter tself. Despte the poltcal or other consderatons whch mght have led to the ncluson n the agenda of the tem under dscusson, he hoped that Member States, n ther wsdom, would unanmously adopt the prncple of non-nterventon. It was of overrdng mportance that actons taken as a result of the cold war should not Undermne the authorty of the Unted Natons. 'Moreover, t was all too well known that the unrestrcted use of deologcal weapons was gvng rse to a confuson of deas that affected the nterpretaton-of the prncples of nternatonal law. 25. The hstory of the great Powers was lnked to the hstory of nterventonsm. The draft resoluton submtted by the Sovet Unon (AC.IL.343Rev.I) was the more surprsng n that t seemed to mark a radcal change n the hstorcalpolcy of that country. One could only welcome that ntatve and hope that t was not merely a cold-war devce or a screen for other ntentons. That document nevertheless contaned certan deas that dd not correspond wth the Latn Amercan draft. It was, for example, mportant that standards should apply equally to all States and not be capable of beng used as a pretext to justfy terrtoral clams arsng from the Second World War whch were n contradcton wth the prncples of nternatonal law and, n partcular, wth the prncple of legal equalty enshrned n the Unted Natons Charter. However, the delegatons whch had followed the Sovet Unon n the C)mmttee had taken a strctly poltcal pont of vew, payng lttle attenton to basc hstorcal and legalprncples. He recalled the words spoken by the then Head of the Sovet Government, Mr. Khrushchev, ngune 1964, on the prncple of non-nterventon and a prohbton aganst exportng counter-revoluton to the socalst countres or revoluton to the captalst countres. Such vews dffered wdely from those of Communst Chna but were none the less poltcal n orgn. The Sovet proclamaton of the prncple of nonnterventon would not be genunely effectve unless t ncorporated all the elements needed to ensure that the prncple of non-nterventon would offer a gnaran- tee to all regons of the world. 26. Whle no one clamed that the Latn Amerca drÿft resoluton was perfect, t was the frut 150 years of' experence of ndependent exstenÿ and heavy sacrfces made n the face of exter aggresson. He drew attenton n that conne'

4 278 General Assembly -- Twenteth Sesson -- Frst Commttee,! -11 to the ncursons by the Unted Kngdom and by Unted States adventurers n Central Amerca and to the legtmate clams of Honduras to certan slands usurped by the Unted States. 27. Thus, for LatnAmerca, non-nterventonrepresented not merely a prncple but also an ndspensable bass for ensurng ndependence and terrtoral ntegrty and for guaranteeng the legtmate and permanent self-determnaton of peoples. Referrng to the wrtngs of Volney and the Abbÿ Gregore, whch dated from the tme oft the French Revoluton and had been ntended to protect France from attempted nterventon by other Powers, he ponted out that the prncple of non-nterventon had been upheld n Latn Amerca snce the Congress of Panama n He enumerated the Latn Amercan documents n whch that prncple was set forth and, n so far as other geographcal areas were concerned, sad that attenton should be pad to such nternatonal nstruments as the Warsaw Treaty, l- the Venna Conventons, 2the Declaraton adopted at the Asan- Afrcan Conference, held at Bandung n 1955, the Declaraton adopted at the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Algned Countres, held at Belgrade n 1961, and the Charter of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty. All those nstruments had helped to establsh the prncple that majorty decsons by States were the only legtmate expresson of ther wll; multlateral agreements formed the legal bond of coexstence whch gave that wll ts valdty. 28. A seres of new crcumstances had, however, arsen as a consequence of the doctrnes of varous schools of thought, wth the ultmate result that the prncple of non-nterventon went beyond the consderatons that had prevaled n earler tmes. The great jurst Bustamante had sad that nterventon had no legal bass and that only collectve nterventon,.e., that undertaken by nternatonal bodes such as the Unted Natons, the Organzaton of Amercan States and other regonal organzatons, was legtmate: It was to those new crcumstances, or, n other words, to the forms of ndrect nterventon, that reference was made n the operatve part of the Latn Amercan draft reÿoluton. As the P.rme Mnster of Canada had stated n a letter dated 31 December 1963 to the Cha]ÿman of the Councl cf Mnsters of the USSR, t would not be reasonable to condemn the use of force n terrtoral controverses whle at the same tme endorsng t n the so-called wars of lberaton, nor to condemn the use of drect force wthout at the same tme prohbtng subverson and nfltraton. Regmes whch clamed to govern wth the consent of those who were n fact lelpless under ther control, and whch had provoked a mass exodus n whch thousands of people had pershed or been shpwrecked n the Carbbean, were themselves satelltes as a result of the nterventon of a major Power from outsde 1 Treaty of Frendshp, Co-operaton and Mutual Assstance, sgned at Warsaw on 14 May 1955 (Unted Natons, Treaty Seres, vol. 219 (1955), No. 2962). 2 Venna Conventon on Dplomatc Relatons, sgned at Venna on 18 Aprl!961 (Unted Natons publcaton, Sales No.: 62.X.1); Venna the contnent. They n turn were gulty of ndrect nterventon through the export of arms, money, equpment and terrorsts for revolutonary purposes. That form of nterventon, of whch Latn Amerca was a vctm, was also to be found n other regons of the world. Its purpose was to subject those regons to a system of dctatorshp that dsregarded human rghts and fundamental freedoms n the name of the sacrosanct prncple of revoluton." He recalled the references to subversve actvtes made by the representatves of Mexco, Mall, Czechoslovaka, Inda and Ghana, all of whch added weght to the stand taken n the Latn Amercan draft resoluton wth regard to the dangers of ndrect nterventon, t should also be noted that the Latn Amercan draft took nto account the vews already expressed on that subject by the General Assembly, n partcular, n resolutons 290 (IV) and 380 (V). 29. Recallng the fact that the Peace of Westphala of 1648 had marked the begnnng of modern attempts at peaceful coexstence, he expressed the hope that, n spte of the newwave of fanatcsm, agreement would be reached on the need to arrve at cvlzed solutons. The Unted Natons was the only forum whch provded an atmosphere conducve to agreement between States espousng deologes whch had thus far proved to be rreconclableÿ The purpose of the Latn Amercan draft resoluton was to open the way towards a common and constructve effort n whch all could co-operate for the progress and development of manknd. He hoped that t would receve wde support. 30. Mr. BENITES (Ecuador) sad that as a sponsor of draft resoluton AC.1L.349Rev.1 and Add.l, hs delegaton supported t n all ponts. He nevertheless wshed to explan brefly the reasons whch had led hs delegaton to jon the sponsors of the draft resoluton. The prncple of n0n-nterventon was an ntegral part of the most treasured jurdcal tradtons of the Latn Amercan countres. They regarded t as an expresson "of respect for the soveregnty and ndependence of States whch consttuted the foundaton of the nternatonal communty and the law by whch t was governed. It was solely as a result of specal hstorcal crcumstances that the prncple of non-nterventon had been developed n Latn Amerca, and the Latn Amercan countres wshed to reaffrm t wthn the context of the progressve development of the prncples on whch the Unted Natons Charter was based --the Purposes and Prncples of the Charter, nparteular. 31. Revewng the hstory of nterventon n Latn Amerca, he sad that the frst case of nterventon, n the modern sense of the term, had been organzed.by the Holy Allance aganst the peoples of the Amercas and of Europe and had taken the form of reactonary multlateral nte]ÿventon desgned to check the popular movements for ndependence and lberaton and, at the same tme, to suppress ferocously all lberal movements, partcularly Spansh lberalsm. The polcy of the Holy Allance had provoked two reactons n the Western hemsphere: the affrma-

5 ..., ÿejectng even ntercontnental... ÿ1-,1ÿ OI nterventon, whch had orgnated n the brllant mnd nonof SmSn Bolfvar. Those two nterpretatons of the prncple of n n-nterventon had gven rse to two conflctng doctrnes: pan-amercansm and Hspano- Amercansm After a regrettably long eclpse, the prncple of non-nterventon found a new expresson n nter-amercansm, whch amed at achevng unty through co-operaton on a bass of equalty, common respect for fundamental freedoms and goodneghbourly relatons. It was that nterpretaton of the prncple of non-nterventon whch had been reaffrmed at the Seventh Internatonal Conference of Amercan States, held at Montevdeo n 1933, at the Inter-Amercan Conference for the Mantenance of Peace, held at Buenos Ares n 1936, and at the Inter-Amercan Conference on Problems of War and Peace, held at Mexco Cty n 1945, whch had been convened to study the Dumbarton Oaks proposals. Lastly, the San Francsco Charter, whch had gven brth to the Unted Natons, had ncluded among the Purposes and Prncples of the Organzaton the soveregn equalty of States, the prohbton of the use of force aganst the terrtoral ntegrty or ndepend_ ence of States', and the prohbton of nterventon n matters whch were essentally wthn the domestc jursdcton of States. The Charter of the Organzaton of Amercan StateS, adopted n 1948, had reaffrmed and developed the prncples of the Unted Natons Charter. 32. Draft resoluton AC.L.349Rev.I and Add.l, submtted by eghteen Latn Amercan States, contaned nothng that conflcted wth the prncples of the Charter of the Unted Natons or those of the Charter of the Organzaton of Amercan States. Operatve paragraph 5 was partcularly mportant, for by provdng that measures taken by COmpetent nternatonal organs n accordance wth the Unted Natons Charter dd not consttute nterventon, t safeguarded the provsons relatng to the competence Of Unted Natons organs and ther relatons wth Other bodes whch mght be called upon to take specal measures. In addton, the prncples proclamed n the draft resoluton were ncorporated n the fundamental nstruments of Other regonal organzatons besdes the Organzaton of Amercan States, ncludng the Pact of States and the Charter,ÿ ÿ,-- ÿ!he.league of Arab Unty. By COmbnng the, ÿl,ÿ prncples urgamzaton contaned Of Afrcan n the regonal agreements and the postve elements of the draft resolutons before the Commttee, ncludng the Latn Amercan draft, t mght be possble to [tame a sngle text whch would be adopted unanmously. 33. He Wshed to stress that the adopton.o;ÿ such L resoluton would n no way have the effect of removng the queston of non-nterventon from the lst f prncples of nternatonal law whch had. been ssgned for study to the Specal Commttee on rncples of Internatonal Law concernng Frendly elatons and Co-operaton among States under General ssembly resolutons 1815 (XVII) and 1966 (XVIII). Lastly, he emphaszed that the prncple of n-nterventon dd not apply to matters whch had n freely and voluntarly placed under nternatonal {ÿ jursdcton by the States sgnatores to the Charter, and that consequently no objecton of lack of jursdcton could be rased on the bass of Artcle 2, paragraph 7, of the Unted Natons Charter n the case of flagrant volatons of the prncples proclamed n the Charter or of acton taken by the competent Unted Natons organs to mantan nternatonal peace and securty. 35. Mr. ARNAUD (France}, speakrÿ n exercse of the rght of reply, sad that hs delegaton was not n the habt of allowng tself to be drawn nto sterle polemcs on any subject, and would not do so n the present case, although the representatve of Gunea had crtczed the atttude of the French Government n connexon wth recent events n hs country. Whle categorcally rejectng the slander just levelled at France, whch would convnce no one, he ponted out that statements such as that made by the representatve of Gtÿnea dd not contrbute to creatng the atmosphere of sncere co-operaton on whch the effectveness of the Commttee,s Work depended. 36. Mr. ACHKAR (Gunea}, also speak'ng n exercse of the rght of reply, sad that he was not naÿre enough to expect the mnsters mplcated n the recent plot aganst Gunea to admt ther gult. Alreadyn Aprl 1960 Gunea had been the vctm of external nterventon organzed from two former French "colones--whch at that tme were stll colones_ and funds amountng to $4 mllon had been brought nto Gunea to foment a rebellon there. Snce that tme a permanent plot aganst Gunea, n forms of varyng degrees of subtlety, had been n process Those were not mere allegatons: the Government of Guneapossessed rrefutable evdence regardng the latest plot, whch t ntended to produce before the Competent organ of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty. The denals hwee:: n:tcsurprsng' but nether could they conceal t t o-operaton of Mr. Trboulet and Mr. Jaequnot, who had not only ntated but also fnanced a plot to overthrow the present rÿgme n order to replace t by a neocolonalst government; no denal could alter the fact, of whch proof exsted, that a plot had been hatched aganst the soveregnty of the State of Gunea. In any case, those,who were responsble for that plot were wastng ther tme, for the present r6gme was based upon the wll of the people, and to lqudate t t would be necessary to lqudate the Gunean people. 37. Mr. IDZUMBUIR (Democratc Republc of the Congo} pad trbute to the USSR delegaton for havng requested the ncluson n the agenda of the queston of the nadmssblty of nterventon n the domestc affars of States and the protecton of ther ndepend_ ence and soveregnty. That s[ep was themore encouragng because t came from a Permanent member of the Securty Councl, whose membershp ncluded the countres whch were powerful enough to volate the soveregnty of small States or, on the contrary, to protect t. The Democratc Republc of the Congo attached the more mportance to the queston because snce ts attanment of ndependence ts soveregnty and terrtoral ntegrty had been volated by armed nÿ.erventon, poltcal pressure, subversve actvtes and other acts of aggresson; for the struggle between! ÿ

6 280 General Assembly -- Twenteth Sesson -- Frst Commttee! ant-communsm and ant-captalsm was n fact takng place wthn the smaller countres, whch so urgently needed the co-operaton of all f they were to overcome under-development. 38. He expressed surprse that at the 1399th meetng, the Cuban representatve, after condemnng nterventon n the domestc affars of States, should have crtczed certan poltcal events whch had taken place n the Congo and nterpreted them n a tendentous manner. Cuba was not n a very good poston to crtcze others, consderng that one of ts nformaton centres n Afrca had just been expelled for engagng n subversve actvtes, that an Afrcan country had recently categorcally refused to accept Cuban agrcultural experts, that Havana traned young Afrcans n subverson technques n order to send them as subversve agents to ther own countres, and, moreover, that Cuba's subversve actvtes had been denounced by the Latn Amercan countres. Cuba would therefore be well advsed to draw the approprate conclusons from the crss whch t had tself undergone. 39. The draft resoluton submtted by eghteen Latn Amercan countres was an almost completely comprehensve and very well balanced document. He would therefore merely suggest the nserton,between the fourth and ffth preambular paragraphs, of a paragraph readng" "Notng the concrete expresson of that prncple n the declaraton on the problem of subverson adopted on 24 October 1965 at Accra by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organzaton of Afrcan Unty,". On the other hand, hs delegaton noted an nconsstency between the draft resoluten submtted by the Sovet Unon (AC.IL. 343Rev.l} and the explanatory memorandum attached to the request for the ncluson of the tem n the agenda (A5977). In paragraph 4 of,the explanatory memorandum all forms of nterventon were condemned, whereas the declaraton seemed to refer only to armed nterventon, thus creatng the mpresson that there was no other form of nterventon whch was at present a threat to nternatonal peace. The text of the declaraton would accordngly be mproved by beng brought nto lne wth the explanatory memorandum. In addton, agan, some reference to the declaraton on the problem of subverson adopted at Accra n 1965 would be useful. Lastly, the reference n paragraph 3 to "the just struggle of peoples for natonal ndependence and freedom" should be made more specfc, for n,some quarters those words were nterpreted n a sense favourable to rebels who sought to overthrow legtmate governments. Aclear dstncton should therefore be drawn between ndependent and soveregn States and non-ndependent States. of nterventon. The amendments (AC.IL.350 and Corr.l, AC.IL.351 and AC.IL.352} submtted to the Sovet draft all appeared to be ntended to defne n more specfc terms certan forms of nterventon whch had to be opposed. He hoped that on the bass Of those amendments t would prove possble to draft a sngle text whch could be adopted unanmously. Hs country, for ts part, would not support a declaraton whch omtted to menton the Accra declaraton; whch faled to dstngushbetween nterventon and the rght of any State to appeal for external assstance n order to preserve ts soveregnty and terrtoral ntegrty; whch condemned assstance to colonal peoples strugglng for ther ndependence; or whch dd not denounce acts that gave materal, poltcal or moral encouragement to subversve movements desgned to overthrow legtmate governments by means condemned by nternatonal law. 41. Mr. ALARCON QUESADA (Cuba), speakng n exercse of the rght of reply, sad that he dd not feel t necessary to dwell on the somewhat unconvncng arguments put forward aganst hs country by the representatves of Brazl and Honduras, but he wshed to draw the Commttee's attenton to the fact that two of the sponsors of draft resoluton AC.1L.349Rev.1 and Add.l, n whch the prncple of non-nterventon was reaffrmed, represented countres whch had sent occupaton troops to the Domncan Republc. Moreover the Brazlan representatve, at the 1399th meetng, had made clear hs Government's ntenton to persst n that partcular form of nterventon. 42. Wth regard to the observatons of the representatve of the Democratc Republc of the Congo, he thought t regrettable that the latter.had attacked Cuba, as f that country were responsble for foregn nterventon n Afrca, wthout fndng a sngle word to condemn the mperalst Powers. That was hardly surprsng, however, comng as t dd from a rÿgme whch had resorted to the use of whte mercenares --natonals of racst rggmes--to restore order n ts country. 43. Mr. SETTE CAMARA (Brazl), speakng nexercse of the rght of reply, sad that he would not reterate the vews he had already expressed on the establshment of a' Latn Amercan peace force. However, he could not accept any lessons from Cuba on the subject of non-nterventon, consderng the many subversve actvtes organzed by that country n Latn Amerca. The dea of a Latn Amercan pÿace force was beng formally dscussed by the Organzaton of Amercan States, and those Latn Amercan countres whch supported t were hopng that the remanng countres of the contnent would soon come over to ther pont of vew.? 40. He reserved the rght to return on a later occason to the draft resoluton submtted by the Unted Arab Republc (AC.IL.353}; he regretted, however, that that draft, submtted by an Afrcan country, omtted any reference to the declaraton (ÿn Ibm. nrnhlÿ.rn nf.ÿllhvÿ.rgnn ÿ.d6nt.ÿd at Aaara. and 44. Mr. IDZUMBUIR (Democratc Republc of the Congo), speakng n exercse of the rght of reply, nvted the Cuban representatve to read the declaraton on the problem of subverson adopted at Accra on 24 October 1965 by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organzaton of Afrcan

7 ÿuuÿurded-- f he wshed to be convnced that the Democratc Republc of the Congo Condemned foregn nterventon of any knd. On the queston of mercenares, concernng whch he had already explaned hs Government,s poston, the fact that the Cuban representatve had mentoned t made t clear that Cuba had not learned the lesson Of the Cuban crss, although the facts whch had caused that crss were well known to everyone. 45. Mr. LOPEZ VILLAMIL (Honduras), speakng n exercse of the rght of reply, sad that hs country felt great admraton for the Cuban people, whose frst Presdent had marred a Honduran grl, and for the Cuban lberators and thnkers who had helped to enrch the culture of the Latn Amercan contnent'. He would not engage n polemcs, out of respect for the Cuban people, who were passng through tragc days, and thousands of whom were fleeng persecuton n ther homeland only to shpwreck n the Carbbean Sea. 46. Mrl ALARCON QUESADA (Cuba) sad that the facts as to shpwrecks n the Carrbean Sea had been exaggerated by Cuba's detractors; but t was well known that.those who dd not wsh to lve n Cuba had always been able to leave by ar; flghts to t.he Amercan contnent had never been nterrupted, apart from those to the Unted States of Amerca, 281 whch had been stopped by unlateral decson of the latter country and not by Cuba. Moreover, an agreement had just been reached between the Unted States and Cuba to restore the ar lnk. 47. Mr. BURNS (Canada) asked the Charman whether o.e0 e,roseo. o.g an to draft a sngle text on the bass of the dfferent draft resolutons and amendments submtted had been establshed, and f not, what procedure would be followed to expedte the Commttee's work. 48. The CHAIRMAN repled that the consultatons held between delegatons, and between hmself, the varous groups represented n the Commttee and the sponsors, had produced no common denomnator on the bass of whch the workng group mght be set up. He therefore proposed that nformal contacts should contnue, n the hope that the sponsors of the varous drafts mght reach agreement not only among themselves but also wth the representatves of the dfferent groups of countres. If those, efforts faled, a further effort mght be made to set up a workng group, n spte of the dffcultes nvolved. He for one would spare no endeavour tobrng the Commttee,s work to a successful concluson. The meetng rose at 5.25 p.m _._. tho n U.N ju!y