The Urbanization of America, APUSH Guide for American Pageant chapter 25 and AMSCO chapter 18

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1 Name: Class Period: THIS GUIDE MUST BE AT LEAST 50% COMPLETED IN ORDER TO USE IT ON THE READING QUIZ! The Urbanization of America, APUSH Guide for American Pageant chapter 25 and AMSCO chapter 18 Directions Print document and take notes in the spaces provided. Read through the guide before you begin reading the chapter. This step will help you focus on the most significant ideas and information as you read. This guide can earn bonus points on the reading quiz PLUS the right to correct a quiz for ½ points back IF COMPLETED IN ITS ENTIRETY. American Pageant, begin on page 557 AMSCO, begin on page 358 William Le Baron Jenny built the ten story Home Insurance Company building in Chicago (pictured at left) which was the first true American skyscraper. Learning Goals: Compare pre-civil War immigration with post-civil War immigration. Identify push and pull factors of new cities in the Gilded Age. Analyze the ways American culture developed in American cities during the Gilded Age. In what ways did thinkers and reformers seek to cure the ills of city life? Rank the historical significance of Gilded Age innovations in terms of their impact on America urbanization Read highlight CUEs, and analyze history In 1800, the then sixteen United States were still largely agricultural. Just four cities, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston had populations over 20,000, while the nationwide population was 5.3 million. By 1893, after the industrial and transportation revolutions, the growth of slavery, westward expansion, the Civil War, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, the forty-five United States had drastically transformed to become a diverse population of nearly 76 million people. Over 100 cities had populations over 20,000, and three, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had over one million people each. Chicago s meteoric rise to become the second largest American city by 1890 made it the nation s industrial nerve center, drawing hundreds of thousands of foreign immigrants and rural dwellers to the city. In the twenty years between 1870 and 1890, Chicago's population more than tripled, while over 40% of Chicago dwellers were born outside of the U.S. The city s central location made it a major railroad hub, connecting the East with the West, and farmers and ranchers with consumers. (Source: ucla.edu) 1. The World s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893, millions of people traveled to the White City to see new technology and entertainment such as inventions by Thomas Edison and the first Ferris wheel. In the Electricity Building, visitors saw the introduction of the telephone, the phonograph, the typewriter, the elevator, electric lamps, sewing machines, laundry machines, and irons. These exhibits demonstrated how electricity could revolutionize both industry and the home. Technological innovation became and has remained a cornerstone of American identity. Outside the park s 600+ acres (more than 7 times the size of Disney Land), visitors could attend Buffalo Bill s Wild West Show. This was all a celebration of the 400 th anniversary of Christopher Columbus s discovery of the New World (fair was delayed one year was planned for 92) and to be the greatest among monuments marking the progress of civilization throughout the ages. [Hubert Hugh Bancroft, The Book of the Fair, Preface, 1893] Compare the gleaming, innovative White City in Chicago with the reality of gray city life in the 1890s. How do the similarities and differences illustrate the impact of urbanization and industrialization?

2 2. Compare Old and New Immigrants. Old Immigrants New Immigrants Where were they from? Religion, Skills, Education Why did they come? Views of American government What did they do when they got here? 3. Explain the difference between a bird of passage and a new immigrant. 4. In what ways did America restrict immigration during the Gilded Age? Compare the nativism of the Gilded Age to the nativism of the Antebellum Era. Formed in 1887, the American Protective Association organization was one of many that promoted nativism. With over two million members by the 1890s the group mainly consisted of farmers who feared a rise of growth as well as political power of the major cities populated with immigrants. The organization also urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office, going as far as publishing fantasies about nuns.

3 In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. For the first time, Federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities. Why were Chinese immigrants targeted specifically? The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate. But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborers because the 1882 act defined excludables as skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining. Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law. The 1882 exclusion act also placed new requirements on Chinese who had already entered the country. If they left the United States, they had to obtain certifications to re-enter. Congress, moreover, refused State and Federal courts the right to grant citizenship to Chinese resident aliens, although these courts could still deport them. When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act. This extension, made permanent in 1902, added restrictions by requiring each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, she or he faced deportation. Compare modern immigration policy to Gilded Age policy. The Geary Act regulated Chinese immigration until the 1920s. With increased postwar immigration, Congress adopted new means for regulation: quotas and requirements pertaining to national origin. By this time, anti-chinese agitation had quieted. In 1943 Congress repealed all the exclusion acts, leaving a yearly limit of 105 Chinese and gave foreign-born Chinese the right to seek naturalization. The socalled national origin system, with various modifications, lasted until Congress passed the Immigration Act of Effective July 1, 1968, a limit of 170,000 immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere could enter the United States, with a maximum of 20,000 from any one country. Skill and the need for political asylum determined admission. The Immigration Act of 1990 provided the most comprehensive change in legal immigration since The act established a flexible worldwide cap on family-based, employment-based, and diversity immigrant visas. The act further provides that visas for any single foreign state in these categories may not exceed 7 percent of the total available. Cities faced with the influx of immigrants responded by creating business through serving the needs of immigrants in exchange for votes. This fed party machines including the Tweed Ring in New York City. In what ways were party machines good for immigrants? Jane Addams ( ) dedicated herself to uplifting the urban masses. As one of the first generations of college educated women, she taught and did volunteer work. She established Hull House in Chicago, which became America s most prominent settlement home. She was a reformer, condemned war and poverty, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in She also inspired women to fight for their rights. In what ways did the Settlement House movement serve the immigrant populations? Florence Kelley, a member of the Hull House, led the battle for an antisweatshop law in Illinois in Armed with the insights of socialism, she led many other battles for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. She later served as general secretary of the National Consumers League in New York. Additional laws restricting immigration were passed in the 1880s limiting the immigration of undesirables such as convicted criminals and the mentally ill. When Ellis Island opened in 1892, immigrants had to pass a series of tests proving their worthiness. To what extent did procedures at Ellis Island improve American immigration policy? Defend your answer with evidence. Explain why unions excluded immigrants. Labor unions often banned immigrants from becoming members.

4 5. Analyze the ways technology enabled the growth of cities, the division between rich and poor, and increased nativism & racism. a) Streetcars and railways b) Skyscrapers & elevators c) Balloon-frame houses 6. Analyze the ways the growth of cities presented new problems for American society. What were the solutions? Problems Large populations of urban working class, mainly poor immigrants, created overcrowding as people moved near the available jobs in expanding industry. Solutions/Responses to Problems Landlords response: Workers response: Government response: Political machines response: Overflow of trash, sewage, dirty water, pollution, and disease. Lack of education, lighting, recreational space, law enforcement. Workers response: Reformers response: 7. How did the rise of cities inspire a new era of reform and culture? How did urbanization impact the temperance movement (which started in Antebellum days) At the forefront of Prohibition was the Women s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) formed in 1874, led by Frances E. Willard. The 1893 Anti- Saloon League added to the fight for temperance and prohibition What means did WCTU seek to achieve temperance? To what extent were the WCTU and Anti-Saloon League successful?

5 continued REMEMBER to Highlight CUEs The hatchet-wielding widow of an alcoholic, Carrie A. Nation ( ) spread the word of Prohibition by smashing beer bottles and saloons, earning her the nickname Kansas Cyclone. Clara Barton, the angel of Civil War battlefields, launched the American Red Cross in Barton personally led expeditions to help people in need due to forest fires, floods, hurricanes and wars. Anthony Comstock ( ) was a moral purist who held vaguely puritanical beliefs regarding acceptable behaviors in both social and private settings. He was recognized by the government, in 1873 with the creation of the Comstock Laws that gave teeth to his crusade against sexual deviancies. The concept of new morality was, in effect, a departure from previous standards of moral character. The proliferation of divorce during this time period as well as a more comfortable atmosphere regarding sexual practices and the greater use of birth control reflected the changing attitudes of the new morality generation. Compare Carrie Nation to other temperance movements of the era. How does the Red Cross characterize the American spirit? In what ways was sexual immorality challenging the American identity? What did the Comstock Laws successfully do to combat the proliferation of sexual immorality? Why did divorce rates increase during the Gilded Age? 8. How did women combat continued persecution? The National American Woman Suffrage Association was created in It included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Ida B. Wells was a black suffragist whose anti-lynching campaign led to the launch of a black woman s club movement, finally establishing the National Association of Colored Women in Victoria Woodhull ( ) was a dedicated feminist, who campaigned for women s suffrage as well as women s rights. A divorcee, she was financially independent of any man, and was an outspoken proponent of a free-love lifestyle. What means did NAWS seek to achieve suffrage for women? What means did NACW seek to achieve suffrage for women? How did Victoria Woodhull impact the fight for women s rights? 9) Identify and analyze significant works of literature that reflected the changing American culture during the Gilded Age. What was the social impact of Henry George s work? Progress and Poverty was a book written by Henry George that looked to solve the great enigma of [the] time; how the growing population gave landowners an unfair advantage through property value. The book expressed George s idea for a tax on windfall profits, selling around 3 million copies. Edward Bellamy was an influential journalist as well as a powerful reformist. He published a book in 1888 titled Looking Backward that predicted a utopian society by the year The book sold more than 1 million copies, generating a feverish amount of discussion. Horatio Alger was a Puritan-raised writer, nicknamed Holy Horatio. He wrote over 100 volumes of juvenile stories, preaching virtues and morals, though he himself was suspect in practicing them. How did a book about utopianism increase awareness about the ills of urban society? What behavioral problems were the result of urbanization?

6 continued REMEMBER to Highlight CUEs The Awakening was written by Kate Chopin in 1899 and touched on the subjects of adultery, suicide, and women s ambitions. Because of the controversial issues within the text, the book was questioned and sometimes banned. Written by Henry James, The Bostonians (1886) was a book that addressed new feminist ideas. Through the use of female lead characters, the book challenged the idea that only men had the depth of character to be the focus of a novel. Mark Twain began as a journalist then quickly rose to fame with stories such as The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1867). He wrote The Gilded Age in 1872, and then his most famed work, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). General Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880) which sold more than 2 million copies and was translated into several languages. It was the Uncle Tom s Cabin to the anti- Darwinists. Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian-born author who led the techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis, especially with the New York World. His use of a comic strip named the Yellow Kid gave rise to the term yellow journalism. William Randolph Hearst was known as one of the journalistic tycoons of his tycoons of his time. He was expelled from Harvard for a crude prank, but cleaned up his act and later built up a powerful chain of newspapers, starting with the San Francisco Examiner in What role did divorce play in the fight for women s rights? Explain how one character can challenge the status quo. What was Mark Twain s lasting legacy and impact on American culture and identity? What is the significance of this story and its legacy on stage and film in terms of the American identity? How did the printed word impact American society? Explain the negative impact of Pulitzer and Hearst. 10) What new religious and philosophical movements coincided with urbanization? Preaching the social gospel, people like Walter Rauschenbush and Washington Gladden insisted that the churches should tackle the social issues of the day. What was the long term impact of the Social Gospel movement? A former shoe salesman active in the social gospel movement, Dwight Lyman Moody captivated his audiences with messages of forgiveness and other values that liberal Protestants sought. This helped Protestant Americans reconcile their faith with modern, cosmopolitan ways of thinking. Mary Baker Eddy ( ), the founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist, in 1879, said that true Christianity would heal sickness and disease. She wrote the book, Science and Health with Key to the Scripture, which sold 400,000 copies. By the time of her death, her sect claimed several hundred thousand worshippers. Charles Darwin s theory of natural selection states that nature selects organisms for life or death based on their inherited traits. This new theory explicitly rejected the widespread belief that the design of species was divine. Compare Christian Science with other Protestant Church doctrines. How did Darwin s theory impact nativism, sexism, and racism? How did Christian churches react to Darwin s theory of evolution?

7 In w hat other ways did education improve/increase during the Gilded Age? a) Public Schools The Chautauqua movement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874 on the shores of New York s Lake Chautauqua. Organizers of the movement gained success through nationwide public lectures for vast audiences of those who had a desire to learn. b) Higher Education c) Social Sciences For an additional 10 bonus points on the Urbanization Quiz complete items 11, 12, and ) Analyze artwork from the post-civil War era. How do they communicate change due to Urbanization and Industrialization? Consider the following strategy for analyzing art, view the images on the unit 6 page of the website, then write your thoughtful, higher-level analysis in the space provided. OPTICS O = Overview (what is it I am looking at?) P = Parts (break the painting apart, what are the different parts to it?) T = Title (what is the title?) I = Interrelations (how do the different parts fit together?) C = Conclusion (what do I make of this painting, what s the point?) S = Source (who painted this, does that help me understand it?) The Gulf Stream 1899 Winslow Homer; probably America s first all-around painter; self-taught from Boston. At age 25 he was sent to cover the Civil War as a visual journalist for Harper s Weekly. The problem he faced was Americans didn t want images of this war. So, he didn t paint battle scenes. He painted many action scenes at encampments but not battles. He was an avid fisherman. He viewed mankind as being at war with his surroundings in a world that doesn t care and gives no natural allies. The Gross Clinic 1875 Thomas Eakins; not interested in allegory, moral exhortation, metaphysics, or the presence of God or any other thing that permeated the Hudson River School or Rocky Mountain Schools. Lived in Paris for 3 years not impressed with their art (classics). What excited him was machinery. The Stag at Sharkeys The Lone Tenement Tennis at Newport George Bellows; studied at NY School of Art, most of his well known art was produced while in his 20s. His work has raw energy and sometimes leaned toward the vulgar. He wasn t political he was revealing life, often focusing on conflict and struggle.

8 Ironworkers at Noontime 1882 Thomas Pollock Anshutz; studied at National Academy of Design and became chief painting teacher at PA Institute of Fine Arts by He was an important influence made biggest impact through work of his students. He wasn t acknowledged until the 1900s. Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World 1886 Edward P. Moran Nearing the Issue at the Cockpit 1870 Horace Bonham; painter, newspaper owner, and lawyer. El Jaleo 1880 John Singer Sargent; premier portrait painter of the time. Painted more than 2,000 watercolors and a 1,000 oil paintings. He had a unique style of realism. Arrangement in Gray and Black (or Whistler s Mother) 1871 J. A. McNeill Whistler; American born but worked in Britain. Wit and humor were strong points, generally averted to affection/sentiment. He combined many styles in creating his own. Nighthawks 1942 Edward Hopper; quintessential realist painter of the 20th century. His paintings had nothing to do with the 30s and 40s, the time period he did such work. His work was free from ideology, politics, struggle, conflict, and populism/collectivism. Lower Broadway, lithograph, also on p558 of textbook, 1875 Mulberry Street (photograph also on page 562 of textbook, 1900

9 12) In what ways did architecture advance during the late 19 th century and early 20 th century? List the contributions of each architect and analyze in the spaces provided. Henry Hobson Richardson: Impact on American cities: Louis Sullivan: Impact on American cities: Frank Lloyd Wright: Impact on both urban and rural areas: Frederick Law Olmstead: Impact on American cities: Daniel H. Burnham: Impact on American cities: 13) In what ways did music advance during the late 19 th century and early 20 th century? List the contributions and analyze in the spaces provided. Jelly Roll Morton, Buddy Bolden, Scott Joplin, New Orleans music scene: Impact on American culture: Symphony Orchestras and Opera Houses: Impact on American culture: Phonograph: Impact on American culture: