CMS History and Structure. From Stockholm to Bonn

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1 CMS Hstory and Structure From Stockholm to Bonn Representatves of over 100 countres as well as many ntergovernmental agences and non-governmental organzatons met n Stockholm, Sweden n June 1972 to dscuss the state of the world s envronment at the UN Conference on the Human Envronment. One major outcome of the Conference was the decson to estab lsh the Unted Natons Envronment Programme (UNEP). The Conference also recognzed the specal threats faced by mgratory speces on ther often arduous journeys across poltcal boundares. The delegates agreed that an nternatonal nstrument to protect mgratory speces was necessary. In 1974 the German Government, through the then Federal Mns try of Food, Agrculture and Forestry (the predecessor of the Federal Mnstry of the Envronment, Nature Protecton and Nuclear Safety) was mandated by UNEP to prepare an approprate draft text of a Conventon. The German Government enlsted the support of the legal experts of the IUCN s Envronmental Law Centre. After long consultatons wth potental Partes, the IUCN ELC produced a text whch formed the bass of negotaton. The fnal verson of ths text was sgned on 23 June 1979, n the Bonn dstrct of Bad Godesberg. On 1 November 1983 the Conventon came nto effect n nternatonal law. In November 1984 a Secretarat was establshed n Bonn at the nvtaton of the German Government. It s provded by UNEP and, therefore, s sometmes known as the UNEP/CMS Secretarat. For a long tme t was the only ndependent Unted Natons entty n Germany operatng globally. The Federal Republc of Germany s not only the Conventon s host country, but t also serves as the Conventon s Depostary. Ths means that all Contractng Partes have to depost ther nstruments of ratfcaton or accesson wth the German Foregn Mnstry. As Depostary, Germany s the only country wth permanent representaton on the Conventon s Standng Commttee. Key facts: The UN Conference on Man and the Envronment took place n Stockholm n CMS was sgned on 23 June 1979 n the Bonn suburb of Bad Godesberg, and for ths reason, the Conventon s also known as the Bonn Conventon. The Conventon entered nto force on 1 November 1983 and the Secretarat, provded by the Unted Natons Envronment Programme, was establshed the followng year. Hstory and Structure 1 From Stockholm to Bonn

2 CMS Hstory and Structure UNEP Mlestones 1997: Narob Declaraton redefnes and strengthens UNEP s role and mandate. 1972: UN Conference on the Human Envronment recommends the creaton of a UN envronmental organzaton; UNEP s born. 1973: Conventon on Internatonal Trade n Endangered Speces (CITES). 1975: The Medterranean Acton Plan was the frst UNEPbrokered Regonal Seas agreement. 1979: The Bonn Conventon on the Conservaton of Mgratory Speces of Wld Anmals s concluded. 1985: Venna Conventon for the Protecton of the Ozone Layer. 1987: Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. 1988: Inter-governmental Panel on Clmate Change (IPCC). 1989: Basel Conventon on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes. 1992: UN Conference on Envronment and Development (Earth Summt) publshes Agenda 21; concluson of the Conventon on Bologcal Dversty (CBD). 1995: Global Programme of Acton (GPA) launched to protect the marne envronment from land-based sources of polluton. 1998: Rotterdam Conventon on Pror Informed Consent (Hazardous Chemcals) 2000: Cartagena Protocol on Bosafety adopted to address the ssue of genetcally modfed organsms; the Malmö Declar aton; frst Global Mnsteral Forum on the Envronment calls for strengthened nternatonal envronmental governance. 2001: Stockholm Conventon on Persstent Organc Pollutants (POPs). 2002: World Summt on Sustanable Development. 2004: Bal Strategc Plan for Technology Support and Capacty Buldng. 2005: The Mllennum Ecosystem Assessment hghlghts the mport ance of ecosystems to human well-beng, and the extent of eco system declne. The World Summt outcome document hghlghts key role of the envronment n sustanable development. 2011: UNEP Governng Councl adopts a decson to proceed wth the operatonalzaton of the Intergovernmental Platform on Bodversty and Ecosystem Servces (IPBES). 2014: UN Envronment Assembly, wth global membershp, meets for the frst tme June replacng the UNEP Governng Councl. Key facts: UN Conference on the Human Envronment took place n Stockholm n UNEP establshed by the General Assembly Key Conventons enter nto force CITES (1973), CMS (1979), CBD (1992). The Earth Summt Ro de Janero Appontment of current Executve Drector of UNEP, Achm Stener, Hstory and Structure 2 UNEP Mlestones

3 CMS Hstory and Structure Negotatng CMS Godesburg Presseamt Stadt Bonn Representatves from 77 States met n Bonn n June 1979 at the nvtaton of the Federal Republc of Germany to negotate the Convent on on the Conservaton of Mgratory Speces of Wld Anmals. Ths was the culmnaton of years of nternatonal consultatons led by Germany supported by the Envronmental Law Centre (ELC) of the World Conservaton Unon (IUCN). The mpetus leadng to the concluson of CMS came from the adopton at the Conference on the Human Envronment (Stockholm, 1972) of recommendaton 32. It called for the conservaton of speces that mgrate between countres to be enshrned n nternatonal law. IUCN had long advocated ths dea. In 1974 Germany assumed the task of followng up ths recommend aton and at the UNEP Governng Councl (Narob, 1974) announced that t would prepare a conventon on mgratory speces and would convene an nternatonal meetng to negotate t. From the outset, the German Government had the support of IUCN. For the next four years offcals of the German Mnstry of Food, Agrculture and Forestry (the predecessor of today s Federal Mnstry for the Envronment) worked closely wth the ELC. IUCN prepared the ntal draft, an unoffcal text sent to all govern ments wth whch the Federal Republc of Germany had dplomatc relatons. A meetng of experts was then held n Bonn n July 1976 to dscuss the draft. The experts comments provded the bass for the preparaton of a revsed, offcal draft to be submtted to a plenpotentary conference. Whle some areas of controversy remaned, t was clear that there was support for an umbrella conventon, whch would co-ordnate acton on the conservaton of mgratory speces, and wthn whch nternatonal agreements coverng one or more speces would be negotated. Ths was a novel dea, and the flexblty t provded was appeal ng. Opnons dffered on a number of mportant features, n partcular scope: some favoured a broad approach and others wshed to restrct the conventon to endangered speces and exclude marne speces, such as commercally exploted fsh. These problems were not overcome n the next draft, so they came to a head durng the 1979 plenpotentary conference. A mnor ty thought that marne speces should not be covered by the convent on, because conflcts mght arse wth the smultaneously proposed conventon on the law of the sea (UNCLOS). Another proposal on the scope of the conventon was to exclude the Antarctc regon, whch was already the subject of separate conservaton negotatons. The debate over these and several other ponts relatng to defnng mgratory speces as shared resources (then a novel, even controversal, legal concept) led to a tense negotatng atmosphere. Negotatons mght have faled, had the Afrcan delegatons not op posed the proposals to restrct the Conventon s scope, and n a show of unty nssted on a holstc approach. They ssued a jont proclamaton, declarng that wldlfe as a whole, and mgratory speces n partcular, are a common hertage of manknd to be conserved and managed n the common nterest and by the common consent of all peoples. The excluson of groups of speces or geographcal areas was nconsstent wth these vews. Success! European, Asan and Latn Amercan delegatons support ed the Afrcan declaraton, but a consensus could not be reached, and a vote took place, rejectng any lmtaton. Ultmately, the Conventon as a whole was adopted wth only two dssentng votes. The two countres concerned later took the unprecedented step of changng ther vote the next day to an abstenton. And so CMS was born! The text of ths sheet draws on an artcle publshed n the CMS 25 th Annversary booklet by the late Françose Burhenne-Gulmn. Hstory and Structure 3 Negotatng CMS

4 CMS Hstory and Structure The Secretarat Langer Eugen, Floran Kel, AEWA / UNEP The CMS Secretarat s responsble for the admnstraton of The orgnal staff contngent of two has grown to 17 manage- the Conventon and s provded by the Unted Natons Envronment Programme. The Secretarat s tasks are set out n Artcle IX of the Convent on and these nclude the preparaton, organzaton and servcng of the trennal meetngs of the Conference of the Partes (COP) together wth meetngs of the Standng Commttee and the Scentfc Councl. ral and professonal and 15 admnstratve posts, ncludng two more professonal posts endorsed by COP9 and whch started n The man Secretarat s based n Bonn, wth the two project offces n Bangkok and Abu Dhab, the latter dealng prncpally wth the raptor and dugong agreements. In addton, there are numerous consultants and nterns workng on shorter-term contracts. The Secretarat s also responsble for promotng the ex- The frst people to head the Secretarat were Sachko uwabara and Ralph Osterwoldt. Judth Johnson served as ExeK cutve Coordnat or untl Arnulf Müller-Helmbrecht succeeded her n It was durng hs tenure that the job ttle changed to Executve Secretary. Mr Müller-Helmbrecht retred n 2004 to be replaced by Robert Hepworth. In July 2009 Elzabeth Maruma Mrema was apponted frst as offcer-n- charge and later as Executve Secretary. The current ncumbent, Bradnee Chambers was apponted n December 2012 and entered on duty n March A number of buldngs have served as the HQ for CMS snce the establshment of the Secretarat, all of them wthn the Cty of Bonn. The frst was Adenauerallee 214, the former Bonn offces of the IUCN. Then came Ahrstrasse 45 (Scence Centre Wssenschaftszentrum), Mallwtzstrasse 1-3 (Federal Offce for Nature Conservaton Bundes amt für Naturschutz) and then Haus Carstanjen. The most recent move took place n 2006 to the Unted Natons Campus n Bonn n the former parlamentary offces known as Langer Eugen ( Tall Eugene ) desgned by awardwnnng archtect Egon Eermann and refurbshed by the German Government to serve as the headquarters of a number of UN agences. Ths accommodaton s therefore shared wth several other organzatons e.g. the Unted Natons Volunteers (UNV), the Conventon to Combat Desertfcaton (UNCCD), small branches of UNESCO and the World Health Organzaton as well as the secretarats of CMS s daughter Agreements, AEWA and EUROBATS. Snce 2007, the CMS Secretarat has been merged wth the Secret arat of ASCOBANS, the Agreement whch deals wth small cetaceans n the North-East Atlantc and the Baltc, Irsh and North Seas. Key facts: The Secretarat s address s: UNEP-CMS, Platz der Verenten Natonen 1, Bonn ( or cms.secretarat@cms.nt). The Secretarat was frst establshed n The Secretarat s provded by the Unted Natons Envronment Programme. Hstory and Structure 4 The Secretarat change of nformaton between the Partes, communcatng wth and recrut ng non-party States, lasng wth nternatonal governmental and non-governmental organzatons, the negotaton and mplementaton of regonal Agreements on the conservaton of ndvdual mgratory speces or speces groups and overseeng a programme of research and conservaton projects. The workng languages of the Conventon and of the Secretarat are Englsh, French and Spansh.

5 CMS Hstory and Structure Partes The Conventon on Mgratory Speces had a membershp of 15 when t entered nto force on 1 November Membershp reach ed 50 when Peru acceded n 1997 and at the tme of the Sxth Meet ng of the Conference of the Partes n Cape Town n 1999, there were 65 contractng partes. Yemen became the 100th Party on 1 December Wth Brazl s accesson n 2015 the total reached 122. tres have progress ed from partcpaton n an agreement to full membershp of CMS. Some countres have taken the lead n developng regonal Europe and Afrca provde the largest regonal contngents agreements. For example, the Netherlands led the negotaton of AEWA and serves as that Agreement s depostary. The Unted Kngdom led on EUROBATS and Monaco on ACCOBAMS. Australa s the depostary and host government to the Albatross and Petrel Agreement, ACAP. wth over 40 Partes each. There s growng membershp n the other three regons too: Asa, Oceana and the Amercas. As well as a wde global coverage, the Partes to CMS are very Membershp of the Conventon has grown steadly snce t entered nto force. Ffteen Partes joned at the outset and 1999, the Year of the Sxth Conference of the Partes, saw ten new Partes accede. Chle was the frst country n the Amercas to become a Party n 1983 and Australa the frst from Oceana n Recrutment agan accelerated n , whch saw 12 new Partes and 2008 wth sx. A number of countres partcpate n regonal Agreements and Memoranda of Understandng despte not beng Partes to the parent Conventon; ths phenomenon s partcularly evdent n Asa (see the lght green shadng n the map above). Many coun- dverse, ncludng large land-locked countres such as Mongola and K azakhstan and small sland states such as Maurtus and Cabo Verde. The most populous Party s Inda wth over one bllon nhabtants; the least populous s the Cook Islands wth fewer than 30,000. The largest Party by area s Brazl (over eght mllon square klometres); Monaco s the smallest wth an area of just two square klometres. Deserts, mountans, steppe, forests, lagoons and reefs, savannah and frozen wlderness all occur wthn the terrtory or waters of the CMS Partes. Steady growth n membershp has seen the number of Partes reach 100 wth the accesson of Yemen n December Brazl the 122nd Party n October 2015, the Unted Arab Emrates the 123rd n May 2016, Iraq the 124th n August 2016, the Domncan Republc the 125th n November 2017 and Bosna & Herzegovna the 126th n December Hstory and Structure 5 Partes Key facts:

6 CMS Hstory and Structure Partes and the Growth of CMS 1. Cameroon 11/ Chle 11/83 3. Denmark 11/83 4. Egypt 11/83 5. European Unon 11/83 6. Hungary 11/83 7. Inda 11/83 8. Ireland 11/83 9. Israel 11/ Italy 11/ Luxembourg 11/ Netherlands 11/ Nger 11/ Portugal 11/ Sweden 11/ Germany 10/ Span 05/ Norway 08/ Unted Kngdom 11/ Somala 02/ Benn 04/ Ngera 01/ Tunsa 06/ Mal 10/ Pakstan 12/ Ghana 04/ Senegal 06/ Fnland 01/ Panama 05/ Burkna Faso 01/ Uruguay 05/ France 07/ Sr Lanka 09/ Dem. Rep. Congo 09/ Belgum 10/ Saud Araba 03/ Australa 09/ South Afrca 12/ Argentna 01/ Monaco 06/ Gunea 08/ Morocco 11/ Phlppnes 02/ Czech Republc 05/ Slovaka 03/ Swtzerland 07/ Gunea-Bssau 09/ Togo 02/ Poland 05/ Peru 06/ Chad 09/ Lechtensten 11/ Romana 07/ Maurtana 07/ Uzbekstan 09/ Paraguay 01/ Slovena 02/ Kenya 05/ Unted Rep. Tanzana 07/ Latva 07/ Bulgara 09/ Greece 10/ Ukrane 11/ The FYR of Macedona 11/ Mongola 11/ Congo 01/ Georga 06/ Uganda 08/ New Zealand 10/ Croata 10/ Tajkstan 02/ Jordan 03/ Republc of Moldova 04/ Malta 06/ Gamba 08/ Albana 09/ Cyprus 11/ São Tomé & Prncpe 12/ Lthuana 02/ Lbya 09/ Bolva 03/ Syran Arab Republc 06/ Côte d Ivore 07/ Belarus 09/ Ecuador 02/ Maurtus 06/ Djbout 11/ Lbera 12/ Ertrea 02/ Rwanda 06/ Austra 07/ Seychelles 08/ Samoa 11/ Algera 12/ Bangladesh 12/ Cabo Verde 05/ Kazakhstan 05/ Cook Islands 08/ Angola 12/ Yemen 12/ Madagascar 01/ Honduras 04/ Costa Rca 07/ Antgua & Barbuda 10/ Cuba 02/ Islamc Rep. of Iran 02/ Palau 02/ Serba 03/ Gabon 08/ Estona 10/ Montenegro 03/ Mozambque 08/ Ethopa 01/ Equatoral Gunea 08/ Armena 03/ Burund 07/ Zmbabwe 06/ Swazland 01/ Fj 04/ Kyrgyzstan 05/ Afghanstan 08/ Brazl 10/ Unted Arab Emrates 5/ Iraq 8/ Domncan Rep. 11/ Bosna-Herzegovna 12/17 Key The lst of Partes above shows when CMS entered nto force for the countres concerned. European countres are shown n dark blue, Afrcan countres n red, Asan countres n green, countres from Oceana n lght blue and Amercan countres n black. Hstory and Structure 6 Partes and the Growth of CMS

7 CMS Hstory and Structure Conventon Text and Ratonale Mgratory speces of anmals are generally more at rsk of becom ng endangered than non-mgratory ones because ther habtat requrements are greater. They need breedng grounds for reproducton and rearng ther young and then qute dfferent wnterng grounds as well as stagng areas along ther mgraton routes. These stes have to dfferent degrees to provde adequate food supples and shelter. Artcle II of the Conventon text sets out the fundamental prncples that underle the objectves dentfed at the Stockholm Conference on the Human Envronment n The Partes acknowledge that the conservaton of mgratory speces s mportant and that Range States should agree to take acton, payng specal attenton to mgrat ory speces and ther habtats, partcularly those wth an unfavourable conservaton status. The Partes also acknowledge the need to take acton to avod any mgratory speces becomng endangered. In partcular, the Partes should promote research relatng to mgratory speces; try to provde mme date protecton for mgratory speces ncluded n Appendx I; and try to conclude Agreements coverng the conservaton and management of mgratory speces ncluded n Appendx II. Snce the entry nto force of the Conventon, a number of Agreements have been concluded as well as several Memoranda of Understandng (MOU). The Agreements cover albatrosses and petrels, cetaceans, waterbrds, bats, gorllas and seals. The MOUs cover the Sberan Crane, the Aquatc Warbler, the Slender-blled Curlew, the Great Bustard, the Ruddy-headed Goose, South Amercan grassland brds, Andean flamngos, Afro-Eurasan Raptors (brds of prey), marne turtles (Atlantc coast of Afrca and the Indan Ocean & SE Asa), the Saga Antelope, the Bukhara Deer, the Andean Huemul, West Afrcan Elephants, the Monk Seal, the Dugong, sharks, Pacfc cetaceans and West Afrcan cetaceans and Manatees (see the separ ate sheets on each of the Agreements and MOUs elsewhere n the Gude). Arrangement of Artcles: Artcle I: Interpretaton; Artcle II: Fundamental Prncples; Artcle III: Endangered Mgratory Speces: Appendx I; Artcle IV: Mgrat ory Speces to be the subject of AGREEMENTS: Appendx II; Artcle V: Gudelnes for AGREEMENTS; Artcle VI: Range States; Artcle VII: Conference of the Partes; Artcle VIII: The Scentfc Councl; Artcle IX: the Secretarat; Artcle X: Amendment of the Conventon; Artcle XI: Amendment of the Appendces; Artcle XII: Effect on Inter natonal Conventons and other legslaton; Artcle XIII: Settlement of Dsputes; Artcle XIV: Reservatons; Artcle XV: Sgnature; Artcle XVI: Ratfcaton, Acceptance, Approval; Artcle XVII: Accesson; Artcle XVIII: Entry nto Force; Artcle XIX: Denuncaton; Artcle XX: Depostary The text of the Conventon n a number of languages s avalable on the CMS webste. Key Quotaton: I would lke to urge all countres not yet a Party to CMS, to jon. In the Conventon you wll fnd an effectve, specal sed tool, ready wth techncal and fnancal support, that can help you to acheve natonal goals set out n the bo dversty strateges and acton plans Prof. Dr. Klaus Töpfer, former Executve Drector of UNEP 25 Years of Journeys, UNEP-CMS Hstory and Structure 7 Conventon Text and Ratonale

8 CMS Hstory and Structure The Appendces Pallas s fsh eagle Tm Loseby and Kller whale WDCS Artcle III of the Conventon defnes Appendx I and the spe- The Conference of the Partes may recommend to Partes ces whch are lsted on t. Appendx I contans mgratory speces whch are endangered n danger of extncton throughout all or a sgnfcant porton of ther range. Provded that there s relable scentfc evdence avalable that a speces s endangered, a mgratory speces may be lsted n Appendx I. A speces can be removed from Appendx I f t s no longer consdered to be n danger of extncton and s lkely to reman out of such danger. To date, no speces has ever been de-lsted. that are Range States to Appendx I speces that they should undertake addtonal conserv aton measures for the beneft of the speces. vour to conserve and restore habtats; to prevent, remove, compensate for or mnmze, as approprate, the adverse effects of actvtes or obstacles, whch prevent or mpede mgraton; and to prevent, reduce or control factors that endanger the speces. Ths ncludes the adopton of measures to control the ntroducton exotc speces or to elmnate them where they are already establshed. pendx II. Ths Appendx contans speces wth an unfavourable conservaton status and whch requre nternatonal agreements for ther conservaton and management. It also contans speces, whch have a conservaton status whch would sgnfcantly beneft from the nternatonal co-operaton that could be acheved through an nternatonal agreement. Partes that are Range States of Appendx II speces are encour aged to conclude Agreements for the conservaton and management of those speces or geographcally separate populatons of those speces. The Secretarat s to be gven a copy of any such Agreement. Takng of specmens of Appendx I speces shall be prohb- It s possble for a speces to be lsted on both Appendces of ted subject to certan exceptons, namely where the takng s for scentfc purposes; for the purpose of enhancng the propagaton or survval of the affected speces; to accommodate the needs of tradtonal subsst ence users of such speces; or where extraordnary crcumstances so requre. Partes makng exceptons to the prohbton of takng must nform the Secretarat. the Conventon, for the speces as a whole to be lsted on one and a partcular populaton to appear on the other or for just a partcular populaton to be lsted. Key facts: Brds and mammals make up the majorty of the speces lsted. The Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexppus) s the only nsect on the Appendces. There are also some reptles (e.g. marne turtles) and fsh (e.g. sturgeons and sharks) lsted. Hstory and Structure 8 The Appendces Partes that are Range States for Appendx I speces endea- Artcle IV of the Conventon text sets out the defnton of Ap-

9 CMS Hstory and Structure The Conference of the Partes 2010 and BEYOND: WILDLIFE RENAISSANCE COP8 Narob CMS COP9 Poster CMS makng body of the Conventon as set out n Artcle VII of the CMS text. It meets once every three years, and sets the budget and pror tes of the followng three years (the trennum). It also decdes on the amendment of the Appendces and consders reports submtted by the Partes, the Scentfc Councl and the Agreements establshed under the Conventon. It also has the task of recommendng to Partes whether they should conclude further regonal Agreements for the conservaton of partcular speces or groups of speces. All the Partes are enttled to attend the Conference and partcpate n the votes. Non-Party states are enttled to send observers, as are NGOs actve n the feld of conservaton and other Unted Natons organzatons. Standng Commttee the frst COP n 1985 establshed a Stand ng Commttee. Its task s to oversee the runnng of the Conventon and the Secretarat between sessons of the COP. Its membershp comprses the elected regonal representatves of the Partes, plus the Depostary Government (Germany) and the Host Governments of the prevous and next COPs (see separate sheet on the Standng Commttee). Meetngs of the Conference of the Partes there have been eleven meetngs of the Conference of the Partes so far. Some have been held at UN centres, whle others, such as COP6 and COP7, have been hosted by one of the Partes. The nnth meetng took place n 2008 n Rome, Italy, the tenth n Bergen, Norway n 2011 and the eleventh Quto, Ecuador n The twelfth s scheduled for 2017 n the Phlppnes. There were approxmately 50 delegates at the frst COP n 1985 representng all nneteen of the Partes at that tme. Attendance has grown steadly snce then and typcally COP attracts several hundred delegates and a smlar number of observers representng non-party states, Unted Natons agences, Secretarats of Agreements estab lshed under the Conventon, conservaton NGOs and other nternat onal agences actve n the feld of conservaton and sustanable use. The Conventon s Scentfc Councl provdes techncal advce to the Conference. The Councl s made up of natonal experts and tax onomc, thematc and geographcal specalsts apponted by the Conference. (see separate sheet on the Scentfc Councl) Dates and Venues of COPs: COP1 Bonn, Germany, 1985 COP2 Geneva, Swtzerland, 1988 COP3 Geneva, Swtzerland, 1991 COP4 Narob, Kenya, 1994 COP5 Geneva, Swtzerland, 1997 COP6 Cape Town, South Afrca, 1999 COP7 Bonn, Germany, 2002 COP8 Narob, Kenya, 2005 COP9 Rome, Italy, 2008 COP10 Bergen, Norway, 2011 COP11 Quto, Ecuador, 2014 Hstory and Structure 9 The Conference of the Partes The Conference of the Partes (COP) s the prncpal decson-

10 CMS Hstory and Structure The Standng Commttee Members of the Standng Commttee Francsco Rlla UNEP/CMS The Frst Conference of the Partes to the Conventon adopt ed Resoluton 1.1 establshng a Standng Commttee, recognsng the usefulness of a small permanent commttee to oversee the organzaton of meetngs and the mplementaton of the Conventon. The Standng Commttee s responsble for carryng out nterm actvtes on behalf of the Conference n order to ensure that Conference decsons are mplemented; to montor the budget, to make recommendatons for consderaton by the next COP, to provde advce and gudance to the Secretarat, to represent the COP n negotatons wth the Host Government and UNEP wth regard to the Secretarat, to act as a bureau at the COP and undertake any other ad hoc task assgned to t by the COP. Char of the Commttee the Partes represented on the Commttee elect one among ther number as Char and another as Vce-Char. At COP11 Norway was elected to the char (wth Mongola as Vce-Char). A lst of all former holders of the offce of Char appears below. Membershp Germany, as Depostary, has permanently been a member of the Commttee. The two regons wth the largest membershp (Europe and Afrca) have three representatves each; Central & South Amerca & the Carbbean and Asa both have two and Oceana one (there are no Partes from North Amerca). The current composton of the Commttee s: Europe Norway (Char), France, Ukrane, Afrca Congo, South Afrca, Uganda; Central and South Amerca and the Carbbean Bolva and Costa Rca; Oceana Australa; and Asa Mongola (Vce-Char) and Kyrgyzstan. Ecuador and the Phlppnes are also members as Hosts of COP11 and COP12 respectvely. Alternate members are also elected n case the representatve of the full member s unable to attend the meetng. The current alternate members are: Algera, Argentna, Georga, Latva, Mal, Pakstan, Panama, the Phlppnes, Swtzerland, Tajkstan and the Unted Republc of Tanzana. The Standng Commttee usually meets mmedately before the COP and brefly mmedately afterwards to elect the Char and Vce-Char. Intersessonally, t also usually meets once a year to fulfl ts role of montorng progress n mplementng the Conventon s work programme. It also establshes Workng Groups, whch are charged wth specfc tasks, and snce COP9 t has also had a Fnance & Budget Sub-Commttee. Elected Chars of the Standng Commttee Norway (Europe) Ghana (Afrca) Saud Araba (Asa) Australa (Oceana) Unted Kngdom (Europe) Phlppnes (Oceana) Saud Araba (Asa) Australa (Oceana) Unted Kngdom (Europe) Germany (Depostary) Hstory and Structure 10 Standng Commttee

11 CMS Hstory and Structure Scentfc Councl Scentfc Councl 12, Glasgow CMS Conventon Artcle VIII of the Conventon provdes for the es- Councl charmen Snce the establshment of the Councl, tablshment of a Scentfc Councl. The Councl, whose prncpal role s to provde scentfc advce to the Conference of the Partes and the Secretarat, s made up of natonal experts chosen by the Partes together wth a number of specalsts apponted by the Conference of the Partes. the ncumbents of the offce of Charman have been: Mchael Ford (Unted Kngdom), Wm Wolff (Netherlands), Perre Devllers (European Unon), Coln Galbrath (Unted Kngdom) and John Mshelbwala (Ngera). The current charman s Fernando Spna (Italy), who had prevously served as Char of COP9 n Rome. The Vce-Char s Malta Qwathekana of South Afrca. Rules of procedure Whle the Councl determnes ts own Conference apponted experts Followng the 11th COP n Quto 2014, the ten apponted councllors and ther nne felds of expertse are: Barry Baker (By-catch), Coln Lmpus (Marne Turtles), Rodrgo Medellín (Neo-Tropcal Fauna), Alfred Oteng-Yeboah (Afrcan Fauna), Taej Mundkur (Asatc Fauna), Rob Clay and Stephen Garnett jontly (Brd Speces), Guseppe Notarbartolo d Scara (Marne Mammals), Zeb Hogan (Fsh Speces) and Coln Galbrath (Clmate Change). Sessonal Commttee of the Councl At COP11 Partes decded (through Resoluton 11.4) to establsh the Sessonal Commttee of the Councl, made up of the COP-apponted Councllors and a representatve selecton of Party-nomnated Councllors (three from each of the fve regons). The Commttee s frst meetng should take place before COP12. Detals of the Councl s delberatons are avalable on the CMS webste (). Meetngs of the Scentfc Councl ScC1 Geneva, Swtzerland, October 1988 ScC2 Bonn, Germany, March 1991 ScC3 Geneva, Swtzerland, 9-13 September 1991 ScC4 Bonn, Germany, May 1993 ScC5 Narob, Kenya, 4-5 June 1994 ScC6 Bonn, Germany, 1-3 November 1995 ScC7 Geneva, Swtzerland, Aprl 1997 ScC8 Wagenngen, the Netherlands, 3-5 June 1998 ScC9 Cape Town, South Afrca, 4-6 November 1999 ScC10 Ednburgh, Unted Kngdom, 2-4 May 2001 ScC11 Bonn, Germany, September 2002 ScC12 Glasgow, Unted Kngdom, 31 March-3 Aprl 2004 ScC13 Narob, Kenya, November 2005 ScC14 Bonn, Germany March 2007 ScC15 Rome, Italy November 2008 ScC16 Bonn, Germany, June 2010 ScC17 Bergen, Norway, November 2011 ScC18 Bonn, Germany, 1-3 July 2014 Hstory and Structure 11 Scentfc Councl rules of procedure, ts terms of reference are set by the Conference of the Partes. The Councl advses on research prortes, helps to coordnate such research and consders the lstng of speces on the Conventon s two Appendces. Its other man functon s to advse on the conserv aton measures to be taken to beneft the speces covered by the Conventon.

12 CMS Hstory and Structure Accesson How to become a member of CMS Process of Accesson 1 The country gathers nformaton on and makes a prelmnary assessment of the mplcatons of accesson to the Conventon. 2 Internal decson-makng process on accesson n the country whch ams at obtanng the necessary approvals from the admnstraton of the Head of State or Government or through parlamentary debate (may nclude passng a law). 3 Preparaton and sgnng of Instrument of Accesson by the Head of State or Government or Mnster of Foregn Affars. 4 A country becomes a Party on the 1 st day of the 3 rd month after ts accesson documents ( Instrument of Accesson and Note Verbale ) have been sent or handed over to, and accepted by, the German Foregn Offce n Berln whch acts as depostary. Followng the concluson of an nternatonal treaty, the text s opened for sgnature. Some governments sgn the treaty at the end of the negotaton meetng; others add ther sgnature shortly afterwards. After a gven perod, the treaty s closed to new sgnatures. The Bonn Conventon was concluded on 23 June 1979 and was open for sgnature untl 22 June After sgnature, the next legal procedure s for the treaty to be ratfed. Ths serves as confrmaton by the approprate authorty the Head of State, Head of Government, the whole Cabnet, the respons ble mnster or Parlament through legslatve or admnstratve act of that country s wll to become party to the treaty. A country that has not sgned a treaty at the ntal stage may stll decde to become a party to t. In ths case, the country needs to accede to the treaty. (The terms acceptance or approval are also often used as well as ratfc aton or accesson to descrbe the nstrument by whch a country ndcates ts wllngness to be bound by the terms of a treaty). For a treaty to come nto force, t s usually a requrement that a mnmum number of countres confrm ther ntent to be bound by ts terms. In the case of CMS, Artcle XVIII specfes that the Conventon was to enter nto force on the frst day of the thrd month followng the date of depost of the ffteenth nstrument of ratfcaton, acceptance, approval or accesson. CMS passed ths mlestone and entered nto force n November The Afrcan-Eurasan Waterbrd Agreement (AEWA), n recognton of the fact that the Agreement area covered two entre contnents, requred a mnmum of fourteen ratfcatons or accessons, wth at least seven from each of Eurasa and Afrca. A treaty needs a desgnated authorty to serve as the depostary, to whch all nstruments of ratfcaton or accesson have to be sent. In the case of CMS, the depostary s the Government of the Federal Republc of Germany; n the case of AEWA t s the Mnstry of Foregn Affars of the Netherlands, and for EUROBATS the Foregn and Commonwealth Offce of the Unted Kngdom. Monaco serves as depostary for ACCOBAMS (the cetacean Agreement for the Medterranean and Black Seas), whereas for ASCOBANS (the small cetacean Agreement for the North and Baltc Seas) ths role s fulflled by the Secretary General of the Unted Natons. Australa s the depostary of the Albatross and Petrels Agreement, ACAP. CMS Sgnatores: the orgnal sgnatores to CMS are: Cameroon, Central Afrcan Republc, Chad, Côte d Ivore, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Inda, Ireland, Italy, Jamaca, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Morocco, the Netherlands, Nger, Norway, Paraguay, the Phlppnes, Portugal, Somala, Span, Sr Lanka, Sweden, Togo, Uganda and the Unted Kngdom. All except the Central Afrcan Republc and Jamaca have subsequently become Partes. Internatonal treates, conventons, agreements and protocols are governed by the Venna Conventon on the Law of Treates concluded n It entered nto force n Hstory and Structure 12 Accesson

13 CMS Hstory and Structure CMS Budget $ & The Partes set the budget at the Conference of the Partes for a three year perod (the trennum ) n accordance wth Artcle VII paragraph 4 of the Conventon. The Partes pay contrbutons n accordance wth a scale agreed by the Conference. CMS has adopted a modfed verson of the UN scale of assessment, adapted to reflect that not every member of the Unted Natons s yet a contractng Party to the Conventon. Accordng to the UN Scale, among the CMS Partes, Germany s the largest contrbutor, followed by France, the UK and Italy. They pay 15.6, 12.2, 11.3 and 9.7 per cent respectvely. In Germany s case, ths wll amount to approxmately 1.16 mllon over the trennum , whereas the countres wth the lowest ratng under UN scale of assessment (0.001%) are requred to pay 164. The Frst COP adopted a regular annual budget of just US$ 112,000, rsng to $ 365,000 for the year of COP2. For the second trennum, the total expendture exceeded $1.2 mllon. In 1997, the year of COP5 when costs ncurred were greater, the budget went over $1mllon for the frst tme. The total amount allocated by the Partes for the trennum was nearly $ 5.5 mllon. At COP8 n Narob t was decded to conduct the fnances of CMS n Euros nstead of US Dollars and Partes set a three-year budget of 6.6 mllon (approxmately US$ 8.3 mllon). As well as meetng the Secretarat s staff costs, the budget s used to fund nformaton and promotonal ntatves, and scentfc and publc awareness rasng publcatons. Another mpor tant actvty wth calls on the budget s the organzaton of meetngs to develop new nstruments and mplement exstng ones and capacty buldng workshops where expertse and knowhow can be exchanged and conservaton efforts enhanced. In the past, surpluses n the budget have been used to fund conservaton projects, but these are now almost exclusvely fnanced through voluntary contrbutons from the Partes or grants from other bodes, such as UNEP or the European Commsson. As the Conventon has grown, so have the resources allocated by the Partes to the Secretarat to carry out the CMS work programme * US$ 482, US$ 1,282, US$ 1,962, US$ 2,700, US$ 3,683, * US$ 3,225, US$ 5,441, ** 6,618, ** 6,943, ** 7,313, ** 7,442,629 * bennum rather than the normal trennum ** budget conducted n Euros rather than US Dollars from 2006 Hstory and Structure 13 CMS Budget

14 CMS Hstory and Structure CMS Mlestones 1972: UN Conference on the Human Envronment calls for an nter natonal treaty to protect endangered speces of mgratory wldlfe 1974: UNEP s Governng Councl nstructs the Executve Drector to pursue an nstrument for mgratory speces. The IUCN s Envronmental Law Centre drafts the frst text 1976: UNEP and IUCN convene a mnsteral meetng to defne the scope for the Mgratory Speces Conventon 1979: Dplomatc Conference s held n Bonn and adopts the fnal verson of the CMS text after a Declaraton by the Afrcan States heads off the lobby callng for the excluson of marne lfe. 1983: The Conventon enters force on 1 November, after ratfcaton by the requred number of Partes 1984: CMS Secretarat establshed n Bonn 1985: Frst Conference of the Partes (COP) 1990: Agreement on the Conservaton of Seals n the Wadden Sea s adopted 1991: COP3 nstgates Concerted Actons to mplement the Convent on; Wadden Sea Agreement enters nto force 1992: Conventon on Bodversty opens for sgnature 1993: The Sberan Crane Memorandum of Understandng (MOU) becomes the frst such nstrument concluded under CMS 1994: EUROBATS (European bats) and ASCOBANS (small cetaceans of the Baltc and North Seas) enter nto force. Slenderblled Curlew MOU comes nto effect 1995: Afrcan-Eurasan Mgratory Waterbrd Agreement (AEWA) s sgned by 53 states 1996: ACCOBAMS (cetaceans of the Medterranean and Black Seas) adopted 1997: Small Grants Programme started 1999: AEWA enters nto force. Revsed Sberan Crane MOU and the MOU on Turtles of the Atlantc Coast of Afrca come nto effect 2001: ACAP (Albatrosses and Petrels) adopted. ACCOBAMS enters nto force. MOUs on the Great Bustard and Indan Ocean Mar ne Turtles come nto effect 2002: MOU on Bukhara Deer comes nto effect 2003: MOU on Aquatc Warbler comes nto effect. CMS jons the Mllennum Ecosystem Assessment. The Bangkok out-statoned offce opens 2004: ACAP enters nto force. CMS celebrates ts Slver Jublee 2005: CMS adopts the Euro and the Partes agree a 50% budget n crease. West Afrcan Elephant MOU comes nto effect 2006: MOU on Cetaceans of the Pacfc Islands Regon enters nto force. Yemen becomes the 100 th Party to CMS. The frst CMS Year of the campagn (for marne turtles) s held 2007: CMS launches Year of the Dolphn wth travel frm TUI, the Whale and Dolphn Conservaton Socety and UN partners 2008: Agreement on the Conservaton of Gorllas 2009: Year of the Gorlla, CMS celebrates ts 30 th annversary and membershp reaches 110. Abu Dhab project offce opens 2010: Internatonal Year of Bodversty : Year of the Bat 2014: Membershp reaches 120 Key Dates: UN Conference on the Human Envronment took place n Stockholm n 1972 callng for an nternatonal treaty to protect mgratory speces. Conventon on Mgratory Speces negotated Conventon on Mgratory Speces enters nto force Hstory and Structure 14 CMS Mlestones

15 CMS Hstory and Structure Strategc Plan Strategc Plan Meetng, South Afrca 2013 Francsco Rlla UNEP/CMS The 11 th Meetng of the Conference of the Partes (Quto, 2014) adopted Resoluton 11.2 and wth t the Strategc Plan for Mgratory Speces (SPMS), whch had been elaborated by an ad hoc Workng Group establshed by COP10. In vew of the fact that the Conference of the Partes to the Conventon on Bologcal Dversty recognzed through Decson X/20 CMS as the lead partner n the conservaton and sustanable use of mgratory speces over ther entre range, the SPMS mrrors the Strategc Plan for Bodversty and the assocated Ach Targets. In ths way, CMS honours the commtment made at the UN Envronment Management Group (EMG) to dentfy measures for effectve and effcent mplementaton of the Strategc Plan for Bodversty across the Unted Natons system. Resoluton 11.2 also hghlghted the role of Natonal Bodversty Strateges and Acton Plans (NBSAPs) as effectve nstruments to promote the mplementaton of the Strategc Plan for Bodversty and manstreamng of bodversty at the natonal level, as well as ther relevance to the mplementaton of a number of Multlateral Envronmental Agreements (MEAs) such as CMS. The SPMS s sub-dvded nto a number of chapters; Chapter 1: Ratonale, Chapter 2: Vson and Msson, Chapter 3: Strategc Goals and Targets and Chapter 4: Enablng Condtons for Implementaton. The Plan also has two Annexes: Annex A: Correspondence between the SPMS and Ach Targets and Annex B: Indcatve Strategc Plan Indcators. Chapter 3 ncludes fve goals coverng sxteen targets and further sub-targets. The fve goals are: Goal 1: Address the underlyng causes of declne of mgratory speces by manstreamng relevant conservaton and sustanable use prortes across government and socety Goal 2: Reduce the drect pressures on mgratory speces and ther habtats Goal 3: Improve the conservaton status of mgratory speces and the ecologcal connectvty and reslence of ther habtats Goal 4: Enhance the benefts to all from the favourable conservaton status of mgratory speces Goal 5: Enhance mplementaton through partcpatory plannng, knowledge management and capacty-buldng There s a close correlaton between the CBD s Ach Targets and the sxteen targets contaned n the SPMS. Only SPMS Target 3 (Natonal, regonal and nternatonal governance arrangements and agreements affectng mgratory speces and ther mgraton systems have mproved sgnfcantly, makng relevant polcy, legslatve and mplementaton processes more coherent, accountable, transparent, partcpatory, equtable and nclusve) and SPMS Target 9 (Internatonal and regonal acton and cooperaton between States for the conservaton and effectve management of mgratory speces fully reflects a mgraton systems approach, n whch all States sharng responsblty for the speces concerned engage n such actons n a concerted way) have no drect counterpart n the Ach Targets. Key Facts: A set of ndcators by whch to measure the success of the Strategc Plan for Mgratory Speces s beng developed. There wll also be a Companon Volume settng out the enablng actvtes and nstruments that wll facltate mplementaton. Hstory and Structure 15 Strategc Plan