SPANISH STUDIES. Assessment: Week 6 and 12 WHAT DO WE STUDY?

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1 Assessment: Week 6 and 12 WHAT DO WE STUDY? - Politics - Cultures - History - Food - Film - Stories, novels, essays - Language - Places in the world what do they mean, effect on rest of world 4 languages in Spain: Galiza, Catalan Spain CULTURE: WHAT IS IT? National identity Something that defines a group of people separating them or making them distinct from other groups of people

2 Spain 1. Originally a process of cultivation a synonym something organic Free acquisition of knowledge producing products for sustenance 2. Sense of sacred sense cult reverence religious aspect defines process of organic to mean the best to have been thought and said 3. High culture: art, painting, literature, drama, film, photography 4. Intellectual side: religion, philosophy, science, and arts 5. Way of life traditions way people like to live Stereotypes: passionate, family-orientated, late, hot-blooded, emotional, fiery, religious, violent, anarchic dictator, intolerant, Spanish inquisition, exotic - gypsy, lazy Language and Culture Cervantes for Spanish Ex, Shakespeare for English Texts embody culture cultural value in past and present Slang El toro de Osborne - Not just commercial or ad for brandy but now has cultural value represent the symbol of Spain - Strength, bravado, aggressiveness, rampant sexuality, masculinity - Masculinity represented by bull s testicles link represented in language many colloquial expressions To grab the bull by the Tener cojones Estar hasta los cojones Tocarle a uno los cojones Tocarse los cojones Salirle a alguien de los cojones Hincharle a alguien de los cojones!manda cojones!!cojonudo! - to be brace (to have balls) - to be fed up (to be up to one s balls) - to piss someone off (to touch someone s balls) - to sit around on your bum - to let out whatever you like - to get up someone s nose - bloody hell - amazing

3 valer un cojon con dos cojones irse a alguien de cojones llevar los cojones en su sitio - to be expensive (to be worth a ball) - to be brace (with 2 balls) - to go really well - to do things right (balls in right place) The Companion to Hispanic Studies What is Hispanic Studies? Hispanic - Dictionary: pertaining to Spain or its people - Study of culture and society of Spain - Not Spanish studies: o Not all people of Spain consider themselves exclusively Spanish o Spanish language not the only official language spoken o Distinctive identities - Institutionally recognized discipline core subject o Languages and literatures of Hispania (Spain and Portugal) Latin America - Invented in France in 19 th Century take account French presence on continent favoured by south American exiles living in Paris give newly independent territories supra-national continental identy differentiate from anglo-america - Spanish America: mexico, cuba, Puerto rico, the Dominican republic, Guatemala, Honduras, el Salvador, panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, peru, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, argentina, chile - Portugese: brazil Not only hispanoamerica but also iberoamerica South of Panama canal = south America Mesoamerica = area from northern mexico to Nicaragua Spanish not the only official or spoken language - Paraguay guarani is co-official - Andean zones Aymara and quechua - Mexico nahuatl - Chile mapuche Include study of indefigenous Amerindian languages and civilizations - Aztecs, mayas, incas Hispanic refers to: - Spain - Portugal - Iberian peninsula

4 - Spanish America and brazil - Roman and Islamic spain - Pre-columbian America - Spanish American diasporas USA Literature - Scholarship in Latin - Literature o Writing

5 THE SECOND REPUBLIC & THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR Industrialized Social inequality Basque country, Catalana contact with other countries Spain lost most of their power beginning on 19 th ce - Losing LA - Fought with the French - War with Cuba and USA got involved Spain lost America and Asia National renewal Strong nation must acquire colonies PROBLEMS IN EARLY 20 TH -CE SPAIN Alfonso XIII (rule 1886/ ) Morocco Worker strikes 2 regions hot bed for anarchist groups regional tensions between basque country, catalonia and main traditional centre push for more autonomy General Miguel Primo de Rivera (rule ) Military coup with support of Alfonso appointed PM military dictatorship failed to solve economic problems dictatura but he is soft dictatorship support by monarchy persuaded to resigned (exiled) into France king followed THE SECOND SPAINISH REPUBLIC ( ) No monarchy no king elections held republic Republic - Equality, liberty - A new day a new beginning - Industrialization - Olive branch peace - Anvil workers Modernize Spain economically, culturally, sociality new constitution democratic workers republic working rights shared hours set labours by law Catalonia and Basque autonomy to run own affairs but not fully independent civil marriage legalized not just in church now can get divorced reduced armed forces caused grievance with army 1933 women given right to vote

6 Fascism? **Germany Hitler Republic and catholic church: - Antagonistic - Republic separation of church and state - Church was one of the most powerful social institutions control education etc circular (non religious school system) priests no longer teachers - Complete freedom from religion - Education free for everyone - Far left anarchist church responsible for Spain s backwardness hoarding wealth Education - Importance of teachers and intellectuals for social rev - Education key to a new, free Spain - High illiteracy rate - 10,000 new schools - 14,000 newly-trained teachers SUMMARY - Radical changes to Spanish society - Too much change in too little time - Official policies quick to change - But traditional outlooks and mentalities hard to change - Met with a lot of opposition THE RISE OF THE RIGHT: THE FALANGE Hitler comes into power 1933 Son of former dictator Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera founder of La Falange Followers participated in street brawls beat up workers, anarchists symbol No uniform consent in republic republicans, liberals sent to left anarchists, don t believe in government at all Trotsky Stalin Socialists no real consensus each had own agenda too much too fast or too little too slow Towards a civil war - Desperate Rep government elections Feb Popular Front coalition government - Socialists, republicans, anarchists & communists - Growing tension of upper class and Church - Military beings to plot an overthrow - Military uprising 17 th 18 th July 1936 The Civil War

7 - Quick military coup - Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany - Madrid & Barcelona hold out - Air raids on Madrid key to victory - October 1936 half of Spain under rebels - Republicans and Nationalists - Barcelona falls, Jan Madrid falls, March st April 1939 war ends Franco dictatorship begins Nationalist favor of nation Loyalists!No Pasaran! they shall not pass the defence of madrid International participation - Fascist Italy & Nazi Germany - Russia supports republicans - Britain, US & France are neutral - Ineffective non-intervention pact - International brigades - Thousands of volunteers - Civil war the product of Spanish conditions AFTER DEFEAT: THE REPUBLICAN EXODUS Bombing of Guernica 26 April, Pablo Picasso, Guernica (1937) Most hid to France set up concentration camps in France refuges inhumane 3 years of civil war went into WWII republicans leader went into Russia only LA to officially support was Mexico 1934 welcomed republicans exiles to Mexico cost more writers and intellectuals, artists sought exile in Mexico 1960s came back when Franco softened Most came back when Franco is dead and democracy established An introduction: the struggle for modernity Reform Idealized: The Intellectual and Ideological Origins of the Second Republic Intellectuals and Power Second Spanish Republic ideological product of new liberalism New liberalism:

8 - Ideology for mass politics superseding traditional liberalism by being interventionist in social questions and by emphasizing development of social organism (civil society) - Formulation in Spain due to Krausist philosophers o Karl Krause post-kantian German Philosopher o Intro to Spain by Julian Sanz del Rio Krausism - Practical means of regenerating country - High caliber of men? embraced it - Vision of society personas sociales (social units) functioned in harmonious way and contributed to improvement of whole social organism - Modern pluralistic o Democratic society in process of being created - Moral values provide driving force behind construction of new society - Success due to o Need to allow ideas to permeate o To educate elite of country (law grads) o Factors Smallness of madrid intellectual and political world All post grad law students obliged to attend courses given Founded institucion libre de ensenanza - Protect academic freedom in face of state attempts to curtail it - Mission to modernize country - First think-tank in politics, educational reform, science - Politics restoration monarchy o Turno pacifico system o Doctrinaire conservative Antonio canovas del Castillo o Liberal segismundo moret instigator of Commission for social reform, minister, PM Also strong in republicanism Country where church and army largest and best-org institutions huge task of organizing modern and complex society mass politics Rejection of all forms of absolutism and of doctrinaire liberalism More corporativism to fil the abolition of medieval guilds Barcelona - Nationalist revival of Catalonia - Economic aspirations of industrial bourgeoisie and commercial middle class - Founder valenti almirall Madrid