America Moves to the City

Transcription

1 America Moves to the City

2 The Urban Fron=er From 1870 to 1900, the American popula=on doubled, and the popula=on in the ci=es tripled. Ci=es grew- New York, Chicago, Phily Louis Sullivan skyscrapers (Chicago) and electric elevator Electric trolleys- growth of suburbs City life more alluring- electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones Macy s in NY and Marshall Field s in Chicago arracted women work force Sullivan s skyscraper

3 City Life Cultural shis away from thris to conveniences of consumerism Country Way - LiRle household waste - Domes=c animals ate food scraps - Rural women mended clothes rather than throwing them away City Way - Goods came in throwaway borles, boxes, and cans - Cheaply made clothes and changing fashions led to clothes thrown away - Waste disposal becomes new issue

4 City Life Criminals flourished impure water Uncollected garbage Unwashed bodies Unsanitary condi=ons Worst- the slums dumbbell tenements - dark, cramped, and had lirle sanita=on or ven=la=on. To escape, the wealthy of the city- dwellers fled to suburbs. Dumbbell Tenement

5 The New Immigra=on Immigra/on million immigrants Most from Bri=sh Isles and W. Europe Anglo- Saxon, Protestant (except Catholic Irish and Germans) High literacy rate Fit in easy into American society Mostly farmers Immigra/on 1880s 5 million immigrants (2,100/ day in 1882) Most from S. and E. Europe Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, & Poles LiRle history of democracy Largely illiterate and impoverished Industrial workers- lived in crowded ci=es LiRle Italys

6 Southern Europe uprooted Reasons for leaving Europe Popula=on of Old World growing- abundant supplies of food from US (fish, grain, potato) Most moved into European ci=es looking for work 60 million Europeans les, million headed to US Immigra=on to America was a by- product of urbaniza=on in Europe Freedom from military conscrip=on and religious persecu=on American industrialists painted US as a land of endless opportunity- wanted cheap labor

7 Southern Europe Uprooted Many immigrants never intended to become Americans- 25% of the immigrants from eventually returned to their home country Many struggled to preserve their tradi=onal culture Children of Old World parents would be become mainstream Americans

8 Reac=ons to the New Immigra=on Federal, state, and city govts did lirle to help immigrants assimilate into American society Immigrants were osen controlled by powerful bosses (Boss Tweed) who provided jobs, shelter, food, schools, hospitals, parks in return for poli=cal support at the polls. Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden began preaching the Social Gospel, insis=ng that churches tackle the burning social issues- set stage for progressive reforms of early 1900s

9 SeRlement Houses Jane Addams founded Hull House in 1889 One of the 1 ST genera=on college- educa=on women Taught immigrant children and adults the skills and knowledge that they would need to survive and succeed in America. Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

10 SeRlement Houses Other serlement houses included Lillian Wald s Henry Street SeRlement in New York,1893. SeRlement houses became centers for women s ac=vism and reform, as females such as Florence Kelley fought for protec=on of women workers and against child labor. Urban fron=er also gave women opportuni=es to earn money and support themselves A young Florence Kelley

11 Narrowing the welcome mat The na/vism and an=- foreignism of the 1840s and 1850s came back in the 1880s Newcomers had high birthrate- worries that the original immigrants (1840s & 1850s) would be outvoted Mixing of inferior southern European blood The na=ve Americans blamed immigrants for the degrada=on of the urban government. Trade unionists hated them for their willingness to work for super- low wages and for bringing in dangerous doctrines like socialism, communism, anarchism into the U.S. Organized labor slowed down the use of immigrant labor- language barriers made immigrants hard to unionize APA- American Protec=ve Associa=on (1887) similar to Know Nothing Party

12 Narrowing the Welcome Mat Congress Response Congress passed the first restric=ve law against immigra=on, which banned paupers, criminals, and convicts from coming here. Would later include insane, polygamists, alcoholics, anarchists, people w/contagious diseases another law was passed banning the importa=on of foreign workers under contract for substandard wages. Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed, but were resisted un=l they were finally passed in 1917, but the 1882 immigra=on law also barred the Chinese from coming (the Chinese Exclusion Act).

13 Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Churches had mostly failed to take any stands and rally against urban poverty and suffering Emphasis on material gains worried many- money A new genera=on of urban revivalists- led by Dwight Lyman Moody Gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old- =me religion to the facts of city life (1870s and 1880s) The Moody Bible Ins=tute was founded in Chicago in 1889 and con=nued working well aser his 1899 death. Dwight Lyman Moody

14 Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were also gaining many followers with the new immigra=on. Cardinal Gibbons was popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants- preached American unity. By 1890, Americans could choose from 150 religions, including the new Salva=on Army, which tried to help the poor and unfortunate. The Church of Christ, Scien=st (Chris=an Science), founded by Mary Baker Eddy, preached that true prac=ce of Chris=anity heals sickness YMCA s and YWCA s also sprouted- every major city by the end of the 1800s

15 Darwinism Disrupts the churches Darwin s On the Origin of Species Fundamentalists - supported the word of God Modernists - refused to believe that the Bible was completely accurate and factual. Importance of Darwin s Origins of Species- many people ques=oned the Church- science crea=ng skep=cism amongst Americans

16 A Lust for Learning Public educa=on con=nued to grow By most states making grade- school educa=on mandatory By 1900, there were 6,000 high schools in America; kindergartens also mul=plied. Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in number. Chautauqua Movement- To par=ally help adults who couldn t go to school It included public lectures and home study Americans began to develop a faith in formal educa=on as a solu=on to poverty.

17 Ivy Leagues Colleges and universi=es sprouted aser the Civil War Colleges for both genders grew, especially in the Midwest, and Black colleges also were established- Howard University (DC), Atlanta University, and Hampton Ins=tute (Va.) Morrill Act of 1862 Provided grants of the public lands to the states for support of educa=on Hatch Act of 1887 establishment of agricultural experiment sta=ons in connec=on with the land- grant colleges. Private dona=ons also went toward the establishment of colleges- Cornell, Leland Stanford Junior, and the University of Chicago- funded by John D. Rockefeller. Increase in professional and tech schools Johns Hopkins University maintained the na=on s first high- grade graduate school.

18 Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B Du Bois Booker T. Washington The South lagged far behind in educa=on, especially for Blacks Booker T. Washington- headed a black normal (teacher) and industrial school in Tuskegee, AL- taught useful skills and trades. Avoided the issue of social equality; he believed in Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights- economic independence was key to black poli=cal and civil rights One of Washington s students was George Washington Carver- peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. W.E.B. Du Bois Du Bois, the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University Demanded complete equality for Blacks and ac=on now. Helped to found the Na=onal Associa=on for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910 Self- exile in Africa in 1963 Many of Du Bois s differences with Washington reflected the contras=ng life experiences of southern and northern Blacks.

19 Growth of Literature Libraries such as the Library of Congress also opened across America, bringing literature into people s homes. Inven=on of the Linotype in 1885 press kept pace with demand Compe==on sparked a new brand of journalism called yellow journalism, in which newspapers reported on sex, scandal, and other human- interest stories Two new journalis=c tycoons emerged: Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) Strengthening of the Associated Press established in the 1840s, helped to offset some of the ques=onable journalism.

20 Apostles of Reform Magazines Harper s, Atlan;c Monthly, Scribner s Monthly Most influen=al- New York Na;on, launched in 1865 by Edwin L. Godkin- reform- minded publica=on Journalist- author Henry George wrote Progress and Poverty, which undertook to solve the associa=on of poverty with progress. Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward in cri=cized the social injus=ces of the day and pictured a utopian government that had na=onalized big business serving the public good.

21 Postwar Wri=ng ASer the war, Americans devoured dime- novels which depicted the wild West and other roman=c and adventurous sepngs. The king of dime novelists was Harland F. Halsey, who made 650 of these novels. General Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ Hora=o Alger- juvenile fic=on Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson was a famed hermit of a poet whose poems were published aser her death.

22 The New Morality Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love, and together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, wrote Woodhull and Claflin s Weekly, which shocked readers with exposés of affairs, etc. Anthony Comstock waged a lifelong war on the immoral. - Comstock Law The new morality was caused by women s economic freedom leading to sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces, and discussion of sexual topics. Victoria Woodhull

23 Families and Women in the City Urban life was stressful on families, who were osen separated, and everyone had to work even children as young as ten years old. Divorce revolu=on On farms- more children meant more people to harvest and help, in the ci=es, more children meant more mouths to feed and a greater chance of poverty. In 1898, CharloRe Perkins Gilman published Women and Economics Called for women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy

24 Feminist Ac=vism Pioneers of Women s suffrage- Stanton and Anthony new genera=on of feminists Carrie Chapman CaR- women s roles were changing from domes=c housewives to the public world of the city Na=onal American Woman Suffrage Associa=on limited memberships to whites Ida B. Wells helped establish the Na=onal Associa=on of Colored Women in 1896 Small victories The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in The General Federa=on of Women s Clubs also encouraged women s suffrage.

25 Temperance and Prohibi=on Concern over the popularity (and dangers) of alcohol was also present, marked by the forma=on of the Na=onal Prohibi=on Party in Other organiza=ons like the Women s Chris=an Temperance Union also rallied against alcohol, calling for na=onal prohibi=on Leaders- Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Na=on The An=- Saloon League was also formed in Greatest triumph- 18 th Amendment- na=onal prohibi=on (1919)

26 Social Progress The American Society for the Preven=on of Cruelty to Animals was formed in 1866 to discourage the mistreatment of livestock. The American Red Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.

27 Ar=s=c Triumphs Art was largely suppressed during the first half of the 1800s and failed to really take flight in America, forcing such men as James Whistler and John Singer Sargent to go to Europe to study art. Mary CassaR painted sensi=ve portraits of women and children, while George Inness became America s leading landscapist. Thomas Eakins was a great realist painter, while Winslow Homer was perhaps the most famous and the greatest of all. He painted scenes of typical New England life Great sculptors included Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who made the Robert Gould Shaw memorial, located in Boston, in 1897.

28 Ar=s=c Triumphs Music reached new heights with the crea=on of opera houses and the emergence of blues, rag=me, and jazz Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, which allowed the reproduc=on of sounds that could be heard by listeners. The Columbian Exposition in 1893, in Chicago, displayed many architectural triumphs.

29 Amusements Vaudevilles- jokes and acroba=cs (1880s) Barnum and Bailey Circus (1881) Wild West shows- Buffalo Bill and Annie Oakley (1883) Baseball emerged as na=onal pas=me(1870s) Football- Yale/Princeton game (1893) Boxing- Gentleman Jim vs. John Sullivan Croquet became new favorite game of the 1890s, but condemned by moralists* Bicycling- by 1893 more than 1 million bikes were in use Basketball (1891) by James Naismith- YMCA instructor